Putney v. Consol. Rail Corp., 464 U.S. 938 (1983). · Go Syfert
Putney v. Consol. Rail Corp., 464 U.S. 938 (1983). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
“the trial court may properly deny leave to amend where the amendment would not withstand a motion to dismiss”
421 citation events (42 in the last 25 years) across 73 distinct courts.
Strongest positive: Thomas v. Ford Motor Co. (njd, 2000-08-31) · Strongest negative: Louisiana Ice Cream Distributors, Inc. v. Carvel Corporation and Franchise Stores Realty Corp. (ca5, 1987-06-30)
Treatment trajectory · 1983 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1983 2004 2026
Top citers, strongest first. 49 distinct citers. How cited ↗
discussed Cited "but see" Louisiana Ice Cream Distributors, Inc. v. Carvel Corporation and Franchise Stores Realty Corp.
5th Cir. · 1987 · signal: but see · confidence high
But see Coastal Steel Corp. v. Tilghman Wheelabrator, Ltd.., 709 F.2d 190 (3rd Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 938 , 104 S.Ct. 349 , 78 L.Ed.2d 315 (1983) (order denying motion to dismiss based on forum non conveniens and forum selection clause considered an appealable collateral order), questioned in Nascone v. Spudnuts, Inc., 735 F.2d 763 (3rd Cir.1984) (order granting motion to transfer based on forum selection clause not an appealable collateral order). 3 .
discussed Cited as authority (quoted) Thomas v. Ford Motor Co.
D.N.J. · 2000 · signal: see also · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence low
the trial court may properly deny leave to amend where the amendment would not withstand a motion to dismiss
discussed Cited as authority (quoted) Weiss v. Parker Hannifan Corp.
D.N.J. · 1990 · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence low
the nature of the required showing depends on the circumstances of the case
discussed Cited as authority (quoted) Karlberg European Tanspa, Inc. v. JK-Josef Kratz Vertriebsgeselischaft MbH
N.D. Ill. · 1988 · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence low
coastal's claims ultimately depend on the existence of a contractual relationship _
discussed Cited "see" Gruner Enterprises LLC v. ABC Loan Co. of Martinez LLC
N.D. Tex. · 2021 · signal: see · confidence high
See Hugel v. Corp. of Lloyd’s, 999 F.2d 206, 209 (7th Cir. 1993) (“[W]here the relationship between the parties is contractual, the pleading of alternative non-contractual theories of liability should not prevent enforcement of such a bargain as to the appropriate forum for litigation.” (alterations incorporated) - 13 - (citing Coastal Steel Corp. v. Tilghman Wheelabrator, Ltd., 709 F.2d 190, 203 (3d Cir. 1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 938 (1983))).
discussed Cited "see" Allianz Ins. Co. of Canada v. Cho Yang Shipping Co., Ltd.
E.D. Va. · 2000 · signal: see · confidence high
See Coastal Steel Corp. v. Tilghman Wheelabrator Ltd., 709 F.2d 190, 202-03 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, Coastal Steel Corp. v. Wheelabrator-Frye, Inc., 464 U.S. 938 , 104 S.Ct. 349 , 78 L.Ed.2d 315 (1983); see also Lipcon v. Underwriters at Lloyd’s, London, 148 F.3d 1285 , 1299 (11th Cir.1998), cert. denied, 525 U.S. 1093 , 119 S.Ct. 851 , 142 L.Ed.2d 704 (1999); Manetti-Farrow, 858 F.2d at 514, n. 5; Crescent Corp. v. Proctor & Gamble Corp., 627 F.Supp. 745, 748 (N.D.Ill.1986).
discussed Cited "see" Quality Botanical Ingredients, Inc. v. Triarco Industries, Inc. (In Re Quality Botanical Ingredients, Inc.)
