green
Positive treatment
Quoted verbatim 4×
9.6 score
G Cite
cited 2× by 2 distinct cases, last quoted 1988 ·
…agreements ripen into fully enforceable collective bargaining agreements upon demonstration of a union majority
⚠ not in text
cited 2× by 2 distinct cases, last quoted 1985 ·
…ny person, even a stranger to the collective bargaining agreement, can bring unfair labor practice charges.
⚠ not in text
Treatment trajectory · 1983 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1983
2004
2026
Top citers, strongest first. 50 distinct citers.
How cited ↗
discussed
Cited "but see"
Haavisto v. Perpich
(2×)
But see Williams v. Bennett, 689 F.2d 1370, 1385 (11th Cir.1982) (if defendants should have known their conduct in maintaining an unconstitutional *751 prison violated plaintiff's rights, their qualified immunity or good faith defense will be defeated), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 932 , 104 S.Ct. 335 , 78 L.Ed.2d 305 (1983).
discussed
Cited as authority (quoted)
Plumbers & Pipefitters Local Union 72 of the United Ass'n of Journeymen & Apprentices of the Plumbing & Pipefitting Industry of the United States & Canada v. John Payne Co.
agreements ripen into fully enforceable collective bargaining agreements upon demonstration of a union majority
discussed
Cited as authority (quoted)
Plumbers and Pipefitters Local Union 72 v. John Payne Co., Inc.
agreements ripen into fully enforceable collective bargaining agreements upon demonstration of a union majority
discussed
Cited as authority (quoted)
Laborers Health & Welfare Trust Fund v. Advanced Lightweight Concrete Co.
ny person, even a stranger to the collective bargaining agreement, can bring unfair labor practice charges.
discussed
Cited as authority (quoted)
Laborers Health and Welfare Trust Fund for Northern California Laborers Pension Trust Fund for Northern California and Laborers Training and Retraining Trust Fund for Northern California v. Advanced Lightweight Concrete Co., Inc., Cement Masons Health and Welfare Trust Fund for Northern California Cement Masons Pension Trust Fund for Northern California Cement Masons Vacation Trust Fund for Northern California and Cement Masons Apprenticeship and Training Trust Fund for Northern California v. Advanced Lightweight Concrete Co., Inc.
ny person, even a stranger to the collective bargaining agreement, can bring unfair labor practice charges.
discussed
Cited "see"
DeRay v. Larson
See Carpenters Local Union No. 1816 v. Pratt-Farnsworth, Inc., 690 F.2d 489 , 500-02 (5th Cir.1982), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 932 , 104 S.Ct. 335 , 78 L.Ed.2d 305 (1983); Haspel v. Bonnaz, Singer & Hand Embroiderers, Local 66, 216 F.2d 192 (2d Cir.1954), aff'g and adopting 112 F.Supp. 944 945 (S.D.N.Y.1953); Mason Tenders Dist.
discussed
Cited "see"
Franks v. Prudential Health Care Plan, Inc.
See Carpenters Local Union No. 1816 v. Pratt-Farnsworth, Inc., 690 F.2d 489 , 499-500 (5th Cir.1982), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 932 , 104 S.Ct. 335 , 78 L.Ed.2d 305 (1983). “[Ujnless the pleadings on their face reveal beyond doubt that the plaintiffs can prove no set of facts that would entitled them to relief,” a 12(b)(6) dismissal is improper.
discussed
Cited "see"
Local No. 1 v. D.O. Summers Cleaners & Shirt Laundry Co.
