green
Positive treatment
7.5 score
Treatment trajectory · 1983 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1983
2004
2026
Top citers, strongest first. 24 distinct citers.
How cited ↗
discussed
Cited "but see"
Klassy v. Physicians Plus Insurance
Because the insurers “exist[ed] solely for the purpose of enabling universities to delegate their responsibility to provide retirement benefits for their employees” they were “so closely intertwined with those universities ... that they must be deemed an ‘employer’ for purposes of Title VII.” Id.; but see Peters v. Wayne State University, 691 F.2d 235, 238 (6th Cir.1982) (holding that same two insurance companies could not be held hable under Title VII because an insurance company cannot “become hable under Title VII simply by furnishing its services to a Title VII employer”), …
examined
Cited as authority (rule)
Joe Benham v. James Ledbetter
(7×)
also: Cited "see"
The Supreme Court recognizes this principle in Jones as it applies to insanity acquittees in approving automatic commitment because the fifty-day hearing provides a prompt opportunity for an insanity acquittee to obtain release if the insanity acquittee has recovered. 363 U.S. at 366-67, 103 S.Ct. at 3051, 77 L.Ed.2d at 706.
discussed
Cited "see"
Pender v. Bank of America Corp.
See Janowski v. Int’l Bhd. of Teamsters, Local No. 710 Pension Fund, 678 F.2d 931, 937 (7th Cir.1982) (noting that “the statute authorized any normal retirement age,” subject to a ceiling of age 65), vacated on other grounds, 463 U.S. 1222 , 103 S.Ct. 3565 , 77 L.Ed.2d 1406 (1983); Geib v. N.Y.
cited
Cited "see"
Ojo v. Farmers Group, Inc.
See Spirt v. Teachers Ins. and Annuity Ass’n, 691 F.2d 1054, 1065 (2d Cir.1982), vacated on other grounds, 463 U.S. 1223 , 103 S.Ct. 3565 , 3566, 77 L.Ed.2d 1406 (1983).
discussed
Cited "see"
Lopez v. Massachusetts
See Spirt v. Teachers Ins. and Annuity Ass’n, 691 F.2d 1054, 1063 (2d Cir.1982), vacated on other grounds, 463 U.S. 1223 , 103 S.Ct. 3566 , 77 L.Ed.2d 1406 (1983) (adopting a variant on the interference theory on the express assumption that Congress intended to define the term ''employer” well beyond its general common law definition); Sibley Mem'l Hosp. v. Wilson, 488 F.2d 1338, 1340-41 (D.C.Cir.1973) (first articulating the interference theory on the ground that Title VII’s terms should be interpreted very broadly to achieve its non-discriminatory ends). 18 .
discussed
Cited "see"
Gulino v. Board of Education of the City School District of New York
See Spirt v. Teachers Insurance and Annuity Ass’n, 691 F.2d 1054, 1063 (2d Cir.1982) (''[I]t is generally recognized that the term 'employer,' as it is used in Title VII, is sufficiently broad to encompass any party who significantly affects access of any individual to employment opportunities, regardless of whether that party may technically be described as an 'employer' of an aggrieved individual as that term has generally been defined at common law” (citations and internal quotation marks omitted)), vacated and remanded on other grounds, 463 U.S. 1223 , 103 S.Ct. 3565 , 77 L.Ed.2d 1406 …
discussed
Cited "see"
Nealey v. University Health Services, Inc.
See Spirt v. Teachers Insurance & Annuity Ass’n, 691 F.2d 1054, 1063 (2nd Cir.1982) (holding that insurance company which existed solely for providing retirement benefits to university employees "are so closely intertwined with those universities ... that they must be deemed an "employer” for purposes of Title VII.”), vacated on other grounds, 463 U.S. 1223 , 103 S.Ct. 3565 , 77 L.Ed.2d 1406 (1983).
discussed
Cited "see"
Kounitz v. Slaatten
See Spirt v. Teachers Ins. & Annuity Ass’n, 691 F.2d 1054 , 1059 n. 4 (2d Cir.1982), vacated and remanded on other grounds, 463 U.S. 1223 , 103 S.Ct. 3565 , 77 L.Ed.2d 1406 (1983); People v. Holiday Inns, 656 F.Supp. 675, 683 (W.D.N.Y.1984).
discussed
Cited "see"
Carparts Distribution Center, Inc. v. Automotive Wholesaler's Association of New England, Inc.