Bankr. D.N.J. · 2000 · signal: see · confidence high
See, Harrison Beverage Co. v. Dribeck Importers, Inc., 133 F.R.D. 463, 468 (D.N.J. 1990) (quoting Massarsky v. General Mo *630 tors Corp., 706 F.2d 111, 125 (3d Cir.) cert. denied, 464 U.S. 937 , 104 S.Ct. 348 , 78 L.Ed.2d 314 (1983)).
discussed Cited "see" Neimes v. Kien Chung Ta (2×)
Tex. App. · 1999 · signal: see · confidence high
See Hudenburg v. Neff, 643 S.W.2d 517, 519 (Tex.App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1982, writ ref'd n.r.e.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 937 , 104 S.Ct. 348 , 78 L.Ed.2d 313 (1983).
discussed Cited "see" Murray v. Newark Housing Authority
N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. · 1998 · signal: see · confidence high
See gen., Massarsky v. General Motors Corp., 706 F.2d 111, 117 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 937 , 104 S.Ct. 348 , 78 L.Ed.2d 314 (1983). 5 Plaintiff in this matter has chosen to proceed on a theory of disparate treatment.
cited Cited "see" Reynolds Publishers, Inc. v. Graphics Financial Group, Ltd.
D.N.J. · 1996 · signal: see · confidence high
See Coastal Steel Corp. v. Tilghman Wheelabrator Ltd., 709 F.2d 190, 202 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 938 , 104 S.Ct. 349 , 78 L.Ed.2d 315 (1983); Jordan v. SEI Corporation, Civ.
discussed Cited "see" Dayhoff Inc. v. H.J. Heinz Co.
3rd Cir. · 1996 · signal: see · confidence high
See br. at 18 (citing Coastal Steel Corp. v. Tilghman Wheelabrator Ltd., 709 F.2d 190, 203 (3d Cir.) ("[T]he law of contracts ... has long recognized that third-party beneficiary status does not permit the avoidance of contractual provisions otherwise enforceable."), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 938 , 104 S.Ct. 349 , 78 L.Ed.2d 315 (1983); Bonny v. Society of Lloyd's, 3 F.3d 156, 162 (7th Cir.1993)(noncontracting defendants subject to forum selection clause because integrally related to contracting defendants such that suit should be kept in a single forum), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 114 S.Ct. 10…
discussed Cited "see" Dayhoff Inc. v. H.J. Heinz Co. (2×)
3rd Cir. · 1996 · signal: see · confidence high
See br. at 18 (citing Coastal Steel Corp. v. Tilghman Wheelabrator Ltd., 709 F.2d 190, 203 (3d Cir.) ("[T]he law of contracts . . . has long recognized that third-party beneficiary status does not permit the avoidance of contractual provisions otherwise enforceable."), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 938 , 104 S.Ct. 349 (1983); Bonny v. Society of Lloyd's, 3 F.3d 156, 162 (7th Cir. 1993) (noncontracting defendants subject to forum selection clause because integrally related to contracting defendants such that suit should be kept in a single forum), cert. denied, 114 S.Ct. 1057 (1994); TAAG Linhas Aerea…
cited Cited "see" State v. Patterson
Conn. · 1996 · signal: see · confidence high
Ed. 2d 484 (1972); see Williams v. Bartlett, 189 Conn. 471, 477 , 457 A.2d 290 (1983).” State v. Davis, 190 Conn. 327, 336-37 , 461 A.2d 947 , cert. denied, 464 U.S. 938 , 104 S. Ct. 350 , 78 L.
cited Cited "see" Glosser v. S & T Bank (In Re Ambulatory Medical & Surgical Health Care, Inc.)
Bankr. W.D. Pa. · 1995 · signal: see · confidence high
See Massarsky v. General Motors Corp., 706 F.2d 111, 125 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 937 , 104 S.Ct. 348 , 78 L.Ed.2d 314 (1983).
cited Cited "see" Glaziers & Glass Workers Union Local No. 252 Annuity Fund v. Janney Montgomery Scott, Inc.