See Carpenters Local 1846 v. Pratt-Farnsworth, Inc., 690 F.2d 489 , 518 (5th Cir.1982), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 932 , 104 S.Ct. 335 , 78 L.Ed.2d 305 (1983); Trustees of Iron Workers Fund v. A & P Steel, Inc., 812 F.2d 1518 , 1525-26 (10th Cir. 1987).
cited
Cited "see"
Gay v. City of Daleville
See Williams v. Bennett, 689 F.2d 1370 (11th Cir.1982), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 932 , 104 S.Ct. 335 , 78 L.Ed.2d 305 (1983).
discussed
Cited "see"
Schanzer v. Rutgers University
See Williams v. Bennett, 689 F.2d 1370, 1390 (11th Cir.1982), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 932 , 104 S.Ct. 335 , 78 L.Ed.2d 305 (1983); Turpin v. Mailet, 591 F.2d 426, 427 (2d Cir.1979); Taylor v. State of Rhode Island, 726 F.Supp. 895, 901 (D.R.I.1989) ("the circuits have consistently dismissed constitutional claims when the complaint also asserts § 1983 claims”).
cited
Cited "see"
Dowdell v. Chapman
See Williams v. Bennett, 689 F.2d 1370 (11th Cir.1982), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 932 , 104 S.Ct. 335 , 78 L.Ed.2d 305 (1983).
cited
Cited "see"
Lasley v. Godinez
See Williams v. Bennett, 689 F.2d 1370, 1381-82 (11th Cir.1982), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 932 , 104 S.Ct. 335 , 78 L.Ed.2d 305 (1983).
discussed
Cited "see"
Ronald Hankins v. William C. Finnel, State of Missouri
See Edelman, 415 U.S. at 671-74 , 94 S.Ct. at 1359-61 . 54 In Williams v. Bennett, 689 F.2d 1370, 1377-79 (11th Cir.1982), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 932 , 104 S.Ct. 335 , 78 L.Ed.2d 305 (1983), and Gamble v. Florida Dep't of Health & Rehab.
cited
Cited "see"
Bailey v. Board of County Commissioners of Alachua County
See Williams v. Bennett, 689 F.2d 1370, 1380-81 (11th Cir.1982), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 932 , 104 S.Ct. 335 , 78 L.Ed.2d 305 (1983).
cited
Cited "see"
Bailey v. Board Of County Commissioners Of Alachua County
See Williams v. Bennett, 689 F.2d 1370, 1380-81 (11th Cir.1982), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 932 , 104 S.Ct. 335 , 78 L.Ed.2d 305 (1983).
cited
Cited "see"
Board of Trustees of the Chicago Plastering Institute Pension Trust Fund v. William A. Duguid Co.
See Carpenters Local Union No. 1846, etc. v. Pratt-Farnsworth, 690 F.2d 489 , 501 (5th Cir.1982), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 932 , 104 S.Ct. 335 , 78 L.Ed.2d 305 (1983).
discussed
Cited "see"
Frank Kevin Pool v. Missouri Department of Corrections and Human Resources Dick Moore John Ashcroft
See Williams v. Bennett, 689 F.2d 1370, 1381-82 (11th Cir.1982), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 932 , 104 S.Ct. 335 , 78 L.Ed.2d 305 (1983) (prisoner precluded from relitigating eighth amendment claim but not barred from raising claim of wrongdoing against prison guard).
discussed
Cited "see"
Gulf States Utilities Co. v. Alabama Power Co.
See United States v. Western Pacific Railroad Co., 352 U.S. 59, 64 , 77 S.Ct. 161, 165 , 1 L.Ed.2d 126 (1956); accord Carpenters Local Union No. 1846 v. Pratt-Farnsworth, Inc., 690 F.2d 489 , 515 n. 11 (5th Cir.1982) (defer to agency if it is "better equipped than court's by specialization, by insight gained through experience, and by more flexible procedures"), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 335 , 104 S.Ct. 335 , 78 L.Ed.2d 305 (1983); United States v. McDonnell Douglas Corp., 751 F.2d 220, 224 (8th Cir.1984) (defer if issue requires uniformity of resolution and the agency's "expert consideration").
discussed
Cited "see"
Gulf States Utilities Co. v. Alabama Power Co.
