Sowa & Sons, Inc. v. Am. Hoist & Derrick Co., 469 U.S. 821 (1984). · Go Syfert
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Sowa & Sons, Inc. v. Am. Hoist & Derrick Co., 469 U.S. 821 (1984). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
“when no prior art other than that which was considered by the pto examiner is relied on by the attacker, he has the added burden of overcoming the deference that is due to a qualified government agency presumed to have properly done its job....”
294 citation events (18 in the last 25 years) across 55 distinct courts.
Strongest positive: ASTRAZENECA LP v. Apotex, Inc. (njd, 2009-05-14)
Treatment trajectory · 1984 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1984 2005 2026
Top citers, strongest first. 46 distinct citers. How cited ↗
discussed Cited as authority (quoted) ASTRAZENECA LP v. Apotex, Inc.
D.N.J. · 2009 · signal: see, e.g. · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence low
examiners ... are assumed to have some expertise in interpreting the references and to be familiar from their work with the level of skill in the art and whose duty it is to issue only valid patents
examined Cited as authority (quoted) Blackhawk Molding Co., Inc. v. Portola Packaging
N.D. Ill. · 2006 · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence low
when no prior art other than that which was considered by the pto examiner is relied on by the attacker, he has the added burden of overcoming the deference that is due to a qualified government agency presumed to have properly done its job....
discussed Cited as authority (quoted) Buckeye Community Hope Foundation v. City of Cuyahoga Falls
N.D. Ohio · 1997 · signal: see also · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence low
we do not read the opinion of the district court as dependent upon the motivation of voters in this referendum for its decision.
discussed Cited as authority (quoted) Abbott Laboratories, Andrew J. Muetterties and Joseph N. Genese, Plaintiffs/cross-Appellants v. John F. Brennan
Fed. Cir. · 1992 · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence low
patent rights are not legal monopolies in the antitrust sense of that word
cited Cited as authority (rule) Hermeling v. Montgomery Ward & Co.
D. Minnesota · 1994 · confidence medium
Ct. 95, 83 L.Ed.2d 41 , 224 USPQ 520 (1984).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Eli Lilly and Co. v. Medtronic, Inc.
E.D. Pa. · 1988 · confidence medium
Ct. 95, 83 L.Ed.2d 41 (1984).
cited Cited "see" In Re '639 Patent Litigation
D. Mass. · 2001 · signal: see · confidence high
See id.
cited Cited "see" United States Filter Corp. v. Ionics, Inc.
D. Mass. · 1999 · signal: see · confidence high
See American Hoist & Derrick Co. v. Sowa & Sons, 725 F.2d 1350, 1359-60 (1984), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 821 , 105 S.Ct. 95 , 83 L.Ed.2d 41 (1984).
cited Cited "see" Holt Cargo Systems, Inc. v. Delaware River Port Authority
E.D. Pa. · 1998 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. City of Birmingham, 538 F.Supp. 819 (E.D.Mich.1982), aff'd, 727 F.2d 560 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 821 , 105 S.Ct. 95 , 83 L.Ed.2d 41 (1984).
cited Cited "see" Geffner v. Linear Rotary Bearings, Inc.
E.D.N.Y · 1996 · signal: see · confidence high
See American Hoist & Derrick Co. v. Sowa & Sons, Inc., 725 F.2d 1350, 1362-63 (Fed.Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 821 , 105 S.Ct. 95 , 83 L.Ed.2d 41 (1984).
cited Cited "see" EI DuPont De Nemours and Co. v. Monsanto Co.
D. Del. · 1995 · signal: see · confidence high
See American Hoist & Derrick Co. v. Sowa & Sons, 725 F.2d 1350, 1359 (Fed.Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 821 , 105 S.Ct. 95 , 83 L.Ed.2d 41 (1984).
cited Cited "see" Schneider (Europe) AG v. SciMed Life Systems, Inc.
D. Minnesota · 1994 · signal: see · confidence high
See American Hoist & Derrick Co. v. Sowa & Sons, Inc., 725 F.2d 1350, 1359 (Fed.Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 821 , 105 S.Ct. 95 , 83 L.Ed.2d 41 (1984).
cited Cited "see" Thornton v. City of Allegan
W.D. Mich. · 1993 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. City of Birmingham, 727 F.2d 560, 562-63 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 821 , 105 S.Ct. 95 , 83 L.Ed.2d 41 (1984).
discussed Cited "see" Robert L. Mendenhall, and Cmi Corporation v. Cedarapids, Inc., Defendant/cross-Appellant (2×)
Fed. Cir. · 1993 · signal: see · confidence high
See American Hoist & Derrick Co. v. Sowa & Sons, Inc., 725 F.2d 1350, 1359-60 , 220 USPQ 763, 770-71 (Fed.Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 821 , 105 S.Ct. 95 , 83 L.Ed.2d 41 (1984).
discussed Cited "see" Brooktree Corporation, Plaintiff/cross-Appellant v. Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.