E.D. Pa. · 1994 · signal: see · confidence high
See Massarsky v. GM Corp., 706 F.2d 111 , 125 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 937 , 104 S.Ct. 348 , 78 L.Ed.2d 314 (1983).
cited Cited "see" Dibiase v. SmithKline Beecham Corp.
E.D. Pa. · 1994 · signal: see · confidence high
See Massarsky v. General Motors Corp., 706 F.2d 111, 120 (3d Cir.) (internal quotation omitted), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 937 , 104 S.Ct. 348 , 78 L.Ed.2d 314 (1983).
cited Cited "see" United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit
2d Cir. · 1993 · signal: see · confidence high
See Coastal Steel Corp. v. Tilghman Wheelabrator Ltd., 709 F.2d 190, 203 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 938 , 104 S.Ct. 349 , 78 L.Ed.2d 315 (1983).
cited Cited "see" Roby v. Corp. of Lloyd's
2d Cir. · 1993 · signal: see · confidence high
See Coastal Steel Corp. v. Tilghman Wheelabrator Ltd., 709 F.2d 190, 203 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 938 , 104 S.Ct. 349 , 78 L.Ed.2d 315 (1983).
cited Cited "see" State v. Campbell
Conn. · 1992 · signal: see · confidence high
See State v. Davis, 190 Conn. 327, 343 , 461 A.2d 947 , cert. denied, 464 U.S. 938 , 104 S. Ct. 350 , 78 L.
discussed Cited "see" Raber v. Eastern Associated Coal Corp.
W. Va. · 1992 · signal: see · confidence high
See Massarsky v. General Motors Corp., 706 F.2d 111 (3d Cir.1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 937 , 104 S.Ct. 348 , 78 L.Ed.2d 314 (1983); Whitten v. Farmland Industries, Inc., 759 F.Supp. 1522 (D.Kan.1991); Franci v. Avco Corp., 538 F.Supp. 250 (D.Conn.1982). 2 .
discussed Cited "see" Ali DAEMI, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. CHURCH’S FRIED CHICKEN, INC., Defendant-Appellee
10th Cir. · 1991 · signal: see · confidence high
Cariddi v. Kansas City Chiefs Football Club, Inc., 568 F.2d 87, 88 (8th Cir.1977); see Whatley v. Skaggs Companies, 707 F.2d 1129 , 1139 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 938 , 104 S.Ct. 349 , 78 L.Ed.2d 314 (1983).
discussed Cited "see" Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Westinghouse Electric Corporation (2×)
3rd Cir. · 1991 · signal: see · confidence high
See Massarsky v. General Motors Corp., 706 F.2d 111, 118 (3d Cir.1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 937 , 104 S.Ct. 348 , 78 L.Ed.2d 314 (1983).
discussed Cited "see" Irvin Bailey, on Behalf of Himself and All Others Similarly Situated v. Louis W. Sullivan 1 , M.D., Secretary of Health and Human Services of the United States of America, Irvin Bailey, on Behalf of Himself and All Others Similarly Situated v. Louis W. Sullivan 1 , M.D. Secretary of Health and Human Services of the United States of America
3rd Cir. · 1990 · signal: see · confidence high
See Massarsky v. General Motors Corp., 706 F.2d 111, 125 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 937 , 104 S.Ct. 348 , 78 L.Ed.2d 314 (1983) (leave to amend need not be granted where the amendment would not withstand a motion to dismiss).
discussed Cited "see" Lutz v. Chromatex, Inc.
M.D. Penn. · 1989 · signal: see · confidence high
See Massarsky v. General Motors Corp., 706 F.2d 111 , 125 (3d Cir.1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 937 , 104 S.Ct. 348 , 78 L.Ed.2d 314 (1983); Polay v. West Co., 629 F.Supp. 899, 901 (E.D.Pa.1986); see also Coupland v. Commercial Credit Union Insurance Co., No. 88-1112 (M.D.Pa.
discussed Cited "see" Bailey v. Sullivan
3rd Cir. · 1989 · signal: see · confidence high
See Massarsky v. General Motors Corp., 706 F.2d 111, 125 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 937 , 104 S.Ct. 348 , 78 L.Ed.2d 314 (1983) (leave to amend need not be granted where the amendment would not withstand a motion to dismiss).
cited Cited "see" In re Michael B.
