green
Positive treatment
Quoted verbatim 1×
12.5 score
G Cite
cited 2× by 1 distinct case, last quoted 2000 ·
…the consensus is that a plaintiff need prove only discriminatory effect, and need not show that the decision complained of was made with discriminatory intent
⚠ not in text
Treatment trajectory · 1987 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1987
2006
2026
Top citers, strongest first. 43 distinct citers.
How cited ↗
examined
Cited as authority (quoted)
Dews v. Town of Sunnyvale, Tex.
(4×)
also: Cited "see"
the consensus is that a plaintiff need prove only discriminatory effect, and need not show that the decision complained of was made with discriminatory intent
discussed
Cited "see"
Aguiar v. Interbay Funding, LLC (In Re Aguiar)
(2×)
See Sun Pipe Line Co., 831 F.2d 22 , 25 (1st Cir.1987), cert denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2821 , 100 L.Ed.2d 922 (1988); Salem Five Cents Sav.
examined
Cited "see"
People United for Children, Inc. v. City of New York
(4×)
See United States v. Yonkers Bd. of Educ., 837 F.2d 1181 , 1216-17 (2d Cir.1987), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2821 , 100 L.Ed.2d 922 (1988) (citing Village of Arlington Heights, 429 U.S. at 265 , 97 S.Ct. 555 ).
discussed
Cited "see"
Puerto Rico Public Housing Administration v. United States Department of Housing & Urban Development
(2×)
See generally United States v. Yonkers Bd. of Educ., 837 F.2d 1181, 1217 (2nd Cir.1987), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2821 , 100 L.Ed.2d 922 (1988).
discussed
Cited "see"
Parents, Alumni, & Friends of Taylor School v. City of Norfolk
(2×)
See United States v. Yonkers Bd. of Educ., 837 F.2d 1181 , 1223-26 (2d Cir.1987), ce rt. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2821 , 100 L.Ed.2d 922 (1988) (finding that discriminatory intent can be inferred from an action undertaken in response to the majority of the community and their discriminatory intent).
discussed
Cited "see"
United States v. Yonkers Board of Education
(2×)
See United States v. Yonkers Bd. of Educ., 624 F.Supp. 1276, 1288-1521 , (S.D.N.Y.1985), aff'd, 837 F.2d 1181 (2d Cir.1987), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2821 , 100 L.Ed.2d 922 (1988). 3 .
discussed
Cited "see"
United States v. Yonkers Board of Education
(2×)
See 635 F.Supp. 1538 , aff'd, 837 F.2d 1181 (2d Cir.1987), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2821 , 100 L.Ed.2d 922 (1988). *714 In 1993, based on an application by both Yonkers Board and the plaintiff-intervenors, this Court found that vestiges of the dual school system continued to exist in YPS.
discussed
Cited "see"
United States v. City Of Yonkers
(2×)
See 837 F.2d 1181 (1987) ("Yonkers III "), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2821 , 100 L.Ed.2d 922 (1988).
discussed
Cited "see"
United States v. City of Yonkers
(2×)
See 837 F.2d 1181 (1987) (“Yonkers III”), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2821 , 100 L.Ed.2d 922 (1988).
discussed
Cited "see"
Kirschner v. Zoning Bd. of Appeals of Valley Stream
(2×)
See United States v. Yonkers Bd. of Educ., 837 F.2d 1181 , 1216-17 (2d Cir.1987), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2821 , 100 L.Ed.2d 922 (1988) (recognizing that the question of intent in an equal protection case belongs to the trier of fact). c.