See United States v. Western Pacific Railroad Co., 352 U.S. 59, 64 , 77 S.Ct. 161, 165 , 1 L.Ed.2d 126 (1956); accord Carpenters Local Union No. 1846 v. Pratt-Farnsworth, Inc., 690 F.2d 489 , 515 n. 11 (5th Cir.1982) (defer to agency if it is “better equipped than court’s by specialization, by insight gained through experience, and by more flexible procedures”), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 335 , 104 S.Ct. 335 , 78 L.Ed.2d 305 (1983); United States v. McDonnell Douglas Corp., 751 F.2d 220, 224 (8th Cir.1984) (defer if issue requires uniformity of resolution and the agency’s “expert conside…
discussed
Cited "see"
45 Fair empl.prac.cas. 398, 42 Empl. Prac. Dec. P 36,927 Elise D. McIntosh Susan C. Sorrells Odessa Hollis Ann E. Kennedy and Joann Scherbring, Individually and as Representatives of a Class of Individuals Employed by the United States Army Who Have Been Denied Promotional Opportunities by Reason of Race, Color, National Origin, or Age v. Caspar W. Weinberger, Secretary of Defense John O. Marsh, Jr., Secretary of the Army Edward Turner, Individually and in His Capacity as Assistant Civilian Personnel Officer for Troop Support and Aviation Materiel Readiness Command, Elise D. McIntosh Susan C. Sorrells Odessa Hollis Ann E. Kennedy and Joann Scherbring, Individually and as Representatives of a Class of Individuals Employed by the United States Army Who Have Been Denied Promotional Opportunities by Reason of Race, Color, National Origin, or Age v. Caspar W. Weinberger, Secretary of Defense John O. Marsh, Jr., Secretary of the Army Edward Turner, Individually and in His Capacity as Assistant Civilian Personnel Officer for Troop Support and Aviation Materiel Readiness Command
See Williams v. Bennett, 689 F.2d 1370, 1391 (11th Cir.1982), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 932 , 104 S.Ct. 335 , 78 L.Ed.2d 305 (1983), citing Fed.R.Evid. 403, and Advisory Committee Note to Fed.R.Evid. 411.
cited
Cited "see"
McIntosh v. Weinberger
See Williams v. Bennett, 689 F.2d 1370, 1391 (11th Cir.1982), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 932 , 104 S.Ct. 335 , 78 L.Ed.2d 305 (1983), citing Fed.R.Evid. 403, and Advisory Committee Note to Fed.R.
discussed
Cited "see"
United Brotherhood Of Carpenters And Joiners Of America, Local Union No. 747 v. Stone & Webster Engineering Corporation
See Blake Construction Co. v. Laborers' International Union, 511 F.2d 324, 328-30 (D.C.Cir.1975) (national short-form agreement is binding on union local). 12 Local 747 next argues that allowing the national agreement to supersede the local agreement violates national labor policies in favor of maintaining stable bargaining relationships and against waiver of a union's rights absent "clear and unmistakable evidence of such waiver," citing NLRB v. Financial Institution Employees of America, Local 1182, --- U.S. ----, 106 S.Ct. 1007, 1016 , 89 L.Ed.2d 151 (1986) (NLRA intended to encourage stabl…
cited
Cited "see"
Ralph Partridge and Betty Partridge v. Two Unknown Police Officers of the City of Houston, Texas
See Carpenters Local Union No. 1846 v. Pratt-Farnsworth, Inc., 690 F.2d 489 , 500 (5th Cir.1982), ce rt. denied, 464 U.S. 932 , 104 S.Ct. 335 , 78 L.Ed.2d 305 (1983). .
discussed
Cited "see"
United Brotherhood of Carpenters & Joiners, Local Union No. 1694 v. W.T. Galliher & Bros.
See generally Carpenters Local Union No. 1846 v. Pratt-Farnsworth, Inc., 690 F.2d 489 , 517-20 & n. 12 (5th Cir.1982), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 932 , 104 S.Ct. 335 , 78 L.Ed.2d 305 (1983) (critizing Iowa Electric and Ketchikan).
discussed
Cited "see"
United Brotherhood Of Carpenters And Joiners Of America, Local Union No. 1694 v. W.T. Galliher & Bros., Inc.