Conn. Super. Ct. · 1989 · signal: see · confidence high
See State v. Davis, 190 Conn. 327 , 461 A.2d 947 , cert. denied, 464 U.S. 938 , 104 S. Ct. 350 , 78 L.
cited Cited "see" Shieh v. Lyng
E.D. Pa. · 1989 · signal: see · confidence high
See Massarsky v. General Motors Corp., 706 F.2d 111, 118 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 937 , 104 S.Ct. 348 , 78 L.Ed.2d 314 (1983).
discussed Cited "see" Centifanti v. Nix
3rd Cir. · 1989 · signal: see · confidence high
See Massarsky v. General Motors Corp., 706 F.2d 111, 125 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 937 , 104 S.Ct. 348 , 78 L.Ed.2d 314 (1983). 44 The district court determined that it lacked subject matter jurisdiction over Centifanti's complaint under the Rooker-Feldman doctrine.
cited Cited "see" Centifanti v. Nix
3rd Cir. · 1989 · signal: see · confidence high
See Massarsky v. General Motors Corp., 706 F.2d 111, 125 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 937 , 104 S.Ct. 348 , 78 L.Ed.2d 314 (1983).
discussed Cited "see" United States v. Fleetwood Enterprises, Inc.
D. Del. · 1988 · signal: see · confidence high
See Massarsky v. General Motors Corp., 706 F.2d 111, 125 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 937 , 104 S.Ct. 348 , 78 L.Ed.2d 314 (1983); see also Outboard Marine Corp. v. Pezetel, 535 F.Supp. 248, 252 (D.Del.1982). 7 The six defenses fit into two general categories, those that challenge the validity of the construction and safety standards and one that alleges selective enforcement of the Act.
cited Cited "see" Roebuck, Dr. James R. v. Drexel University
3rd Cir. · 1988 · signal: see · confidence high
See Massarsky v. General Motors Corp., 706 F.2d 111 , 118 n. 13 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 937 , 104 S.Ct. 348 , 78 L.Ed.2d 314 (1983).
cited Cited "see" Payne v. Robinson
Conn. · 1988 · signal: see · confidence high
See State v. Davis, 190 Conn. 327, 342-43 , 461 A.2d 947 , cert. denied, 464 U.S. 938 , 104 S. Ct. 350 , 78 L.
discussed Cited "see" Alvin W. MEADE, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. MERCHANTS FAST MOTORLINE, INC., Defendant-Appellee
10th Cir. · 1987 · signal: see · confidence high
See Whatley v. Skaggs Companies, Inc., 707 F.2d 1129 , 1139 & 1139 n. 9 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 938 , 104 S.Ct. 349 , 78 L.Ed.2d 314 (1983); see also Brown, 425 U.S. at 833 , 96 S.Ct. at 1968 ; Lowe v. City of Monrovia, 775 F.2d 998, 1010 (9th Cir.1985), amended, 784 F.2d 1407 (1986); Day v. Wayne County Board of Auditors, 749 F.2d 1199, 1203 (6th Cir.1984); Gooding v. Warner-Lambert Co., 744 F.2d 354, 359 (3d Cir.1984).
discussed Cited "see" Patten Securities Corp., Inc. v. Diamond Greyhound & Genetics, Inc.
3rd Cir. · 1987 · signal: see · confidence high
See Coastal Steel Corp. v. Tilghman Wheelabrator, Ltd., 709 F.2d 190, 193-97 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 938 , 104 S.Ct. 349 , 78 L.Ed.2d 315 (1983) denial of a motion to dismiss an action in order to give effect to a forum selection clause is appealable on three grounds: as an interlocutory decision under 28 U.S.C. § 1292 (a)(2) (1982), as a collaterally final order under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 (1982) and under the All Writs Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1651 (1982). 2 .
cited Cited "see" CAT Aircraft Leasing, Inc. v. Cessna Aircraft Co.