discussed
Cited "see"
Orange Lake Associates, Inc. v. Kirkpatrick
(2×)
Although we will not permit “another branch of government to subvert the equal protection guarantee,” Rotunda & Nowak, Treatise on Constitutional Law, supra, § 18.4, at 50, we also will not sit as a super-legislature by declaring void democratically enacted laws on the tenuous basis that a few people might be adversely affected by the law: See United States v. Yonkers Bd. of Educ., 624 F.Supp. 1276, 1292 (S.D.N.Y.1985) (“[a]n action which merely has the unintended effect of creating or maintaining racial segregation [does not] violate[ ] ... the Constitution”), aff' d, 837 F.2d 1181 (…
discussed
Cited "see"
Orange Lake Associates, Inc. v. Kirkpatrick
(2×)
See United States v. Yonkers Bd. of Educ., 624 F.Supp. 1276, 1292 (S.D.N.Y.1985) ("[a]n action which merely has the unintended effect of creating or maintaining racial segregation [does not] violate[ ] ... the Constitution"), aff'd, 837 F.2d 1181 (2d Cir.1987), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2821 , 100 L.Ed.2d 922 (1988).
examined
Cited "see"
People Who Care v. Rockford Bd. of Educ.
(4×)
See United States v. Yonkers Bd. of Educ., 624 F.Supp. 1276, 1530 (S.D.N.Y. 1985), aff'd, 837 F.2d 1181 (2d Cir.1987), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2821 , 100 L.Ed.2d 922 (1988); Morgan v. Hennigan, 379 F.Supp. 410, 463 (D.Mass.1974), aff'd sub nom.
examined
Cited "see"
Pride Communications Ltd. Partnership v. WCKG, Inc.
(4×)
See United States v. Yonkers Bd. of Educ., 624 F.Supp. 1276, 1530 (S.D.N.Y.1985), aff 'd, 837 F.2d 1181 (2d Cir.1987), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2821 , 100 L.Ed.2d 922 (1988); Morgan v. Hennigan, 379 F.Supp. 410, 463 (D.Mass.1974), aff'd sub nom.
discussed
Cited "see"
Williams v. Poulos
(2×)
See Appeal of Sun Pipe Line Co., 831 F.2d 22, 25 (1st Cir.1987), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2821 , 100 L.Ed.2d 922 (1988); but see FDIC v. Meyer, 781 F.2d 1260, 1268 (7th Cir.1986) (motion to alter or amend judgment “cannot be used to raise arguments which could, and should, have been made before the judgment issued”) (emphasis supplied).
discussed
Cited "see"
United States v. Leslie Roberts
(2×)
See In re Sun Pipe Line Co., 831 F.2d 22, 26 (1st Cir.1987), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2821 , 100 L.Ed.2d 922 (1988).
discussed
Cited "see"
United States of America, Cross-Appellant v. Alberto Gessa, Cross-Appellee
(2×)
See Mahoney v. United States, 831 F.2d 641, 645 (6th Cir.1987), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1054 , 108 S.Ct. 2820 , 100 L.Ed.2d 922 (1988).
discussed
Cited "see"
Easter Seal Society of New Jersey, Inc. v. Township of North Bergen
(2×)
See United States v. Yonkers Bd. of Ed., 837 F.2d 1181 , 1223-24 (2d Cir.1987), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2821 , 100 L.Ed.2d 922 (1988); United States v. Borough of Audubon, 797 F.Supp. 353, 361 (D.N.J.1991) (Gerry, C.J.), aff’d, 968 F.2d 14 (3d Cir.1992) (Exhibits Attached to Pit.
discussed
Cited "see"
State v. Clouse
(2×)
See United States v. Biswell, 406 U.S. 311 , 92 S.Ct. 1593 , 32 L.Ed.2d 87 (1972), and Crosby v. State, 750 S.W.2d 768 (Tex.Crim.App.1987), cer t. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2821 , 100 L.Ed.2d 922 (1988).
discussed
Cited "see"
Frederick Feinstein v. Morris and Joyce Moses, D/B/A Sun-Cal Products
(2×)
Accord Appeal of Sun Pipe Line, 831 F.2d 22, 24 (1st Cir.1987), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2821 , 100 L.Ed.2d 922 (1988).
