green
Positive treatment
Quoted verbatim 1×
6.5 score
“references to the deity in our ceremonies and our coinage and seals do not violate the establishment clause because they merely reflect this fact of our history and no longer have any potentially entangling theological significance.”
Treatment trajectory · 1981 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1981
2003
2026
Top citers, strongest first. 18 distinct citers.
How cited ↗
cited
Cited "but see"
Sylvia HAYES, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. SHELBY MEMORIAL HOSPITAL, Defendant-Appellant
But see Burwell v. Eastern Air Lines, Inc., 633 F.2d 361, 371 (4th Cir. 1980) (en banc) (concurring opinion), cert, denied, 450 U.S. 965 , 101 S.Ct. 1480 , 67 L.Ed.2d 613 (1981).
cited
Cited "but see"
Henry Willis, III v. Walter B. Zant, Warden, Georgia Diagnostic and Classification Center
But see also Cuadadanos Unidos de San Juan v. Hidalgo, 622 F.2d 807, 818 (5th Cir.1980) cert. denied, 450 U.S. 964 , 101 S.Ct. 1479 , 67 L.Ed.2d 613 (1980). 9 .
examined
Cited as authority (quoted)
Sherman v. Community Consolidated School District 21
references to the deity in our ceremonies and our coinage and seals do not violate the establishment clause because they merely reflect this fact of our history and no longer have any potentially entangling theological significance.
cited
Cited "see"
Fitzpatrick v. City of Atlanta
See Burwell v. Eastern Air Lines, Inc., 633 F.2d 361, 365-66 (4th Cir.1980) (plurality opinion), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 965 , 101 S.Ct. 1480 , 67 L.Ed.2d 613 (1981); see also Harriss v. Pan Am.
cited
Cited "see"
Fitzpatrick v. City of Atlanta
See Burwell v. Eastern Air Lines, Inc., 633 F.2d 361, 365-66 (4th Cir.1980) (plurality opinion), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 965 , 101 S.Ct. 1480 , 67 L.Ed.2d 613 (1981); see also Harriss v. Pan Am.
cited
Cited "see"
Jager v. Douglas County School District
See Hall v. Bradshaw, 630 F.2d 1018, 1021 (4th Cir.1980), ce rt. denied, 450 U.S. 965 , 101 S.Ct. 1480 , 67 L.Ed.2d 613 (1981).
cited
Cited "see"
Doug Jager and William Jager, Cross-Appellees v. Douglas County School District, Cross-Appellants. Doug Jager, William Jager, Cross-Appellants v. Douglas County School District, Douglas County Board of Education, Defendants- Cross-Appellees
See Hall v. Bradshaw, 630 F.2d 1018, 1021 (4th Cir.1980), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 965 , 101 S.Ct. 1480 , 67 L.Ed.2d 613 (1981).
discussed
Cited "see"
Henry Willis, III v. Ralph Kemp, Warden, Georgia Diagnostic and Classification Center, Respondent
See Ciudadanos Unidos v. Hidalgo County Grand Jury Comm'rs, 622 F.2d 807, 817-18 (5th Cir.1980), ce rt. denied, 450 U.S. 964 , 101 S.Ct. 1479 , 67 L.Ed.2d 613 (1981); Willis I, 720 F.2d at 1217 . 12 .Although petitioner's evidence indicated that in general the views of young adults differed from those of older adults on certain issues, it also showed that there was no common thread or basic similarity of attitudes among young adults aged 18 to 29.
discussed
Cited "see"
State v. Holcomb
See United States v. Basso, 632 F.2d 1007 (2d Cir.1980), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 965 , 101 S.Ct. 1480 , 67 L.Ed.2d 613 (1981); United States v. Sutton, 607 F.2d 220 (8th Cir.1979); Collins v. Turner, 599 F.2d 657 (5th Cir.1979); Lambur v. Chew, 356 F.Supp. 751 (E.D.Va.1973); People v. Gladdis, 77 Mich.App. 91 , 257 N.W.2d 749 *459 (1977); Pearson v. State, 308 Minn. 287 , 241 N.W.2d 490 (1976); Ewing v. Wyrick, 535 S.W.2d 442 (Mo.1976); State v. Ellefson, 334 N.W.2d 56 (S.D.1983).
