Mitchell v. State, 698 So. 2d 555 (Fla. 2d DCA 1997). · Go Syfert
Search
Mitchell v. State, 698 So. 2d 555 (Fla. 2d DCA 1997). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
“case law considering the status of bb guns tends to make the deadliness or dangerousness of a bb gun a factual question for the jury.”
78 citation events (69 in the last 25 years) across 5 distinct courts.
Strongest positive: Ricardo Vega v. Secretary, Department of Corrections (ca11, 2021-09-28)
Treatment trajectory · 1997 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1997 2011 2026
Top citers, strongest first. 31 distinct citers. How cited ↗
examined Cited as authority (verbatim quote) Ricardo Vega v. Secretary, Department of Corrections (4×) also: Cited as authority (quoted), Cited "see"
11th Cir. · 2021 · signal: see · quote attribution · 2 verbatim quotes · confidence high
case law considering the status of bb guns tends to make the deadliness or dangerousness of a bb gun a factual question for the jury.
discussed Cited as authority (verbatim quote) Flowers v. State
Fla. Dist. Ct. App. · 1999 · signal: see also · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence high
with both words and actions implied that the gun was loaded and operable
cited Cited as authority (rule) Trevoris Finley v. State of Florida
Fla. Dist. Ct. App. · 2026 · confidence medium
Circumstantial evidence can be sufficient to establish the use of a firearm.” Alford, 413 So. 3d at 139–140 (quoting Mitchell v. State, 698 So. 2d 555, 558 (Fla. 2d DCA 1997)) (citation modified).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Charles Alford v. State of Florida
Fla. Dist. Ct. App. · 2025 · confidence medium
Circumstantial evidence can be sufficient to establish the use of a firearm.” Mitchell v. State, 698 So. 2d 555, 558 (Fla. 2d DCA 1997).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) M. D. M. v. STATE OF FLORIDA
Fla. Dist. Ct. App. · 2023 · confidence medium
One such case was the supreme court's decision in Mitchell approving this court's "holding that a BB gun was a deadly weapon when the defendant implied through his words and actions that the BB gun was loaded and operable." C.W., 205 So. 2d at 844 (citing Mitchell v. State, 698 So. 2d 555, 562 (Fla. 2d DCA), approved, 703 So. 2d at 1062 (Fla. 1997)).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Campbell v. Secretary, Department of Corrections (Lee County)
M.D. Fla. · 2022 · confidence medium
Circumstantial evidence can be sufficient to establish the use of a firearm.” Mitchell v. State, 698 So.2d 555, 558 (Fla. 2d DCA 1997).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) MARK AGENOR v. STATE OF FLORIDA (2×) also: Cited "see"
Fla. Dist. Ct. App. · 2019 · confidence medium
See, e.g., Dale v. State, 703 So. 2d 1045, 1046-47 (Fla. 1997); Mitchell v. State, 698 So. 2d 555, 558 (Fla. 2d DCA), approved, 703 So. 2d 1062 (Fla. 1997); Santiago v. State, 900 So. 2d 710, 711 (Fla. 3d DCA 2005).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Phillip Browne v. State
Fla. Dist. Ct. App. · 2018 · confidence medium
The robbery statute does not define “weapon” or “deadly weapon.” See Mitchell v. State, 698 So. 2d 555, 559 (Fla. 2d DCA 1997).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Bennie Wiley
11th Cir. · 2017 · confidence medium
Under Florida law, a defendant commits armed trespassing when he, while armed with a “firearm or other dangerous weapon,” willfully enters or remains in a structure without authorization or, having been authorized to enter, is warned to depart and refuses to do so. *952 Fla. Stat. § 810.08 (1), (2)(c); Mitchell v. State, 698 So.2d 555, 559 (Fla. Dist.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) C.W. v. State (2×) also: Cited "see"
Fla. Dist. Ct. App. · 2016 · confidence medium
See Dale v. State, 703 So. 2d 1045, 1047 (Fla. 1997) (holding that a BB gun was a deadly weapon when the defendant carried the BB gun in his waistband during a robbery, showed it to the victim, and threatened to return if she called police); Goodwin v. State, 68 So. 3d 309, 309 (Fla. 2d DCA 2011) (affirming conviction for robbery with a deadly weapon when the defendant threatened the victim with a BB gun even though there was evidence that it "could not easily cause great bodily harm"); Mitchell v. State, 698 So. 2d 555, 562 (Fla. 2d DCA), approved, 703 So. 2d 1062 (Fla. 1997) (holding that a …
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Fana v. Secretary, DOC
M.D. Fla. · 2014 · confidence medium
Florida courts have recognized that the term “dangerous weapon” is “milder” than “deadly weapon.” Brown, 896 So.2d at 810 (citing Mitchell v. State, 698 So.2d 555, 560 (Fla. 2d DCA 1997) (quoting Clemons v. State, 48 Fla. 9 , 37 So. 647 (1904))).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) J.M.P. v. State
Fla. Dist. Ct. App. · 2010 · confidence medium