Fed. Cir. · 1993 · signal: see · confidence high
See American Hoist & Derrick Co. v. Sowa & Sons, Inc., 725 F.2d 1350, 1359 , 220 USPQ 763, 770 (Fed.Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 821 , 105 S.Ct. 95 , 83 L.Ed.2d 41 (1984); Interconnect Planning Corp. v. Feil, 774 F.2d 1132, 1139 , 227 USPQ 543, 548 (Fed.Cir.1985).
discussed Cited "see" United States v. Scott
D. Kan. · 1992 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. City of Birmingham, 538 F.Supp. 819, 830 (E.D.Mich.1982), aff'd and modified as to relief, 727 F.2d 560 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 821 , 105 S.Ct. 95 , 83 L.Ed.2d 41 (1984).
discussed Cited "see" Estate of Stoller v. Ford Motor Co.
N.D. Ill. · 1992 · signal: see · confidence high
See American Hoist & Derrick Co. v. Sowa & Sons, 725 F.2d 1350, 1360 , 220 U.S.P.Q. 763, 771 (Fed.Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 821 , 105 S.Ct. 95 , 83 L.Ed.2d 41 (1984); Oak, 726 F.Supp. at 1530 , 14 U.S.P.Q.2d at 1420 .
cited Cited "see" Syntex Pharmaceuticals International, Ltd. v. K-Line Pharmaceuticals, Ltd.
D.N.J. · 1989 · signal: see · confidence high
See id.
cited Cited "see" E.I. DuPont De Nemours & Co. v. Phillips Petroleum Co.
D. Del. · 1989 · signal: see · confidence high
See American Hoist & Derrick Co. v. Sowa & Sons, Inc., 725 F.2d 1350, 1360 (Fed.Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 821 , 105 S.Ct. 95 , 83 L.Ed.2d 41 (1984); DuPont, 656 F.Supp. at 1354.
cited Cited "see" Polysius Corp. v. Fuller Co.
E.D. Pa. · 1989 · signal: see · confidence high
See American Hoist & Derrick Co. v. Sowa & Sons, 725 F.2d 1350, 1358 (Fed.Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 821 , 105 S.Ct. 95 , 83 L.Ed.2d 41 (1984). 7 . <20-m in Taggart means less than 20 mesh.
cited Cited "see" E.I. Du Pont De Nemours & Company v. Phillips Petroleum Company, Phillips 66 Company, and Phillips Driscopipe, Inc., Defendants-Cross-Appellants
Fed. Cir. · 1988 · signal: see · confidence high
See American Hoist & Derrick Co. v. Sowa & Sons, Inc., 725 F.2d 1350, 1360 , 220 USPQ 763, 771 (Fed.Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 821 , 105 S.Ct. 95 , 83 L.Ed.2d 41 (1984).
discussed Cited "see" Custom Accessories, Inc. v. Jeffrey-Allan Industries, Inc.
Fed. Cir. · 1986 · signal: accord · confidence high
Accord American Hoist & Derrick Co. v. Sowa & Sons, Inc., 725 F.2d 1350, 1364 , 220 USPQ 763, 774 (Fed.Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 821 , 105 S.Ct. 95 , 83 L.Ed.2d 41 (1984) (upon reissue in light of prior art before the district court, the "burden of proof of unpatentability has become more difficult to sustain”). 23 .
cited Cited "see" Whitehall Corp. v. Western Geophysical Co. of America
S.D. Tex. · 1986 · signal: see · confidence high
See American Hoist & Derrick Co. v. Sowa & Sons, Inc., 725 F.2d 1350, 1362-64 , 220 U.S.P.Q. 763, 772-774 (Fed.Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 821 , 105 S.Ct. 95 , 83 L.Ed.2d 41 (1984).
discussed Cited "see" Windsurfing International, Inc. v. Amf, Incorporated, Bic Leisure Products, Inc., Windglider Fred Ostermann, Gmbh, Appellants/cross-Appellees v. Windsurfing International, Inc., Appellee/cross-Appellant. Windsurfing International, Inc., Cross-Appellant/appellee v. Fred Ostermann Gmbh, Amf, Inc., Downwind Corp., and Freeboard Sailing, Inc., Cross-Appellees/appellants
Fed. Cir. · 1986 · signal: see · confidence high
The district court carefully considered whether the evidence not presented in the "fiercely contested adversarial proceeding" before the Board would ease AMF's burden of proving facts compelling a conclusion of invalidity. 6 613 F.Supp. at 943-45 , 227 USPQ at 935-36; see American Hoist & Derrick Co. v. Sowa & Sons, Inc., 725 F.2d 1350, 1359-60 , 220 USPQ 763, 770 (Fed.Cir.), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 105 S.Ct. 95 , 83 L.Ed.2d 41 (1984).
discussed Cited "see" Cable Electric Products, Inc. v. Genmark, Inc., A/K/A Diablo Products Corp.