discussed
Cited "see"
United States v. Vincent Albano
See United States v. Basso, 632 F.2d 1007 , 1012 n. 5 (2d Cir.1980), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 965 , 101 S.Ct. 1480 , 67 L.Ed.2d 613 (1981); Nicholas v. United States, 527 F.2d 1160 (9th Cir.1976); United States v. Swanson, 454 F.2d 1263, 1265 (7th Cir.1972); United States v. Fontana, 510 F.Supp. 158, 160 (W.D.Pa.), aff’d, 673 F.2d 1303 (1981); United States v. Miller, 454 F.Supp. 440, 422 (N.D.Ill.1978).
examined
Cited "see"
Wright v. Olin Corp.
(3×)
also: Cited "see, e.g."
Accordingly, the general view when these defenses have been raised by employers has been that they must be rejected because “it is the purpose of Title VII to allow the individual woman to make [the] choice for herself.” Dothard v. Rawlinson, 433 U.S. at 335 , 97 S.Ct. at 2729 (b.f.o.q. defense); see Burwell v. Eastern Air Lines, Inc., 633 F.2d 361, 371 (4th Cir.1980) (en banc) (business necessity defense), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 965 , 101 S.Ct. 1480 , 67 L.Ed.2d 613 (1981).
examined
Cited "see"
Theresa Williams Wright, Individually and on Behalf of All Others Similarly Situated William Virgil Howell, Individually and on Behalf of All Others Similarly Situated v. The Olin Corporation, and United Paperworkers International Union, Local No. 1971, Afl-Cio United Paperworkers International Union, Afl-Cio, American Civil Liberties Union Women's Rights Project American Federation of State County and Municipal Employees Coal Employment Project Coalition for the Medical Rights of Women Coalition for the Reproductive Rights of Workers Committee for Abortion Rights and Against Sterilization Abuse Employment Law Center Equal Rights Advocates International Chemical Workers Union Oil, Chemical & Atomic Workers International Union Planned Parenthood Federation of America Reproductive Rights National Network Jeanne M. Stellman, ph.d. And Mary Sue Henifin, M.P.H. United Automobile Aerospace & Agricultural Implement Workers of America United Rubber, Cork, Linoleum & Plastic Workers of America Women Employed Women's Legal Defense Fund Equal Employment Advisory Council the Chemical Manufacturers Association Lead Industries Association, Inc. And American Cyanamid Company, Amicus Curiae. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. The Olin Corporation, a Virginia Corporation United Paperworkers International Union, Local No. 1971, Afl-Cio United Paperworkers International Union, Afl-Cio, American Civil Liberties Union Women's Rights Project American Federation of State County and Municipal Employees Coal Employment Project Coalition for the Medical Rights of Women Coalition for the Reproductive Rights of Workers Committee for Abortion Rights and Against Sterilization Abuse Employment Law Center Equal Rights Advocates International Chemical Workers Union Oil, Chemical & Atomic Workers International Union Planned Parenthood Federation of America Reproductive Rights National Network Jeanne M. Stellman, ph.d. And Mary Sue Henifin, M.P.H. United Automobile Aerospace & Agricultural Implement Workers of America United Rubber, Cork, Linoleum & Plastic Workers of America Women Employed Women's Legal Defense Fund Equal Employment Advisory Council the Chemical Manufacturers Association Lead Industries Association, Inc. And American Cyanamid Company, Amicus Curiae
(3×)
also: Cited "see, e.g."
Accordingly, the general view when these defenses have been raised by employers has been that they must be rejected because "it is the purpose of Title VII to allow the individual woman to make [the] choice for herself." Dothard v. Rawlinson, 433 U.S. at 335 , 97 S.Ct. at 2729 (b.f.o.q. defense); see Burwell v. Eastern Air Lines, Inc., 633 F.2d 361, 371 (4th Cir.1980) (en banc) (business necessity defense), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 965 , 101 S.Ct. 1480 , 67 L.Ed.2d 613 (1981). 61 The same overriding consideration does not, of course, apply to the safety of others than the women workers themselve…
discussed
Cited "see"
30 Fair empl.prac.cas. 235, 30 Empl. Prac. Dec. P 33,156 Carole A. Gerdom v. Continental Airlines, Inc., Union of Flight Attendants, Local No. 1 v. Continental Airlines, Inc.