See Spirt v. Teachers Ins. & Annuity Ass’n, 691 F.2d 1064, 1068 (2d Cir.1982), vacated and rent'd on other grounds, 468 U.S. 1223 , 103 S.Ct. 3565 , 77 L.Ed.2d 1406 (1983), reinstated and modified on other grounds, 735 F.2d 23 (2d Cir.1984), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 881 , 105 S.Ct. 247 , 83 L.Ed.2d 185 (1984) (interpreting the term “employer” under Title VII) (“term ‘employer,’ ... is sufficiently broad to encompass any party who significantly affects access of any individual to employment opportunities, regardless of whether that party may technically be described as an ‘employer�…
discussed
Cited "see"
Werner v. Satterlee, Stephens, Burke & Burke
Fed.R.Civ.P. 42(a) provides as follows: When actions involving a common question of law or fact are pending before the court, it may order a joint hearing or trial of any or all of the matters in issue in the actions; it may order all the actions consolidated; and it may make such orders concerning proceedings therein as may tend to avoid unnecessary cost or delay. “[Cjourts have taken the view that considerations of judicial economy favor consolidation.” Johnson v. Celotex Corp., 899 F.2d 1281, 1284-85 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, — U.S. —, 111 S.Ct. 297 , 112 L.Ed.2d 250 (1990); see Bank…
discussed
Cited "see"
Harris Trust & Savings Bank v. John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance
See Spirt v. Teachers Ins. & Annuity Ass’n, 691 F.2d 1054, 1065 (2d Cir.1982) (ERISA is “a statute which clearly ‘specifically relates to the business of insurance’ ”), vacated on other grounds and remanded, 463 U.S. 1223 , 103 S.Ct. 3566 , 77 L.Ed.2d 1406 (1983); Hewlett-Packard Co. v. Barnes, 571 F.2d 502, 505 (9th Cir.) (per curiam) (there are “ERISA sections that undeniably ‘specifically relate’ to the business of insur-ance_ If McCarran-Ferguson applies, therefore, ERISA falls within the clause excepting federal laws that ‘specifically relate' to the business of insuranc…
discussed
Cited "see"
Graham v. New York, Department of Civil Service
See, Spirt v. Teachers Insurance & Annuity Ass’n, 691 F.2d 1054 (2d Cir.1982) {Spirt II), vacated and remanded, 463 U.S. 1223 , 103 S.Ct. 3566 , 77 L.Ed.2d 1406 (1983), decision on remand, 735 F.2d 23 (2d Cir.1984) {Spirt II), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 881 , 105 S.Ct. 247 , 83 L.Ed.2d 185 (1984).
cited
Cited "see"
James Edward Glatz v. Dr. Haydee Kort, Hugh Jan Cornell v. Dr. Frank Traylor
See Ledbetter v. Benham, 463 U.S. 1222 , 103 S.ct. 3565, 77 L.Ed.2d 1406 (1983).
cited
Cited "see"
Benham v. Ledbetter
See Ledbetter v. Benham, 463 U.S. 1222 , 103 S.Ct. 3565 , 77 L.Ed.2d 1406 (1983).
discussed
Cited "see"
Bernstein Ex Rel. Commissioner of Banking & Insurance v. Centaur Insurance
See Spirt v. Teachers Ins. & Annuity Ass’n, 691 F.2d 1054, 1063-67 (2d *102 Cir.1982) (Congress never intended to remove insurance business from the scope of federal civil rights laws), vacated on other grounds, — U.S. -, 103 S.Ct. 3566 , 77 L.Ed.2d 1406 (1983), reinstated as modified on other grounds, 735 F.2d 23 (2d Cir.1984).
discussed
Cited "see"
Retired Public Employees' Ass'n v. California
See Retired Public Employees, supra, 677 F.2d at 738 (“in view of Manhart , the award [of increased benefits] should have been foreseen and taken into account by administrators, thus lessening the financial impact on the pension plan”), vacated, 463 U.S. 1222 , 103 S.Ct. 3565 , 77 L.Ed.2d 1406 (1983).
discussed
Cited "see"
People of State of NY v. Holiday Inns, Inc.
See Spirt v. Teachers Ins. & Annuity Ass’n, 691 F.2d 1054 , 1059 n. 4 (2d Cir.1982), vacated and remanded on other grounds, 463 U.S. 1223 , 103 S.Ct. 3565 , 77 L.Ed.2d 1406 (1983), modified 735 F.2d 23 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 881 , 105 S.Ct. 247 , 83 L.Ed.2d 185 (1984); Pinkard v. Pullman-Standard, A Div. of Pullman, Inc., 678 F.2d 1211, 1219 (5th Cir.1982), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 1105 , 103 S.Ct. 729 , 74 L.Ed.2d 954 (1983).
discussed
Cited "see"
David Lee Hickey v. Charles Morris
(2×)
See Benham v. Edwards, 678 F.2d 511 , 515-16 n. 9 (5th Cir. 1982), vacated on other grounds,-U.S. -, 103 S.Ct. 3565 , 77 L.Ed.2d 1406 (1983); Gunther, The Supreme Court, 1971 Term—Foreword: In Search of Evolving Doctrine on a Changing Court: A Model for a Newer Equal Protection, 86 Harv.L.Rev. 1, 27, 31 (1972).