Fed. Cir. · 1985 · signal: see · confidence high
See American Hoist & Derrick Co. v. Sowa & Sons, 725 F.2d 1350 ,. 1366-67, 220 USPQ 763, 775-76 (Fed.Cir.), cert. denied, - U.S. -, 105 S.Ct. 95 , 83 L.Ed.2d 41 (1984) (the necessity of showing relevant market to establish a section 2 Sherman *1033 Act violation); Bandag, Inc. v. Al Bolser’s Tire Stores, Inc., 750 F.2d 903, 909 , 223 USPQ 982, 986 (Fed.Cir.1984) (infringement of federally registered trademarks).
cited Cited "see" Illinois ex rel. Schoepf v. Board of Education
N.D. Ill. · 1985 · signal: see · confidence high
See Lewis v. Hillsborough Transit Authority, 726 F.2d 664 (11th Cir.1983), cert. denied, — U.S.-, 105 S.Ct. 95 , 83 L.Ed.2d 41 (1984).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Institut Pasteur v. Cambridge Biotech Corp. (In Re Cambridge Biotech Corp.)
Bankr. D. Mass. · 1995 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., American Hoist & Derrick Co. v. Sowa & Son’s, Inc., 725 F.2d 1350 (Fed.Cir.1984), cert. denied, Sowa & Sons, Inc. v. American Hoist & Derrick Co., 469 U.S. 821 , 105 S.Ct. 95 , 83 L.Ed.2d 41 (1984) (placing burden on party attacking patent’s validity on grounds of obviousness).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Ethicon, Inc. v. United States Surgical Corp.
D. Conn. · 1995 · signal: see also · confidence low
Mar. 15, 1991); see also American Hoist & Derrick Co. v. Sowa & Sons, Inc., 725 F.2d 1350, 1364 (Fed.Cir.1984), cert. denied, Sowa & Sons, Inc. v. American Hoist & Derrick Co., 469 U.S. 821 , 105 S.Ct. 95 , 83 L.Ed.2d 41 (1984).
cited Cited "see, e.g." Valmet Paper MacHinery, Inc. v. Beloit Corp.
W.D. Wis. · 1995 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., American Hoist & Derrick Co. v. Sowa & Sons, Inc., 725 F.2d 1350, 1359 (Fed.Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 821 , 105 S.Ct. 95 , 83 L.Ed.2d 41 (1984).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Casa Marie, Inc. v. Superior Court of Puerto Rico for the District of Arecibo
1st Cir. · 1993 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., United States v. Birmingham, 727 F.2d 560, 562 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 821 , 105 S.Ct. 95 , 83 L.Ed.2d 41 (1984); Smith v. Town of Clarkton, 682 F.2d 1055, 1065 (4th Cir.1982). 20 On the other hand, no liability arises under Title VIII absent a sufficient causal link between the defendants’ discriminatory actions and the threatened injury to the plaintiffs.
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Casa Marie, Inc. v. Superior Court of Puerto Rico for the District of Arecibo, Casa Marie, Inc. v. Superior Court of Puerto Rico for the District of Arecibo, Esther Rivera Santos
1st Cir. · 1993 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., United States v. Birmingham, 727 F.2d 560, 562 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 821 , 105 S.Ct. 95 , 83 L.Ed.2d 41 (1984); Smith v. Town of Clarkton, 682 F.2d 1055, 1065 (4th Cir.1982). 20 On the other hand, no liability arises under Title VIII absent a sufficient causal link between the defendants' discriminatory actions and the threatened injury to the plaintiffs.
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Michigan Protection & Advocacy Service, Inc. v. Babin
E.D. Mich. · 1992 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See e.g., United States v. Birmingham, 727 F.2d 560, 561 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 821 , 105 S.Ct. 95 , 83 L.Ed.2d 41 (1984); United States v. Black Jack, 508 F.2d 1179, 1188 (8th Cir.1974), cert. denied, 422 U.S. 1042 , 95 S.Ct. 2656 , 45 L.Ed.2d 694 (1975). 56 .
