Bowers v. United States, 449 U.S. 899 (1980). · Go Syfert
Bowers v. United States, 449 U.S. 899 (1980). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
353 citation events (17 in the last 25 years) across 67 distinct courts.
Strongest positive: American Cyanamid Co. v. S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc. (njd, 1989-08-30)
Treatment trajectory · 1981 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1981 2003 2026
Top citers, strongest first. 50 distinct citers.
discussed Cited as authority (quoted) American Cyanamid Co. v. S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc.
D.N.J. · 1989 · signal: see also · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence low
the greater the number of identical or more or less similar trade-marks (sic) already in use on different kinds of goods, the less is the likelihood of confusion
discussed Cited as authority (quoted) The Toro Company, a Delaware Corporation v. R & R Products Co., an Arizona Corporation
8th Cir. · 1986 · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence low
the fact that only three instances of actual confusion were found after nearly 15 years of extensive concurrent sales ... raises a presumption against the likelihood of confusion
discussed Cited "see" ADT, LLC v. Capital Connect, Inc.
N.D. Tex. · 2015 · signal: see · confidence high
See Amsta r Corporation v. Domino’s Pizza, Inc., 615 F.2d 252, 263 (5th Cir.) (holding that actual confusion evidence is the “best evidence of likelihood of confusion”), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 899 , 101 S.Ct. 268 , 66 L.Ed.2d 129 (1980). b.
discussed Cited "see" People v. Kronberg
N.Y. App. Div. · 1998 · signal: see · confidence high
(United States v Barber, 668 F2d 778, 782 [4th Cir], cert denied 459 US 829 ; see, United States v Provenzano, 620 F2d 985, 1006 [3d Cir], cert denied 449 US 899 .) As this record shows, the New York Grand Jury presentation had been completed well in advance of the date Kronberg gave her immunized testimony, by which time the New York prosecutors were in possession of information establishing Kronberg’s involvement in every aspect of the fraudulent scheme proved at trial.
cited Cited "see" Foxworthy v. Custom Tees, Inc.
N.D. Ga. · 1995 · signal: see · confidence high
See Amstar Corp. v. Domino’s Pizza, Inc., 615 F.2d 252, 263 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 899 , 101 *1215 S.Ct. 268, 66 L.Ed.2d 129 (1980).
discussed Cited "see" National Basketball Association v. Williams
2d Cir. · 1995 · signal: see · confidence high
See North American Soccer League v. NLRB, 613 F.2d 1379 (5th Cir.) (requiring teams in a soccer league to bargain as a "joint employer"), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 899 , 101 S.Ct. 267 , 66 L.Ed.2d 128 (1980). 42 We thus agree with the decision in Powell, 930 F.2d 1293 , in which the Eighth Circuit held that the nonstatutory labor exemption precluded an antitrust challenge to various terms and conditions of employment implemented after impasse by National Football League teams.
discussed Cited "see" National Basketball Ass'n v. Williams
2d Cir. · 1995 · signal: see · confidence high
See North American Soccer League v. NLRB, 613 F.2d 1379 (5th Cir.) (requiring teams in a soccer league to bargain as a “joint employer”), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 899 , 101 S.Ct. 267 , 66 L.Ed.2d 128 (1980).
cited Cited "see" United States v. Orlando Jacobs
3rd Cir. · 1995 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Provenzano, 620 F.2d 985 , 1003 n. 23 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 899 , 101 S.Ct. 267 , 66 L.Ed.2d 129 (1980); Wilson v. Groaning, 25 F.2d 581, 586 (7th Cir.1994). .
cited Cited "see" United States v. Jacobs
3rd Cir. · 1995 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Provenzano, 620 F.2d 985 , 1003 n.23 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 899 (1980); Wilson v. Groaning, 25 F.2d 581, 586 (7th Cir. 1994), V.
discussed Cited "see" Step Co. v. Consumer Direct, Inc.