discussed
Cited "see"
United States v. Yonkers Board of Education
(2×)
See United States v. Yonkers Bd. of Educ., 837 F.2d 1181, 1236 (2d Cir.1987) (discussing deference owed to district court’s choice of remedy in racial discrimination cases), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2821 , 100 L.Ed.2d 922 (1988).
discussed
Cited "see"
United States v. Yonkers Board Of Education
(2×)
See United States v. Yonkers Bd. of Educ., 837 F.2d 1181, 1236 (2d Cir.1987) (discussing deference owed to district court's choice of remedy in racial discrimination cases), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2821 , 100 L.Ed.2d 922 (1988). 9 The City first challenges the district court's denial of the City's request for a possibility of reverter in the sites. 2 The City argues that it is entitled to this future interest in the sites as protection against certain contingencies--e.g., Deluxe fails to build public housing on the sites or the MHA terminates the sites for public housing.
discussed
Cited "see"
54 Empl. Prac. Dec. P 40,060, 12 Employee Benefits Ca 1801 Adele Graham and Tamaara Danish, Individually and as Representatives of a Class of Persons Similarly Situated v. State of New York, Department of Civil Service Edward v. Regan, as Comptroller of the State of New York Mario Cuomo, as Governor of the State of New York
(2×)
See U.S. v. Yonkers Board of Education, 837 F.2d 1181 , 1218 (2d Cir.1987), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2821 , 100 L.Ed.2d 922 (1988); First National Bank of Cincinnati v. Pepper, 547 F.2d 708, 710 (2d Cir.1976) (Friendly, J.) 5 The court, in discussing the New York State Health Insurance Program, wrote that An employer which offers a comprehensive individual health insurance plan that denies benefits for pregnancy and childbirth clearly offers a less comprehensive plan to its female employees than to its male employees.
discussed
Cited "see"
Graham v. New York
(2×)
See U.S. v. Yonkers Board of Education, 837 F.2d 1181 , 1218 (2d Cir.1987), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2821 , 100 L.Ed.2d 922 (1988); First National Bank of Cincinnati v. Pepper, 547 F.2d 708, 710 (2d Cir.1976) (Friendly, J.). .
discussed
Cited "see"
Yonkers Board Of Education v. United States
(2×)
See United States v. Yonkers Bd. of Educ., 837 F.2d 1181 (2d Cir.1987), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2821 , 100 L.Ed.2d 922 (1988). 4 While appeal of the two orders was still pending, the City moved to modify the May 13, 1986, order to eliminate the requirement that it provide funding for the new schools.
discussed
Cited "see"
United States v. Yonkers Board of Education
(2×)
See United States v. Yonkers Bd. of Educ., 837 F.2d 1181 (2d Cir.1987), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2821 , 100 L.Ed.2d 922 (1988).
discussed
Cited "see"
Davis Enterprises v. United States Environmental Protection Agency
(2×)
See Appeal of Sun Pipe Line Co., 831 F.2d 22 (1st Cir.1987), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 108 S.Ct. 2821 , 100 L.Ed.2d 922 (1988). 1 8 Following the EPA's refusal to permit the Erdman deposition, Appellants brought suit against the EPA and Diamond in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, alleging that the EPA's decision refusing to permit the requested deposition was invalid as an abuse of its discretion.
discussed
Cited "see"
Davis Enterprises v. United States Environmental Protection Agency
(2×)
See Appeal of Sun Pipeline Co., 831 F.2d 22 (1st Cir.1987), ce rt. denied, — U.S. -, 108 S.Ct. 2821 , 100 L.Ed.2d 922 (1988). 1 Following the EPA’s refusal to permit the Erdman deposition, Appellants brought suit against the EPA and Diamond in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, alleging that the EPA’s decision refusing to permit the requested deposition was invalid as an abuse of its discretion.
discussed
Cited "see"
Migda Rodriguez-Antuna v. Chase Manhattan Bank Corporation
(2×)
See In re Sun Pipe Line Co., 831 F.2d 22, 24 (1st Cir.1987) (collecting cases), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 108 S.Ct. 2821 , 100 L.Ed.2d 922 (1988); Silk v. Sandoval, 435 F.2d 1266, 1267-68 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 402 U.S. 1012 , 91 S.Ct. 2189 , 29 L.Ed.2d 435 (1971).