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Standard Manufacturing Co. v. United States
Ct. Cl. · 1991 · signal: see also · confidence low
Co., 810 F.2d at 1569-70 (footnote & citation omitted); see also American Hoist & Derrick Co. v. Sowa & Sons, Inc., 725 F.2d 1350, 1359 (Fed.Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 821 , 105 S.Ct. 95 , 83 L.Ed.2d 41 (1984).
cited Cited "see, e.g." Crucible Materials Corp. v. Sumitomo Special Metals Co.
D.D.C. · 1989 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., American Hoist & Derrick Co. v. Sowa & Sons, Inc., 725 F.2d 1350, 1359 (Fed.Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 821 , 105 S.Ct. 95 , 83 L.Ed.2d 41 (1984).
cited Cited "see, e.g." Ryco, Inc. v. Ag-Bag Corp.
Fed. Cir. · 1988 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., American Hoist & Derrick Co. v. Sowa & Sons, Inc., 725 F.2d 1350, 1360 , 220 USPQ 763, 770 (Fed.Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 821 , 105 S.Ct. 95 , 83 L.Ed.2d 41 (1984).
cited Cited "see, e.g." Ryco, Inc., Plaintiff/counterdefendant/appellant v. Ag-Bag Corporation, Defendant/counterclaimant/cross-Appellant v. Kelly P. Ryan and Blair Manufacturing Company, Counterdefendants/appellants, Richard H. Lee and David H. Rasmussen
Fed. Cir. · 1988 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., American Hoist & Derrick Co. v. Sowa & Sons, Inc., 725 F.2d 1350, 1360 , 220 USPQ 763, 770 (Fed.Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 821 , 105 S.Ct. 95 , 83 L.Ed.2d 41 (1984).
cited Cited "see, e.g." Phillips Petroleum Co. v. United States Steel Corp.
D. Del. · 1987 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., Atlas Powder, 750 F.2d at 1573 (noting American Hoist & Derrick Co. v. Sowa & Sons, 725 F.2d 1350, 1358-60 (Fed.Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 821 , 105 S.Ct. 95 , 83 L.Ed.2d 41 (1984).
cited Cited "see, e.g." Hemstreet v. Burroughs Corp.
N.D. Ill. · 1987 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., American Hoist & Derrick Co. v. Sowa & Sons, 725 F.2d 1350 , 1363 n. 4 (Fed.Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 821 , 105 S.Ct. 95 , 83 L.Ed.2d 41 (1984). 2 .
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Argus Chemical Corporation v. Fibre Glass-Evercoat Company, Inc.
Fed. Cir. · 1987 · signal: see also · confidence low
Loctite Corp. v. Ultraseal Ltd., 781 F.2d 861, 875 , 228 USPQ 90, 99 (Fed.Cir.1985); see also American Hoist & Derrick Co. v. Sowa & Sons, Inc., 725 F.2d 1350, 1368 , 220 USPQ 763, 775-77 (Fed.Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 821 , 105 S.Ct. 95 , 83 L.Ed.2d 41 , 224 USPQ 520 (1984).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Consul, Ltd. v. Transco Energy Co.
4th Cir. · 1986 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., American Hoist & Derrick Co. v. Sowa & Sons, 725 F.2d 1350, 1366-67 (Fed.Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 821 , 105 S.Ct. 95 , 83 L.Ed.2d 41 (1984); RCM Supply Co. v. Hunter Douglas, Inc., 686 F.2d 1074,1076 (4th Cir.1982); Photovest Corp. v. Fotomat Corp., 606 F.2d 704, 711-12 (7th Cir.1979), cert. denied, 445 U.S. 917 , 100 S.Ct. 1278 , 63 L.Ed.2d 601 (1980); Spectrofuge Corp. v. Beckman Instruments, Inc., 575 F.2d 256, 276 (5th Cir.1978), cert. denied, 440 U.S. 939 , 99 S.Ct. 1289 , 59 L.Ed.2d 499 (1979); FLM Collision Parts, Inc. v. Ford Motor Co., 543 F.2d 1019, 1030 (2d Cir.1976)…
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Consul, Ltd. v. Transco Energy Company, Formerly Known as Transco Companies, Inc., and Transcontinental Gas Pipe Line Corporation, (Two Cases) Consul, Ltd. v. Transco Energy Company, Formerly Known as Transco Companies, Inc., and Transcontinental Gas Pipe Line Corporation