N.D. Ga. · 1994 · signal: see · confidence high
See Amstar Corp. v. Domino's Pizza, Inc., 615 F.2d 252, 263-64 (5th Cir.1980), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 899 , 101 S.Ct. 268 , 66 *967 L.Ed.2d 129 (1980); Exxon Corp. v. Texas Motor Exchange, Inc., 628 F.2d 500, 506 (5th Cir.1980). 10 .
discussed Cited "see" Sterling Drug, Incorporated v. Bayer Ag
2d Cir. · 1994 · signal: see · confidence high
See Kiki Undies Corp. v. Promenade Hosiery Mills, Inc., 411 F.2d 1097, 1100 (2d Cir.1969), cert. dismissed, 396 U.S. 1054 , 90 S.Ct. 707 , 24 L.Ed.2d 698 (1970). 4 Citing Amstar Corp. v. Domino's Pizza, Inc., 615 F.2d 252, 264 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 899 , 101 S.Ct. 268 , 66 L.Ed.2d 129 (1980), Bayer AG argues that Sterling's survey represented a mere "word association" test, and was therefore not probative.
discussed Cited "see" United States v. Scarfo
E.D. Pa. · 1989 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Lebovitz, 669 F.2d 894, 901 (3d Cir.) (when trial court fails to articulate balancing test, in some instances we find that court implicitly made the requisite balancing) (citing United States v. Provenzano, 620 F.2d 985, 1003 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 899 , 101 S.Ct. 267 , 66 L.Ed.2d 129 (1980)), cert. denied, 456 U.S. 929 , 102 S.Ct. 1979 , 72 L.Ed.2d 446 (1982); United States v. Long, 574 F.2d 761, 766 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 439 U.S. 985 , 99 S.Ct. 577 , 58 L.Ed.2d 657 (1978) (the dynamics of a trial do not always permit a detailed Rule 403 analysis).
discussed Cited "see" United States v. True
cma · 1989 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Redding, supra. Cf. United States v. Browers, supra. Its effect in the present case can be more readily equated with other remedies such as dismissal (see United States v. Gonzales, 617 F.2d 1358 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 899 , 101 S.Ct. 268 , 66 L.Ed.2d 129 (1980)) or exclusion of the Government’s expert evidence (see United States v. Presser, supra) which were otherwise available and subject to appeal.
discussed Cited "see" United States v. Ronald Benton Elliott
11th Cir. · 1988 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Provenzano, 620 F.2d 985, 993 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 899 , 101 S.Ct. 267 , 66 L.Ed.2d 129 (1980); United States v. Billups, 522 F.Supp. 935, 955 (E.D.Va.1981) (court can admit 404(b) evidence for one purpose or many, and its admissability can be upheld if it was proper for any purpose), aff'd., 692 F.2d 320 (4th Cir.1982). 4.
cited Cited "see" United States v. James L. Williams
11th Cir. · 1988 · signal: accord · confidence high
Accord United States v. Provenzano, 620 F.2d 985 , 993 & n. 10 (3d Cir.) (adopting reasoning of Ro-senstein), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 899 , 101 S.Ct. 267 , 66 L.Ed.2d 129 (1980).
discussed Cited "see" G. Heileman Brewing Co. v. Anheuser-Busch Inc.
E.D. Wis. · 1987 · signal: see · confidence high
See Amstar Corporation v. Domino’s Pizza, Inc., 615 F.2d 252, 259 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 899 , 101 S.Ct. 268 , 66 L.Ed.2d 129 (1980); Brooks Shoe Manufacturing Company, Inc. v. Suave Shoe Corporation, 533 F.Supp. 75 , 77-78 n. 4 (S.D.Fla.1981), aff' d, 716 F.2d 854 (11th Cir.1983). 40.
cited Cited "see" Little Caesar Enterprises, Inc. v. Pizza Caesar, Inc.
6th Cir. · 1987 · signal: see · confidence high
See Amstar Corp. v. Domino’s Pizza, Inc., 615 F.2d 252, 263 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 899 , 101 S.Ct. 268 , 66 L.Ed.2d 129 (1980).
discussed Cited "see" Charles Schwab & Co., Inc. v. Hibernia Bank (2×)
N.D. Cal. · 1987 · signal: see · confidence high
See Amstar Corp. v. Domino’s Pizza, Inc., 615 F.2d 252, 259-80 (5th Cir.1980), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 899 (1980).
cited Cited "see" Polo Fashions, Inc. v. Telesforo Fernandez & Hno., Inc.
D.P.R. · 1987 · signal: see · confidence high
See Amstar Corp. v. Domino’s Pizza, Inc., 615 F.2d 252, 263 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 899 , 101 S.Ct. 268 , 66 L.Ed.2d 129 (1980).
discussed Cited "see" Ambrit, Inc. v. Kraft, Inc.