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Human Resource Research & Management Group, Inc. v. County of Suffolk
(2×)
See City of Middletown, 294 F.3d at 49 (holding that plaintiff can proceed with FHA claim where “animus against the protected group was a significant factor in the position taken by the municipal decision-makers themselves or by those to whom the decision-makers were knowingly responsive ” (emphasis added) (quoting LeBlanc Sternberg, 67 F.3d at 425 )); see also United States v. Yonkers Bd. of Educ., 837 F.2d 1181 , 1223-24 (2d Cir.1987), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2821 , 100 L.Ed.2d 922 (1988).
cited
Cited "see, e.g."
AvalonBay Communities, Inc. v. Town of Orange
See, e.g., id. at 1218-19 . . .
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Janet Scott-Harris v. City of Fall River, Janet Scott-Harris v. City of Fall River
(2×)
See, e.g., United States v. Yonkers Bd. of Educ., 837 F.2d 1181 , 1221-25 (2d Cir.1987), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2821 , 100 L.Ed.2d 922 (1988); City of Birmingham, 538 F.Supp. at 824-27 .
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Karl Pfaff Elizabeth Pfaff v. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
(2×)
See, e.g., United States v. Yonkers Bd. of Educ., 837 F.2d 1181 , 1217 (2d Cir.1987), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2821 , 100 L.Ed.2d 922 (1988) ("[T]he consensus is that a plaintiff need prove only discriminatory effect, and need not show that the decision complained of was made with discriminatory intent.”); Huntington Branch, NAACP, 844 F.2d at 934-35 ("The Act’s stated purpose to end discrimination requires a discriminatory effect standard; an intent require-merit would strip the statute of all impact on de facto segregation.”); Black Jack, 508 F.2d at 1184-85 ("Effect, an…
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Stanley v. Darlington County School District
(2×)
For example, the First Circuit upheld the use of racial percentages for admissions to magnet schools and emphasized that because they “were designed to maximize voluntary desegregation ... magnet schools, in order to prove of value to the desegregation plan, had to be carefully circumscribed to ensure that they would not serve as a haven for those seeking to attend a school predominantly composed of those of their own race.” Morgan v. Kerrigan, 530 F.2d 401, 423 (1st Cir.1976), cert. denied, 426 U.S. 935 , 96 S.Ct. 2648 , 49 L.Ed.2d 386 (1976); see also United States v. Yonkers Bd. of Educ…
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Alfonso Serrano-Perez and Luz De Diego-Rios v. Fmc Corporation, Monsanto Company, and Ici Americas, Inc.
(2×)
See Mackin v. City of Boston, 969 F.2d 1273, 1279 (1st Cir.1992), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 113 S.Ct. 1043 , 122 L.Ed.2d 352 (1993); Weinberger v. Great Northern Nekoosa Corp., 925 F.2d 518, 528 (1st Cir.1991); see also Appeal of Sun Pipe Line Co., 831 F.2d 22, 25 (1st Cir.1987), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2821 , 100 L.Ed.2d 922 (1988).
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Johnson v. Dixon
(2×)
See, e.g., United States v. Yonkers Bd. of Educ., 624 F.Supp. 1276 (S.D.N.Y.1985), aff 'd, 837 F.2d 1181 (2d Cir.1987), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2821 , 100 L.Ed.2d 922 (1988).