See generally Carpenters Local Union No. 1846 v. Pratt-Farnsworth, Inc., 690 F.2d 489 , 517-20 & n. 12 (5th Cir.1982), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 932 , 104 S.Ct. 335 , 78 L.Ed.2d 305 (1983) (critizing Iowa Electric and Ketchikan).
discussed
Cited "see"
Service, Hospital, Nursing Home And Public Employees Union, Local No. 47, Affiliated With The Service Employees International Union, Afl-Cio, Clc v. Commercial Property Services, Inc.
See Carpenters Local Union No. 1846 v. Pratt-Farnsworth, Inc., 690 F.2d 489 , 502 (5th Cir.1982), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 104 S.Ct. 335 , 78 L.Ed.2d 305 (1983); Loss v. Blankenship, 673 F.2d 942, 946 (7th Cir.1982); Bowers v. Ulpiano Casal, Inc., 393 F.2d 421, 423 (1st Cir.1968); Fox v. Mitchell Transport, Inc., 506 F. Supp. 1346, 1349 (D.Md.), aff'd mem., 671 F.2d 498 (4th Cir.1981). 33 We therefore hold that a district court does not have subject matter jurisdiction over a non-signatory to a collective bargaining agreement, where no rights or duties of the non-signatory party are stated…
discussed
Cited "see"
Service, Hospital, Nursing Home & Public Employees Union, Local No. 47 v. Commercial Property Services, Inc.
See Carpenters Local Union No. 1846 v. Pratt-Farnsworth, Inc., 690 F.2d 489 , 502 (5th Cir.1982), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 104 S.Ct. 335 , 78 L.Ed.2d 305 (1983); Loss v. Blankenship, 673 F.2d 942, 946 (7th Cir.1982); Bowers v. Ulpiano Ca-sal, Inc., 393 F.2d 421, 423 (1st Cir.1968); Fox v. Mitchell Transport, Inc., 506 F.Supp. 1346,1349 (D.Md.), aff'd mem., 671 F.2d 498 (4th Cir.1981).
cited
Cited "see"
International Union of Operating Engineers v. Superior Rigging & Erecting Co.
See generally, Carpenters Local Union No. 1846 v. Pratt-Farnsworth, Inc., 690 F.2d 489 , 504-507 (5th Cir.1982), cert. denied, _ U.S. _, 104 S.Ct. 335 , 78 L.Ed.2d 305 (1983).
cited
Cited "see, e.g."
Dugas v. Jefferson County
See, e.g., Williams v. Bennett, 689 F.2d 1870 , 1389 (11th Cir.1982), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 932 , 104 S.Ct. 335 , 78 L.Ed.2d 305 (1983).
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
United States v. Augustin Gonzalez
New York v. Belton, supra, 453 U.S. at 460 , 101 S.Ct. at 2864 ; United States v. Diaz-Lizaraza, supra, 981 F.2d at 1222; Thomas v. Newsome, 821 F.2d 1550, 1554 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 967 , 108 S.Ct. 461 , 98 L.Ed.2d 401 (1987); see also United States v. Rollins, 699 F.2d 530, 534 (11th Cir.) (extending Belton to passenger compartment of private airplane), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 933 , 104 S.Ct. 335 , 78 L.Ed.2d 305 (1983).
cited
Cited "see, e.g."
Bauchman ex rel. Bauchman v. West High School
See also Williams v. Bennett, 689 F.2d 1370, 1390 (11th Cir.1982), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 932 , 104 S.Ct. 335 , 78 L.Ed.2d 305 (1983).
cited
Cited "see, e.g."
BAUCHMAN, BY AND THROUGH BAUCHMAN v. West High
See also Williams v. Bennett, 689 F.2d 1370, 1390 (11th Cir.1982), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 932 , 104 S.Ct. 335 , 78 L.Ed.2d 305 (1983).
cited
Cited "see, e.g."
TRUSTEES OF PLUMBER & PIPEFITTERS NATL. PENSION v. De-Con Mechanical Contractors, Inc.