11th Cir. · 1986 · signal: see · confidence high
See Amstar Corp. v. Domino’s Pizza, Inc., 615 F.2d 252, 259 (5th Cir.) (72 third party uses led to weak protection), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 899 , 101 S.Ct. 268 , 66 L.Ed.2d 129 (1980); Sun Banks of Florida, Inc., 651 F.2d at 316 (4400 uses in Florida alone led to weak protection).
discussed Cited "see" Ambrit, Inc., F/k/a the Isaly Company, Inc., Cross v. Kraft, Inc., Cross-Appellee
11th Cir. · 1986 · signal: see · confidence high
See Amstar Corp. v. Domino’s Pizza, Inc., 615 F.2d 252, 259 (5th Cir.) (72 third party uses led to weak protection), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 899 , 101 S.Ct. 268 , 66 L.Ed.2d 129 (1980); Sun Banks of Florida, Inc., 651 F.2d at 316 (4400 uses in Florida alone led to weak protection).
discussed Cited "see" United States v. Robert Neal Allen (2×)
7th Cir. · 1986 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Provenzano, 620 F.2d 985 (3rd Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 899 , 101 S.Ct. 267 , 66 L.Ed.2d 129 (1980). 95 Under these unique circumstances the district court did not clearly abuse its discretion in allowing into evidence the defendant's prior conviction. 96 C.
cited Cited "see" ca3 1986
3rd Cir. · 1986 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Provenzano, 620 F.2d 985, 995 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 899 , 101 S.Ct. 267 , 66 L.Ed.2d 129 (1980).
cited Cited "see" United States v. De Peri
3rd Cir. · 1985 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Provenzano, 620 F.2d 985, 995 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 899 , 101 S.Ct. 267 , 66 L.Ed.2d 129 (1980).
cited Cited "see" Freedom Savings and Loan Association, Counterclaim/defendant v. Vernon Way, Jr., D/B/A Freedom Realty, Counterclaim/plaintiff
11th Cir. · 1985 · signal: see · confidence high
See Amstar Corp. v. Domino’s Pizza, Inc., 615 F.2d 252 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 899 , 101 S.Ct. 268 , 66 L.Ed.2d 129 (1980).
discussed Cited "see" Comidas Exquisitos, Inc. v. Carlos McGee's Mexican Cafe, Inc.
S.D. Iowa · 1985 · signal: see · confidence high
See Amstar Corp. v. Domino’s Pizza, Inc., 615 F.2d 252, 263 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 899 , 101 S.Ct. 268 , 66 L.Ed.2d 129 (1980); beef & brew, inc. v. BEEF & BREW, INC., 389 F.Supp. 179, 186 (D.Or.1974); McCarthy § 23:35.
cited Cited "see" EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. KECO INDUSTRIES, INC., Defendant-Appellee
6th Cir. · 1984 · signal: see · confidence high
See Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Keco Industries, Inc., 617 F.2d 443 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 899 , 101 S.Ct. 267 , 66 L.Ed.2d 128 (1980).
discussed Cited "see" Falcon Rice Mill, Inc. v. Community Rice Mill, Inc. And James Vidrine
5th Cir. · 1984 · signal: accord · confidence high
Although Falcon asserts four causes of action, the underlying issue is the same in each: are Community’s packages so similar to Falcon’s that they create a likelihood of confusion as to the source of the products? 6 “[T]he basic test under every type of ‘unfair competition’ is the ‘likelihood of confusion’ test.” Chevron Chemical Co. v. Voluntary Purchasing Groups, Inc., 5 Cir. 1981, 659 F.2d 695, 703 , cert. denied, 1982, 457 U.S. 1126 , 102 S.Ct. 2947 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1342 ; accord, Amstar Corp. v. Domino’s Pizza, Inc., 5 Cir., 615 F.2d 252, 265 , cert. *344 denied, 1980, 449 U…
cited Cited "see" United States v. Kent Borden Rogers, United States of America v. Jacob N. Peilte
9th Cir. · 1983 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Provenzano, 620 F.2d 985, 1005 (3d Cir. 1980), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 899 , 101 S.Ct. 267 , 66 L.Ed.2d 129 (1980); United States v. Romano, 583 F.2d 1, 7 (1st Cir.1978).