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
EEOC v. Group Health Plan
See Weyer, 198 F.3d at 1104 ; see also, Peters v. Wayne State Univ., 691 *1100 F.2d 235, 238 (6th Cir.1982) (insurance company providing services to employer and its employees is not an "employer" for the purposes of Title VII), vacated on other grounds, 463 U.S. 1223 , 103 S.Ct. 3566 , 77 L.Ed.2d 1406 (1983).
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Magnuson v. Peak Technical Services, Inc.
This term has been construed “as comprehending individuals who do not stand in direct employment relationship with an employer.” Sibley Memorial Hospital v. Wilson, 488 F.2d 1338, 1341 (D.C.Cir.1973); see also Spirt v. Teachers Insurance and Annuity Associates, 691 F.2d 1054, 1063 (2d Cir.1982), vacated and remanded on other grounds 463 U.S. 1223 , 103 S.Ct. 3566 , 77 L.Ed.2d 1406 (1983); Amarnare v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc., 611 F.Supp. 344 (S.D.N.Y.1984); Puntolillo v. New Hampshire Racing Commission, 375 F.Supp. 1089 (D.N.H.1974).
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Cynthia Morgan v. Safeway Stores, Inc., and Safeway Arizona Federal Credit Union
(2×)
EEOC v. Colby College, 589 F.2d at 1141 ; see also Spirt v. Teachers Insurance & Annuity Association, 475 F.Supp. 1298 , 1308 n. 16 (S.D.N.Y.1979) (same), aff'd in part, rev’d in part on other grounds, 691 F.2d 1054 (2d Cir.1982), cert. granted and judgment vacated, 463 U.S. 1223 , 103 S.Ct. 3565 , 77 L.Ed.2d 1406 (1983), on remand, judgment reinstated with modification on other ground, 735 F.2d 23 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 881 , 105 S.Ct. 247 , 83 L.Ed.2d 185 (1984).
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
United States v. Yonkers Board of Education
See, e.g., Spirt v. Teachers’ Ins. & Annuity Ass'n, 93 F.R.D. 627, 637 (S.D.N.Y.), aff'd in part and rev'd in part on other grounds, 691 F.2d 1054 (2d Cir.1982), vacated on other grounds, 463 U.S. 1223 , 103 S.Ct. 3565 , 77 L.Ed.2d 1406 (1983); United States v. Hooker Chems. & Plastics Corp., 540 F.Supp. 1067, 1082-83 (W.D.N.Y.1982); see also Fleming v. Citizens for Albemarle, Inc., 577 F.2d 236, 237-38 (4th Cir.1978), cert. denied, 439 U.S. 1071 , 99 S.Ct. 842 , 59 L.Ed.2d 37 (1979); Liddell v. Caldwell, 546 F.2d 768, 771 (8th Cir.1976). .
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Barger v. State of Kan.
See, e.g., Spirt v. Teachers Insurance & Annuity Association, 691 F.2d 1054, 1063 (2d Cir.1982), vacated on other grounds, 463 U.S. 1223 , 103 S.Ct. 3566 , 77 L.Ed.2d 1406 (1983); York v. Tennessee Crushed Stone Association, 684 F.2d 360, 362 (6th Cir.1982); United States v. City of Yonkers, 592 F.Supp. 570, 590 (S.D.N.Y.1984).
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Mary M. MARES, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. John O. MARSH, Secretary of the Army, Defendant-Appellee
The following cases have adopted the more expansive "economic realities" test for determining employee status under Title VII: E.E.O.C. v. Dowd & Dowd, Ltd., 736 F.2d 1177 (7th Cir.1984) (cf. Unger v. Consolidated Foods Corp., 657 F.2d 909 (7th Cir.1981), vacated on other grounds, 456 U.S. 1002 , 102 S.Ct. 2288 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1297 (1982), on remand, 693 F.2d 703 (7th Cir.1982), cert. denied, 460 U.S. 1102 , 103 S.Ct. 1801 , 76 L.Ed.2d 366 & 46, 4 U.S. 1017 , 104 S.Ct. 549 , 78 L.Ed.2d 723 (1983)); Armbruster v. Quinn, 711 F.2d 1332 (6th Cir.1983); Hyland v. New Haven Radiology Associates, 606 F.…
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
Peters
v.
Wayne State University
v.
Wayne State University
No. 82-794.
Supreme Court of the United States.
Jul 6, 1983.
Cited by 8 opinions | Published
C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari granted, judgment
vacated, and case remanded for further consideration in light of Arizona Governing Committee for Tax Deferred Annuity and Deferred Compensation Plans v. Norris, ante, p. 1073.