See Hutchinson v. State, 816 So.2d 1186, 1187 (Fla. 2d DCA 2002) (reversing conviction for robbery with a weapon, to wit a starter pistol, because the starter pistol did not fall within the definition of weapon supplied in section 790.001(13), unless the pistol was considered deadly, and there was no evidence to support such a finding); Mitchell v. State, 698 So.2d 555, 559-60 (Fla. 2d DCA) (holding that a BB gun is not a “firearm” and, thus, falls within chapter 790’s definition of weapon only if it is an “other deadly weapon”), approved, 703 So.2d 1062 (Fla.1997).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) State v. Williams
Fla. Dist. Ct. App. · 2009 · confidence medium
See Waldo v. State, 728 So.2d 280, 281 (Fla. 3d DCA 1999), quashed on other grounds, 759 So.2d 674 (Fla.2000) (noting that in Miller v. State, 613 So.2d 530, 531 (Fla. 3d DCA 1993), this Court upheld Miller’s conviction for aggravated assault with a deadly weapon, finding that a firearm, is by definition, a deadly weapon which fires projectiles likely to cause death or great bodily harm); Mitchell v. State, 698 So.2d 555, 558 (Fla. 2d DCA 1997) (noting that “[bjecause the definition of ‘firearm’ does not involve proof that the gun is loaded or operable, a defendant’s use of a firearm…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Whitted v. State
Fla. Dist. Ct. App. · 2008 · confidence medium
See also Nystrom v. State, 777 So.2d 1013, 1015 (Fla. 2d DCA 2000); Mitchell v. State, 698 So.2d 555, 560 (Fla. 2d DCA 1997) (observing that under the definition of "dangerous weapon," "a weapon may be deadly based on the threat of its use in a way likely to cause great bodily harm"); State v. Nixon, 295 So.2d 121, 122 (Fla. 3d DCA 1974) (court erred in granting defendant's motion to dismiss information charging assault with a deadly weapon, as the question of whether a pocket knife was a deadly weapon was one for the trier of fact at trial). *353 Here, the probable cause affidavit shows that …
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Santiago v. State
Fla. Dist. Ct. App. · 2005 · confidence medium
Dale v. State, 703 So.2d at 1047 (conviction for armed robbery with a deadly weapon upheld where defendant entered a store, told the clerk "I got a gun" and raised his shirt displaying what looked like a .9mm Beretta pistol, but which was in fact an unloaded gas-operated BB or pellet gun with no gas or cartridge.); Mitchell v. State, 698 So.2d at 557 (evidence that the defendant handled a BB gun, which looked like a .22-caliber semi-automatic pistol, as if it was loaded and operable was sufficient to sustain convictions for robbery and aggravated assault with a deadly weapon even though the BB…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Brown v. State
Fla. Dist. Ct. App. · 2005 · confidence medium
In Mitchell v. State, 698 So.2d 555, 559 (Fla. 2d DCA), approved, 703 So.2d 1062 (1997), Judge Altenbernd took the terms “taking into account the way it is used,” to mean the way the object is used in a particular case.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Bunkley v. State (2×) also: Cited "see, e.g."
Fla. · 2004 · confidence medium
See Baldwin v. State, 857 So.2d 249, 252 (Fla. 2d DCA 2003) (holding that defendant's firearm could not be included in the definition of "concealed weapon" because chapter 790 specifically excludes firearms from the definition of "weapon"), review dismissed, 865 So.2d 479 (Fla.2003); Mitchell v. State, 698 So.2d 555, 561 (Fla. 2d DCA 1997) (acknowledging that case law tends to make the issue of whether a BB gun is a deadly weapon a jury question), approved, 703 So.2d 1062 (Fla.1997); Bell v. State, 673 So.2d 556, 557 (Fla. 1st DCA 1996) (stating that whether defendant's "knife" constituted a w…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) M.D. v. State
Fla. Dist. Ct. App. · 2004 · confidence medium
See Nystrom v. State, 777 So.2d 1013, 1014-15 (Fla. 2d DCA 2000); Mitchell, 698 So.2d at 560 (observing that under the definition of “dangerous weapon,” “a weapon may be deadly based on the threat of its use in a way likely to cause great bodily harm”) (emphasis in original).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Clayton v. State
Fla. Dist. Ct. App. · 2003 · confidence medium
Mitchell v. State, 698 So.2d 555, 558 (Fla. 2d DCA 1997).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Hutchinson v. State
Fla. Dist. Ct. App. · 2002 · confidence medium
The term "weapon" is defined in section 790.001(13), Florida Statutes (1999), as "any dirk, metallic knuckles, slungshot, billie, tear gas gun, chemical weapon or device, or other deadly weapon except a firearm or a common pocketknife." Hutchinson's starter pistol does not fall within this definition unless it is considered to be a deadly weapon; [1] however, the starter pistol does not qualify as a deadly weapon because there was no evidence that it was "normally dangerous or deadly when used in its ordinary and usual manner." See Mitchell v. State, 698 So.2d 555, 557 (Fla. 2d DCA 1997).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Wadman v. State
Fla. Dist. Ct. App. · 1999 · confidence medium