discussed Cited "see" Jon E. Yount v. Ernest S. Patton, Superintendent, Sci--Camp Hill, and Harvey Bartle Iii, Attorney General of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (2×)
3rd Cir. · 1983 · signal: see · confidence high
At the same time, a juror's assurance that he can enter the jury box without an opinion is not dispositive if the accused can demonstrate "the actual existence of such an opinion in the mind of the juror as will raise the presumption of partiality." Murphy, 421 U.S. at 800 , 95 S.Ct. at 2036 (quoting Irvin, 366 U.S. at 723 , 81 S.Ct. at 1643 ); see United States v. Provenzano, 620 F.2d 985, 995 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 899 , 101 S.Ct. 267 , 66 L.Ed.2d 129 (1980). 82 The petitioner challenging his state court conviction in a habeas corpus proceeding must shoulder a particularly heavy b…
discussed Cited "see" Abbott v. State
Fla. Dist. Ct. App. · 1983 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Provenzano, 620 F.2d 985, 1005 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 899 , 101 S.Ct. 267 , 66 L.Ed.2d 129 (1980); United States v. Romano, 583 F.2d 1, 7 (1st Cir.1978); and United States v. Jones, 542 F.2d 186, 199 (4th Cir.1976), cert. denied, 426 U.S. 922 , 96 S.Ct. 2629 , 49 L.Ed.2d 375 (1976).
discussed Cited "see" Brooks Shoe Manufacturing Co., Inc., a Pennsylvania Corporation, Plaintiff v. Suave Shoe Corporation, a Florida Corporation
11th Cir. · 1983 · signal: see · confidence high
See Amstar Corp. v. Domino’s Pizza, Inc., 615 F.2d 252, 264 (5th Cir.1980) (“The appropriate universe should include a fair sampling of those purchasers most likely to partake of the alleged infringer’s goods or services.”), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 899 , 101 S.Ct. 268 , 66 L.Ed.2d 129 (1980); cf. American Basketball Association v. AMF Voit, Inc., 358 F.Supp. 981, 986 (S.D.N.Y.) (discounting survey which allegedly demonstrated that red, white and blue basketballs had acquired secondary meaning, in part because plaintiff’s survey universe, males between 12 and 23 years old who had playe…
discussed Cited "see" United States Court of Appeals, Third Circuit
3rd Cir. · 1983 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Provenzano, 620 F.2d 985, 997 (3d Cir.1980), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 899 , 101 S.Ct. 267 , 66 L.Ed.2d 129 (1981) (noting "longstanding rule that counsel's intentional tactical decisions at trial bind his client."). 39 Moreover, there is not the slightest indication in this record that the interview with Juror No. 9 in any way influenced the verdict.
discussed Cited "see" United States v. Aimone
3rd Cir. · 1983 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Provenzano, 620 F.2d 985, 997 (3d Cir.1980), cert, denied, 449 U.S. 899 , 101 S.Ct. 267 , 66 L.Ed.2d 129 (1981) (noting “longstanding rule that counsel’s intentional tactical decisions at trial bind his client.”).
discussed Cited "see" ChiChi's Inc. v. Chi-Mex, Inc.
W.D. Pa. · 1983 · signal: see · confidence high
See Amstar Corp. v. Domino’s Pizza, Inc., 615 F.2d 252 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 899 , 101 S.Ct. 268 , 66 L.Ed.2d 129 (1980); Scott Paper Co. v. Scott’s Liquid Gold, Inc., 589 F.2d 1225, 1229 (3d Cir.1978); Scarves by Vera, Inc. v. Todo Imports Ltd., 544 F.2d 1167, 1173 (2d Cir.1976); Scott v. Mego International, Inc., 519 F.Supp. 1118, 1128-35 (D.Minn.1981).
discussed Cited "see" ca9 1983
9th Cir. · 1983 · signal: see · confidence high
See, Amstar Corp. v. Domino's Pizza, Inc., 615 F.2d 252, 263 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 899 , 101 S.Ct. 268 , 66 L.Ed.2d 129 (1980) 7 Shakey's correctly points out that, under Oregon law, when there is evidence of actual confusion among consumers, the court may not rule that competing tradenames are dissimilar as a matter of law.
cited Cited "see" Shakey's Inc. v. Covalt
9th Cir. · 1983 · signal: see · confidence high
See, Amstar Corp. v. Domino’s Pizza, Inc., 615 F.2d 252, 263 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 899 , 101 S.Ct. 268 , 66 L.Ed.2d 129 (1980). .
cited Cited "see" United States v. John Barry Wong
3rd Cir. · 1983 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Provenzano, 620 F.2d 985 , 1003 n. 23 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 899 , 101 S.Ct. 267 , 66 L.Ed.2d 129 (1980).
discussed Cited "see" Tussel v. Witco Chemical Corp.