See generally Burwell v. Eastern Air Lines, Inc., 633 F.2d 361, 371 (4th Cir.1980) (en banc), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 965 , 101 S.Ct. 1480 , 67 L.Ed.2d 613 (1981); In re Consolidated Pretrial Proceedings, 582 F.2d 1142 , 1145 (7th Cir.1978), cert. granted sub nom., TWA v. Zipes, 450 U.S. 979 , 101 S.Ct. 1511 , 67 L.Ed.2d 813 (1981) ("no motherhood" policy for female flight attendants constitutes sex discrimination); Sprogis v. United Airlines, Inc., 444 F.2d 1194, 1198 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 404 U.S. 991 , 92 S.Ct. 536 , 30 L.Ed.2d 543 (1971) (prohibiting women flight attendants from marryin…
discussed
Cited "see"
Gerdom v. Continental Airlines, Inc.
See generally Burwell v. Eastern Air Lines, Inc., 633 F.2d 361, 371 (4th Cir.1980) (en banc), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 965 , 101 S.Ct. 1480 , 67 L.Ed.2d 613 (1981); In re Consolidated Pretrial Proceedings, 582 F.2d 1142 , 1145 (7th Cir.1978), cert. granted sub nom., TWA v. Zipes, 450 U.S. 979 , 101 S.Ct. 1511 , 67 L.Ed.2d 813 (1981) (“no motherhood” policy for female flight attendants constitutes sex discrimination); Sprogis v. United Airlines, Inc., 444 F.2d 1194, 1198 (7th' CHr.), cert. denied, 404 U.S. 991 , 92 S.Ct. 536 , 30 L.Ed.2d 543 (1971) (prohibiting women flight attendants from ma…
discussed
Cited "see"
Donnelly v. Lynch
See Hall v. Bradshaw, 630 F.2d 1018 (4th Cir. 1980), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 965 , 101 S.Ct. 1480 , 67 L.Ed.2d 613 (1981) (prayer, scenic photos, and message from governor on reverse side of official highway map).
cited
Cited "see"
Barbara S. Clanton v. Orleans Parish School Board
See Burwell v. Eastern Air Lines, Inc., 633 F.2d 361, 372-73 (4th Cir. 1980) (en banc), cert. denied, - U.S. -, 101 S.Ct. 1480 , 67 L.Ed.2d 613 (1981). 18 .
discussed
Cited "see"
9 O.S.H. Cas.(bna) 1848, 1981 O.S.H.D. (Cch) P 25,429 Southern Ohio Building Systems, Inc. v. Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission and Ray Marshall, Secretary of Labor
See Bristol Steel & Iron Works v. O.S.H.R.C., 601 F.2d 717, 721 (4th Cir. 1979). 7 In Continental Oil Co. v. O.S.H.R.C., 630 F.2d 446, 448 (6th Cir. 1980), cert. denied, -- U.S. --, 101 S.Ct. 1481 , 67 L.Ed.2d 613 (1981), Senior Judge Phillips described the burden of the Department of Labor in general duty clause cases as follows: 8 In establishing a violation of the general duty clause, it is incumbent upon the Secretary to prove "(1) that the employer failed to render its workplace 'free' of a hazard which was (2) 'recognized' and (3) 'causing or likely to cause death or serious physical har…
cited
Cited "see, e.g."
Rita ZUNIGA, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. KLEBERG COUNTY HOSPITAL, KINGSVILLE, TEXAS, Defendant-Appellee
See also Burwell v. Eastern Air Lines, 633 F.2d 361, 369 (4th Cir.1980) (per curiam), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 965 , 101 S.Ct. 1480 , 67 L.Ed.2d 613 (1981). 8 .
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
Locals 1830 and 1833, General Longshore Workers, International Longshoremen's Assn., AFL-CIO
v.
Bailey
v.
Bailey
No. 80-569.
Supreme Court of the United States.
Mar 2, 1981.
Cited by 1 opinion | Published
Citer courts: N.D. Illinois (1)
C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.