D.V.I. · 1986 · signal: see · confidence high
See, Coastal Steel Corporation v. Tilghman Wheelabrator-Frye, Inc., 709 F.2d 190, 202 (3d Cir. 1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 938 (1983).
cited Cited "see" Denton v. International Brotherhood of Boilermakers
D. Mass. · 1986 · signal: see · confidence high
See Whatley v. Skaggs Companies, 508 F.Supp. 302 (D.Colo.1981), affirmed in pertinent part, 707 F.2d 1129 , 1137 (10th Cir.), *1163 cert. denied, 464 U.S. 938 , 104 S.Ct. 349 , 78 L.Ed.2d 314 (1983).
cited Cited "see" Kronfeld v. First Jersey National Bank
D.N.J. · 1986 · signal: see · confidence high
See Massarsky v. General Motors Corp., 706 F.2d 111, 125 (3d Cir.1983), cert. denied 464 U.S. 937 , 104 S.Ct. 348 , 78 L.Ed.2d 314 (1984).
cited Cited "see" Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Westinghouse Electric Corp.
E.D. Pa. · 1986 · signal: see · confidence high
See Massarsky v. General Motors, 706 F.2d 111 , 118 n. 13 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 937 , 104 S.Ct. 348 , 78 L.Ed.2d 314 (1983).
discussed Cited "see" The Stewart Organization, Inc. v. Ricoh Corporation
11th Cir. · 1986 · signal: accord · confidence high
Accord, Coastal Steel v. Tilghman Wheelabrator, 709 F.2d 190, 201 (3d Cir.) ("The Supreme Court in The Bremen and in Scherk [v. Alberto-Culver Co. 417 U.S. 506 , 94 S.Ct. 2449 , 41 L.Ed.2d 270 (1974) ] appears to have assumed without saying so that in a federal forum the enforceability of a forum selection clause is determined by a generally applicable federal law"), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 938 , 104 S.Ct. 349 -50, 78 L.Ed.2d 315 (1983); Bense v. Interstate Battery System of America, 683 F.2d 718, 721-22 (2d Cir.1982) (expressly declining to use Texas venue law, which disfavored forum selection…
discussed Cited "see" Crescent Corp. v. Protor & Gamble Corp.
N.D. Ill. · 1986 · signal: see · confidence high
See the application of forum selection clauses to non-parties in such cases as Coastal Steel Corp. v. Tilghman Wheelabrator Ltd., 709 F.2d 190, 202-03 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 938 , 104 S.Ct. 349 , 78 L.Ed.2d 315 (1983); Dukane Fabrics International, Inc. v. M.V.
discussed Cited "see" Stewart Organization, Inc. v. Ricoh Corp.
11th Cir. · 1986 · signal: accord · confidence high
Accord, Coastal Steel v. Tilghman Wheelabrator, 709 F.2d 190, 201 (3d Cir.) (“The Supreme Court in The Bremen and in Scherk [v. Alberto-Culver Co. 417 U.S. 506 , 94 S.Ct. 2449 , 41 L.Ed.2d 270 (1974)] appears to have assumed without saying so that in a federal forum the enforceability of a forum selection clause is determined by a generally applicable federal law”), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 938 , 104 S.Ct. 349 -50, 78 L.Ed.2d 315 (1983); Bense v. Interstate Battery System of America, 683 F.2d 718, 721-22 (2d Cir.1982) (expressly declining to use Texas venue law, which disfavored forum select…
cited Cited "see" Balliet v. Whitmire
M.D. Penn. · 1986 · signal: see · confidence high
See Massarsky v. General Motors Corp., 706 F.2d 111 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 937 , 104 S.Ct. 348 , 78 L.Ed.2d 314 (1983).