W.D. Pa. · 1983 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Provenzano, 620 F.2d 985 , 1003 n. 23 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 899 , 101 S.Ct. 267 , 66 L.Ed.2d 129 (1980); United States v. Hayes, 553 F.2d 824 , 827 n. 4 (2d Cir. 1976), cert. denied, 434 U.S. 867 , 98 S.Ct. 204 , 54 L.Ed.2d 143 (1977); United States v. Smith, 551 F.2d 348 , 358 n. 20 (D.C.Cir.1976).
cited Cited "see" ca3 1983
3rd Cir. · 1983 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Provenzano, 620 F.2d 985 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 899 , 101 S.Ct. 267 , 66 L.Ed.2d 129 (1980).
discussed Cited "see" Lee v. United States
D.C. · 1982 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Provenzano, 620 F.2d 985, 997 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 899 , 101 S.Ct. 267 , 66 L.Ed.2d 129 (1980) (smoking of marijuana during the course of trial does not require new trial absent showing of prejudice; is not prejudicial as a matter of law); United States v. Taliaferro, 558 F.2d 724 , *774 726 (4th Cir.1977), cert. denied, 434 U.S. 1016 , 98 S.Ct. 734 , 54 L.Ed.2d 761 (1978) (showing of prejudice required when new trial sought because jurors drank alcoholic beverages during dinner recess). 3 .
cited Cited "see" United States v. Dickens
3rd Cir. · 1982 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Provenzano, 620 F.2d 985 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 899 , 101 S.Ct. 267 , 66 L.Ed.2d 129 (1980).
discussed Cited "see" United States v. Joy Jimmy Neal
10th Cir. · 1982 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Provenzano, 620 F.2d 985, 997 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 899 , 101 S.Ct. 267 , 66 L.Ed.2d 129 ; United States v. Gigax, 605 F.2d 507, 514-15 (10th Cir.); Max-field v. United States, 360 F.2d 97, 103 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 385 U.S. 830 , 87 S.Ct. 66 , 17 L.Ed.2d 66 .
discussed Cited "see" Rock v. Zimmerman
M.D. Penn. · 1982 · signal: see · confidence high
Thus, prejudice is to be presumed only in cases where “the influence of the news media, either in the community at large or in the courtroom itself, pervaded the proceedings.” Murphy v. Florida, supra. 421 U.S. at 794 , 95 S.Ct. at 2031 ; see United States v. Provenzano, 620 F.2d 985, 995 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 899 , 101 S.Ct. 267 , 66 L.Ed.2d 129 (1980).
cited Cited "see" American Rice, Inc. v. Arkansas Rice Growers Cooperative Ass'n
S.D. Tex. · 1982 · signal: see · confidence high
See Amstar Corp. v. Domino’s Pizza, Inc., 615 F.2d 252, 258-59 (5th Cir.) cert. denied, 449 U.S. 899 , 101 S.Ct. 268 , 66 L.Ed.2d 129 (1980); Boston Professional Hockey, supra, at 1010.
cited Cited "see" Government of the Virgin Islands v. Bedford, Warren
3rd Cir. · 1982 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Provenzano, 620 F.2d 985, 1003 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 899 , 101 S.Ct. 267 , 66 L.Ed.2d 129 (1980). 4 .
discussed Cited "see" United States v. Robert A. Lebovitz (2×)
3rd Cir. · 1982 · signal: see · confidence high
When faced with the failure of the trial court to undertake the articulated balancing which this court has on numerous occasions directed, id.; see United States v. Provenzano, 620 F.2d 985, 1003 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 899 , 101 S.Ct. 267 , 66 L.Ed.2d 129 (1980) (in context of Rule 609 balancing), we have followed two paths.
cited Cited "see" United States v. Tariq
D. Maryland · 1981 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Gonzales, 617 F.2d 1358, 1363 (9 Cir. 1980) (per curiam), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 899 , 101 S.Ct. 268 , 66 L.Ed.2d 129 (1980).
cited Cited "see, e.g." Stocki v. Nunn
Wyo. · 2015 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, eg., Barnes, 858 P.2d at 529 and United States v. Provenzano, 620 F.2d 985, 1004 (3rd Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 899 , 101 S.Ct. 267 , 66 L.Ed.2d 129 (1980).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Lane Capital Management, Inc. v. Lane Capital Management, Inc.
S.D.N.Y. · 1998 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., Amstar Corp. v. Domino’s Pizza, Inc., 615 F.2d 252 (5th Cir.) (“Domino” not primarily merely surname), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 899 , 101 S.Ct. 268 , 66 L.Ed.2d 129 (1980); Fisher Radio Corp. v. Bird Elec.
Bowers
v.
United States
No. 80-17.
Supreme Court of the United States.
Oct 14, 1980.
449 U.S. 899

C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.