The instruction was based on language from Mitchell v. State, 698 So.2d 555, 558 (Fla. 2d DCA), approved, 703 So.2d 1062 (Fla.1997).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Mitchell v. State
Fla. · 1997 · confidence medium
We have for review Mitchell v. State, 698 So.2d 555, 557 (Fla. 2d DCA 1997), wherein the district court certified: If the State fails to prove that a BB pistol is loaded and operable at the time of an offense, can it be classified as a dangerous or deadly weapon when the defendant’s actions cause the victim to reasonably believe that the BB pistol is loaded and operable?
discussed Cited "see" Smith v. Secretary, Department of Corrections (Duval County)
M.D. Fla. · 2022 · signal: see · confidence high
“A jury can conclude that a weapon is . . . deadly if it is implied by the defendant’s words or actions.” Gartner v. State, 118 So. 3d 273, 277 (Fla. 5th DCA 2013) (concluding victim’s testimony that defendant showed her butt of gun during robbery was sufficient evidence for issue of whether BB gun was a deadly weapon to reach jury); see Swanson v. State, 98 So. 3d 135 (Fla. 1st DCA 2012) (citing Mitchell v. State, 698 So. 2d 555 (Fla. 2d DCA 1997) (evidence that defendant handled a BB gun, which look like a .22 caliber semi-automatic pistol, as if it was loaded and operable was suffic…
cited Cited "see" C.W. v. State
Fla. Dist. Ct. App. · 2016 · signal: see · confidence high
See Mitchell, 698 So.2d at 562.
cited Cited "see" Petz v. State
Fla. Dist. Ct. App. · 2005 · signal: see · confidence high
See Mitchell v. State, 698 So.2d 555, 558 (Fla.2d DCA 1997); Wilson v. State, 901 So.2d 885, 886 (Fla. 4th DCA 2005).
discussed Cited "see" Wilson v. State
Fla. Dist. Ct. App. · 2005 · signal: see · confidence high
The charging informations for each of Wilson's robbery offenses allege that in the course of the robberies, either that "there were carried firearms" or "that there was carried a firearm" and none otherwise include language alleging the use of a "deadly weapon" or a "weapon." A BB gun is not a firearm as defined by section 790.001, Fla. Stat. (1998); see Mitchell v. State, 698 So.2d 555 (Fla. 2d DCA 1997).
discussed Cited "see" A.L.M. v. State
Fla. Dist. Ct. App. · 2003 · signal: see · confidence high
See Mitchell v. State, 698 So.2d 555, 558 (Fla. 2d DCA 1997), review granted, 701 So.2d 868 (Fla.1997), approved, 703 So.2d 1062 (Fla.1997) (finding an aggravated battery conviction was supported when the defendant used a BB gun as a bludgeon to strike his wife, causing two gashes on her head); Taylor v. State, 672 So.2d 580 (Fla. 1st DCA 1996)(finding that a surprise attack with a crowbar, which was wielded with enough force to split open the victim’s head, was competent substantial evidence of the use of a deadly weapon).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." State v. Hardy (2×)
Conn. · 2006 · signal: see also · confidence medium
The court concluded that the pistol was a deadly weapon because it had been used to threaten the complainant and “was capable of inflicting death or serious bodily injury and was designed for that purpose.” Campbell v. State, supra, 496; see also Mitchell v. State, 698 So. 2d 555, 560 (Fla. App. 1997) (jury reasonably could find that BB gun was deadly weapon, defined as “ ‘any instrument that, when used in the ordinary manner contemplated by its design and construction, will or is likely to cause death or great bodily harm,’ ” or dangerous weapon, defined as “ ‘milder’ then �…
discussed Cited "see, e.g." JW v. State
Fla. Dist. Ct. App. · 2002 · signal: compare · confidence medium
Compare Mitchell v. State, 698 So.2d 555, 558 (Fla. 2d DCA 1997) (holding that even if BB pistol had been a toy gun, it could be considered a deadly weapon because the appellant used the metal object to strike the victim in the head).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." J.W. v. State
Fla. Dist. Ct. App. · 2002 · signal: compare · confidence medium
Compare Mitchell v. State, 698 So.2d 555, 558 (Fla. 2d DCA 1997) (holding that even if BB pistol had been a toy gun, it could be considered a deadly weapon because the appellant used the metal object to strike the victim in the head).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Rios v. State
Fla. Dist. Ct. App. · 1999 · signal: see also · confidence medium
See Dale v. State, 703 So.2d 1045, 1047 (Fla.1997)("[W]hether a BB or pellet gun is a deadly weapon—i.e., whether it is `likely to produce death or great bodily injury'—is a factual question to be answered by the jury in each case."); see also Mitchell v. State, 698 So.2d 555, 560-62 (Fla. 2d DCA), approved, 703 So.2d 1062 (Fla.1997).
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
Dexter MITCHELL, Appellant,
v.
STATE of Florida, Appellee.
95-02169.
District Court of Appeal of Florida, Second District.
Jul 11, 1997.
698 So. 2d 555
Altenbernd.
Cited by 42 opinions  |  Published
1 passage pin-cited by 1 case
Pinpoint authority: bottom 64%
Citer courts: Eleventh Circuit (1)