See, e.g., Carpenters Local Union No. 1846 v. Pratt-Farnsworth, 690 F.2d 489 (5th Cir.1982), cert. den. 464 U.S. 932 , 104 S.Ct. 335 , 78 L.Ed.2d 305 (1983).
cited
Cited "see, e.g."
State v. Yelli
See, also, Williams v. Bennett, 689 F.2d 1370 (8th Cir. 1982), cert. denied 464 U.S. 932 , 104 S. Ct. 335 , 78 L.
cited
Cited "see, e.g."
Armstead v. Coler
See, e.g., Williams v. Bennett, 689 F.2d 1370, 1380 (11th Cir.1982), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 932 , 104 S.Ct. 335 , 78 L.Ed.2d 305 (1983).
cited
Cited "see, e.g."
Armstead v. Coler
See, e.g., Williams v. Bennett, 689 F.2d 1370, 1380 (11th Cir.1982), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 932 , 104 S.Ct. 335 , 78 L.Ed.2d 305 (1983).
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Copps Food Center, Inc. v. United Food & Commercial Workers Union, Local No. 73A
See also Carpenters Local Union No., 1846 v. Pratt-Farnsworth, 690 F.2d 489 (5th Cir.1982), ce rt. denied, 464 U.S. 932 , 104 S.Ct. 335 , 78 L.Ed.2d 305 (1983), in which the court stated, If anything, the power to enforce a contract must necessarily include the ability to decide who is bound by the contract.
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
You Vang Yang v. Sturner
See, e.g., Williams v. Bennett, 689 F.2d 1370, 1390 (11th Cir.1982) (The “alternative remedy under section 1983 provides an adequate substitute for direct action under the eighth and fourteenth amendment.”), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 932 , 104 S.Ct. 335 , 78 L.Ed.2d 305 (1983); Ward v. Caulk, 650 F.2d 1144, 1147 (9th Cir.1981) (“Ward seeks to extend Bivens against state defendants even when those defendants are subject to the federal statutory remedy of § 1983.
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Seibert v. Oklahoma ex rel. Oklahoma Health Sciences Center
See, e.g., Williams v. Bennett, 689 F.2d 1370, 1376-77 (11th Cir.1982) (state board of corrections immune from damage suits brought under sections 1983, 1985, and 1986), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 932 , 104 S.Ct. 335 , 78 L.Ed.2d 305 (1983). 4 Nor do we agree with plaintiff’s contention that the University or its Board of Regents is separate from the State for eleventh amendment purposes.
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Seibert v. State Of Oklahoma
See, e.g., Williams v. Bennett, 689 F.2d 1370, 1376-77 (11th Cir.1982) (state board of corrections immune from damage suits brought under sections 1983, 1985, and 1986), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 932 , 104 S.Ct. 335 , 78 L.Ed.2d 305 (1983). 4 14 Nor do we agree with plaintiff's contention that the University or its Board of Regents is separate from the State for eleventh amendment purposes.
cited
Cited "see, e.g."
Trustees of National Automatic Sprinkler Industry Pension Fund v. American Automatic Fire Protection
See, e.g., Carpenters Local Union No. 1846 v. Pratt-Farnsworth, Inc., 690 F.2d 489 , 515 (5th Cir.1982), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 932 , 104 S.Ct. 335 , 78 L.Ed.2d 305 (1983).
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Victor Rios v. Michael P. Lane
See, e.g., Williams v. Bennett, 689 F.2d 1370, 1381-82 (11th Cir.1982), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 932 , 104 S.Ct. 335 , 78 L.Ed.2d 305 (1983); Anderson v. Central Point School District No. 6, 554 F.Supp. 600 (D.Or.1982), aff'd. in part and remanded, 746 F.2d 505 (9th Cir.1984).
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Greg Zatler v. Louie L. Wainwright
(2×)
See also Williams v. Bennett, 689 F.2d 1370, 1376-77 (11th Cir.1982) (the eleventh amendment has been applied to bar prisoner’s section 1983 damage claims brought in federal court against prison officials in their official capacities), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 932 , 104 S.Ct. 335 , 78 L.Ed.2d 305 (1983).