4th Cir. · 1986 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., American Hoist & Derrick Co. v. Sowa & Sons, 725 F.2d 1350, 1366-67 (Fed.Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 821 , 105 S.Ct. 95 , 83 L.Ed.2d 41 (1984); RCM Supply Co. v. Hunter Douglas, Inc., 686 F.2d 1074, 1076 (4th Cir.1982); Photovest Corp. v. Fotomat Corp., 606 F.2d 704, 711-12 (7th Cir.1979), cert. denied, 445 U.S. 917 , 100 S.Ct. 1278 , 63 L.Ed.2d 601 (1980); Spectrofuge Corp. v. Beckman Instruments, Inc., 575 F.2d 256, 276 (5th Cir.1978), cert. denied, 440 U.S. 939 , 99 S.Ct. 1289 , 59 L.Ed.2d 499 (1979); FLM Collision Parts, Inc. v. Ford Motor Co., 543 F.2d 1019, 1030 (2d Cir.1976…
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Alacare, Inc.-North v. Baggiano
11th Cir. · 1986 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., Lewis v. Hills-borough Transit Authority, 726 F.2d 668, 669 (11th Cir.) (per curiam) (denying petition for rehearing) (“ ‘Exhaustion of state judicial or administrative remedies is not a prerequisite to section 1983 actions, except for those cases falling under the narrow exhaustion scheme embodied in [CRIPA]’ ” (citation omitted) (quoting Daniels v. Williams, 720 F.2d 792 , 794 n. 1 (4th Cir.1983), aff'd on other grounds, 748 F.2d 229 (4th Cir.1984) (en banc), cert. granted, — U.S. -, 105 S.Ct. 1168 , 84 L.Ed.2d 320 (1985)), cert. denied, — U.S.-, 105 S.Ct. 95 , 83 L.Ed…
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Alacare, Inc.-North v. Baggiano
11th Cir. · 1986 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., Lewis v. Hillsborough Transit Authority, 726 F.2d 668, 669 (11th Cir.) (per curiam ) (denying petition for rehearing) (" 'Exhaustion of state judicial or administrative remedies is not a prerequisite to section 1983 actions, except for those cases falling under the narrow exhaustion scheme embodied in [CRIPA]' " (citation omitted) (quoting Daniels v. Williams, 720 F.2d 792 , 794 n. 1 (4th Cir.1983), aff'd on other grounds, 748 F.2d 229 (4th Cir.1984) (en banc ), cert. granted, --- U.S. ----, 105 S.Ct. 1168 , 84 L.Ed.2d 320 (1985)), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 105 S.Ct. 95 , 83 L.Ed…
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Loctite Corporation, Appellant/cross-Appellee v. Ultraseal Ltd., Appellees/cross-Appellants
Fed. Cir. · 1985 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., American Hoist & Derrick Co., v. Sowa & Sons, Inc., 725 F.2d 1350, 1366 , 220 U.S.P.Q. 763, 775-776 (Fed.Cir.), cert. denied, — U.S. —, 105 S.Ct. 95 , 83 L.Ed.2d 41 (1984); Photovest Corp. v. Fotomat Corp., 606 F.2d at 711 ; Mercantile National Bank of Chicago, et al. v. Quest, Inc., Paul Magers, 431 F.2d 261, 267 , 166 U.S.P.Q. 513, 517 (7th Cir.1970), cert. denied, 401 U.S. 956 , 91 S.Ct. 977 , 28 L.Ed.2d 239 (1971). 9 *876 3.
cited Cited "see, e.g." Tyler Refrigeration v. Kysor Industrial Corporation
Fed. Cir. · 1985 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., American Hoist & Derrick Co. v. Sowa & Sons, Inc., 725 F.2d 1350, 1359 , 220 USPQ 763, 770 (Fed.Cir.), cert. denied, — U.S. —, 105 S.Ct. 95 , 83 L.Ed.2d 41 (1984).
cited Cited "see, e.g." Atlas Powder Company v. E.I. Du Pont De Nemours & Company and Alamo Explosives Company, Inc.
Fed. Cir. · 1984 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., American Hoist & Derrick Co. v. Sowa & Sons, Inc., 725 F.2d 1350, 1360 , 220 USPQ 763, 770 (Fed.Cir.1984), cert. denied, - U.S. -, 105 S.Ct. 95 , 83 L.Ed.2d 41 (1984).
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
Sowa & Sons, Inc.
v.
American Hoist & Derrick Co.
No. 83-1827.
Supreme Court of the United States.
Oct 1, 1984.
469 U.S. 821
Cited by 254 opinions  |  Published
4 passages pin-cited by 4 cases
Pinpoint authority: bottom 89%
Citer courts: Federal Circuit (1) · N.D. Illinois (1) · D. New Jersey (1) · N.D. Ohio (1)

C. A. Fed. Cir. Certiorari denied.