discussed Cited "see" Morgan v. Humboldt County School District
D. Nev. · 1985 · signal: see · confidence high
See Massarsky v. General Motors Corp., 706 F.2d 111 (3rd Cir.1983) cert. denied 464 U.S. 937 , 104 S.Ct. 348 , 78 L.Ed.2d 314 (1983) (trial court may deny leave to amend where amendment would not withstand a motion to dismiss); Jafree v. Barber, 689 F.2d 640 (7th Cir.1982) (denial of leave to amend was not abuse of discretion where amendment failed to disclose that official actions were prompted by racial animus); Rauch v. United Instruments, Inc., 405 F.Supp. 435 (E.D.Pa.1975) rev’d on other grounds 548 F.2d 452 (3rd Cir.1976) (court must avoid useless acts by measuring proposed amendments …
cited Cited "see" Brown v. Capital Bank, N.A.
Tex. App. · 1985 · signal: see · confidence high
See Hudenburg v. Neff, 643 S.W.2d 517 (Tex.App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1982) cert. denied, 464 U.S. 937 , 104 S.Ct. 348 , 78 L.Ed.2d 313 (1983).
cited Cited "see" Fleet v. United States Consumer Council, Inc. (In Re Fleet)
Bankr. E.D. Pa. · 1985 · signal: see · confidence high
See Coastal Steel Corp. v. Tilghman Wheelabrator, Ltd., 709 F.2d 190 (3d Cir.1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 938 , 104 S.Ct. 349 , 78 L.Ed.2d 315 (1983).
discussed Cited "see" Grandison v. Cuyler (2×)
E.D. Pa. · 1984 · signal: see · confidence high
See Massarsky v. General Motors Corp., 706 F.2d 111, 125 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 104 S.Ct. 348 , 78 L.Ed.2d 314 (1983).
discussed Cited "see" Lusardi v. Xerox Corp.
D.N.J. · 1983 · signal: see · confidence high
See Massarsky v. General Motors Corp., 706 F.2d 111 (3d Cir.), cert. denied — U.S. — , 104 S.Ct. 348 , 78 L.Ed.2d 314 (1983); cf. Geller v. Markham, 635 F.2d 1027 (3d Cir.1980) (disparate impact theory recognized under the ADEA), cert. denied, 451 U.S. 945 , 101 S.Ct. 2028 , 68 L.Ed.2d 332 (1981).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." State v. Koslik (2×)
Conn. App. Ct. · 2009 · signal: see also · confidence low
Ed. 2d 817 (1989); State v. Guckian, 27 Conn. App. 225, 245 , 605 A.2d 874 (1992) (on state’s appeal from sentencing, state not required to file motion to correct in trial court because both “the trial court and this court, on appeal, have the power, at any time, to correct a sentence that is illegal”), aff'd, 226 Conn. 191 , 627 A.2d 407 (1993); see also State v. Davis, 190 Conn. 327, 334-35 , 461 A.2d 947 (on direct appeal, trial court was without authority to open judgment because sentence was within permissible range for crimes charged), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 938 , 104 S. Ct. 350 , …
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Hopkins v. First NLC Financial Services, LLC (In Re Hopkins)
Bankr. E.D. Pa. · 2007 · signal: see also · confidence low
Inc., 103 F.R.D. 385 (N.D.Ill.1984); see also Massarsky v. General Motors Corp., 706 F.2d 111, 125 (3d Cir.1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 937 , 104 S.Ct. 348 , 78 L.Ed.2d 314 (1983); Sarfaty v. Nowak, 369 F.2d 256 , 259 (7th Cir.1966), cert. denied, 387 U.S. 909 , 87 S.Ct. 1691 , 18 L.Ed.2d 627 (1967) (“Rule 15(a) does not require a court to do a futile thing.”).
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
Putney
v.
Consolidated Rail Corporation
No. 83-387.
Supreme Court of the United States.
Oct 31, 1983.
464 U.S. 938

C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.