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Mason Tenders District Council Welfare Fund v. Dalton
See, e.g., Carpenters Local Union No. 1846 v. Pratt-Farnsworth, 690 F.2d 489 , 500-501 (5th Cir.1982), cert. denied, [ 464 U.S. 932 ] 104 S.Ct. 335 , [ 78 L.Ed.2d 305 ] (1983); see also Aacon Contracting Co. v. Association of Catholic Trade Unionists, 276 F.2d 958 (2d Cir.1960) Ass’g and adopting 178 F.Supp. 129, 130 (E.D.N.Y.1959). 2 .
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
United States v. Mikal Habeeb Amuny, A/K/A James Anderson, A/K/A Jim Waters, and A/K/A Wayne Roberson, George Ellis Gaston, and Royce David Hebert
(2×)
See United States v. Worthington, 544 F.2d 1275, 1280 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 434 U.S. 817 , 98 S.Ct. 55 , 54 L.Ed.2d 72 (1977); see also United States v. Rollins, 699 F.2d 530, 534 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 933 , 104 S.Ct. 335 , 78 L.Ed.2d 305 (1983).
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Province v. Cleveland Press Publishing Co.
See, e.g., Carpenters Local Union No. 1846 v. Pratt-Farnsworth, Inc., 690 F.2d 489 , 500 (5th Cir.1982), reh’g denied, 696 F.2d 996 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 104 S.Ct. 335 , 78 L.Ed.2d 305 (1983).
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
People of Three Mile Island v. Nuclear Regulatory Commissioners
See, e.g., Williams v. Bennett, 689 F.2d 1370, 1381-82 (11th Cir.1982) (legal principles set forth in previous cases, that certain Alabama prison conditions constitute cruel and unusual punishment, preclude immunity in prisoner’s suit), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 104 S.Ct. 335 , 78 L.Ed.2d 305 (1983); see also, Comment, supra note 11, at 927-30.
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
The People Of Three Mile Island v. Nuclear Regulatory Commissioners
See, e.g., Williams v. Bennett, 689 F.2d 1370, 1381-82 (11th Cir.1982) (legal principles set forth in previous cases, that certain Alabama prison conditions constitute cruel and unusual punishment, preclude immunity in prisoner's suit), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 104 S.Ct. 335 , 78 L.Ed.2d 305 (1983); see also, Comment, supra note 11, at 927-30. 25 We adopt the second approach--requiring some but not precise factual correspondence and demanding that officials apply general, well developed legal principles.
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Railroad Maintenance Laborers' Local 1274 Pension, Welfare & Education Funds v. Kelly Railroad Contractors, Inc.
See e.g., Carpenters Local Union No. 1846 v. Pratt-Farnsworth, 690 F.2d 489 , 505 (5th Cir.1982), reh’g en banc denied, 696 F.2d 996 (5th Cir.1983), cert. denied, — U.S. —, 104 S.Ct. 335 , 78 L.Ed.2d 305 (1983) (Pratt Farnsworth); Metropolitan Detroit Bricklayers District Council, International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftsmen, v. J.E.
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Susan Lee Weissinger v. James C. White
See also Williams v. Bennett, 689 F.2d 1370, 1379-80 (11th Cir.1982), ce rt. denied, — U.S. —, 104 S.Ct. 335 , 78 L.Ed.2d 305 (1983); Ray v. Tennessee Valley Authority, 677 F.2d 818 (11th Cir.1982), ce rt. denied, 459 U.S. 1147 , 103 S.Ct. 788 , 74 L.Ed.2d 994 (1983).
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
Cooper
v.
Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond
v.
Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond
No. 83-185.
Supreme Court of the United States.
Oct 31, 1983.
Cited by 6 opinions | Published
Citer courts: Eleventh Circuit (2) · Ninth Circuit (2)
C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari granted limited to Question 1 presented by the petition.