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Strickland v. General Motors
See, e.g., Mahoney v. United States , 831 F.2d 641 (6th Cir. 1987), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1054 , 108 S.Ct. 2820 , 100 L.Ed.2d 922 (1988); Major Realty Corp. v. C.I.R. , 749 F.2d 1483 (11th Cir. 1985); National City Bank of New York v. Garzot , 83 F.2d 476 (1st Cir.), cert. denied sub nom., National City Bank of New York v. Fernandez , 299 U.S. 586 , 57 S.Ct. 110 , 81 L.Ed. 431 (1936); United States v. Firestone Tire Rubber Co. , 518 F. Supp. 1021 (N.D.
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Coalition to Save Our Children v. State Board of Education
(2×)
The case law reveals that the “utility and propriety of magnets as a desegregation remedy is beyond dispute.” Liddell v. State of Missouri, 731 F.2d 1294, 1310 (8th Cir.), cert. denied sub nom, Leggett v. Liddell, 469 U.S. 816 , 105 S.Ct. 82 , 83 L.Ed.2d 30 (1984); see also United States v. Yonkers Bd. of Educ., 837 F.2d 1181 , 1239 (2d Cir.1987), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2821 , 100 L.Ed.2d 922 (1988) (though more costly, magnets are “both less intrusive and more likely to achieve long-term success in desegregating the public schools”); Flax v. Potts, 725 F.Supp. 322, 32…
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Illinois ex rel. Illinois Department of Public Aid v. Sullivan
An inconsistent administrative position means flip-flops by the agency over time, rather than reversals within the bureaucratic pyramid.”) (citations omitted); Illinois v. Heckler, 616 F.Supp. 620 , 628 n. 14 (N.D.Ill.1985), aff'd on other grounds, 808 F.2d 571 (7th Cir.1986); see also New York State Dep’t of Social Servs. v. Bowen, 835 F.2d 360, 366 (D.C.Cir.1987), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2820 , 100 L.Ed.2d 922 (1988).
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
State of Illinois v. Sullivan
An inconsistent administrative position means flip-flops by the agency over time, rather than reversals within the bureaucratic pyramid.") (citations omitted); Illinois v. Heckler, 616 F.Supp. 620 , 628 n. 14 (N.D.Ill.1985), aff'd on other grounds, 808 F.2d 571 (7th Cir.1986); see also New York State Dep't of Social Servs. v. Bowen, 835 F.2d 360, 366 (D.C.Cir.1987), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2820 , 100 L.Ed.2d 922 (1988).
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Thomasina Mack v. The Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company, Inc.
(2×)
“It is settled law in this circuit that a motion which asks the court to modify its earlier disposition of a case solely because of an ostensibly erroneous legal result is brought under Fed.R.Civ.P. 59(e).” Rodriquez-Antuna v. Chase Manhattan Bank, 871 F.2d 1, 2 (1st Cir.1989); see also In re Sun Pipe Line Co., 831 F.2d 22, 24 (1st Cir.1987) (similar), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 108 S.Ct. 2821 , 100 L.Ed.2d 922 (1988); Silk v. Sandoval, 435 F.2d 1266, 1267-68 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 402 U.S. 1012 , 91 S.Ct. 2189 , 29 L.Ed.2d 435 (1971).
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. v. United States Environmental Protection Agency
(2×)
Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182 , 83 S.Ct. 227, 230 , 9 L.Ed.2d 222 (1962); see also Appeal of Sun Pipe Line Co., 831 F.2d 22, 24-25 (1st Cir.1987), cert. denied, — U.S.-, 108 S.Ct. 2821 , 100 L.Ed.2d 922 (1988); United States v. Eastern Air Lines, Inc., 792 F.2d 1560, 1562 (11th Cir.1986); A.D.
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
Consolidated Aluminum Corp.
v.
C. F. Bean Corp.
v.
C. F. Bean Corp.
No. 87-1656.
Supreme Court of the United States.
Jun 13, 1988.
Published
Citer courts: N.D. Texas (2)
C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.