[*556] James Marion Moorman, Public Defender, Bartow, and Kathleen Calcutt, Assistant Public Defender, Clearwater, for Appellant.

Robert A. Butterworth, Attorney General Tallahassee, and Wendy Buffington, Assistant Attorney General, Tampa, for Appellee.

ALTENBERND, Judge.

Dexter Mitchell appeals numerous convictions and sentences arising from an unusual sequence of events that occurred on October 26, 1994. During this rampage, he carried a BB pistol. He struck his estranged wife on the head with the pistol and threatened to shoot several other people. The state failed to introduce testimony that the BB pistol was operable or loaded at any time during this episode. The gun was empty when introduced into evidence and there is no testimony that a law enforcement officer ever emptied BBs from its reservoir. We conclude the evidence was sufficient to prove a prima facie case of aggravated battery with a deadly weapon. With some hesitation, we conclude that the evidence also establishes trespass with a dangerous weapon, robbery with a deadly weapon, and aggravated assault[*557] with a deadly weapon. When a defendant's words or actions imply that a device is dangerous or deadly, and the device is normally dangerous or deadly when used in its ordinary and usual manner, but at the time of the offense it is not dangerous or deadly due to a condition that cannot be observed by the victim, we conclude that a jury may find the device to be a dangerous or deadly weapon. Accordingly, we affirm the trial court in all respects.

We certify to the Supreme Court of Florida the following question of great public importance:

IF THE STATE FAILS TO PROVE THAT A BB PISTOL IS LOADED AND OPERABLE AT THE TIME OF AN OFFENSE, CAN IT BE CLASSIFIED AS A DANGEROUS OR DEADLY WEAPON WHEN THE DEFENDANT'S ACTIONS CAUSE THE VICTIM TO REASONABLY BELIEVE THAT THE BB PISTOL IS LOADED AND OPERABLE?

I. THE EVENTS

On October 26, 1994, while armed with a BB pistol that appeared to be a firearm, Mr. Mitchell went to the home of his estranged wife. Another man was at the house. Mr. Mitchell entered the house without permission. He pulled the BB pistol from his jacket and threatened to kill both his wife and her friend. He took money from his wife and attempted to take money from the man.

Mr. Mitchell's wife escaped and ran down the street. Mr. Mitchell chased her, BB pistol in hand, threatening to shoot her. She entered a chiropractor's office for protection. He followed her into the office. Inside the office, he threatened several people with the gun, and struck his wife on the head repeatedly with the butt of the gun. She sustained lacerations that required medical treatment.

Mr. Mitchell then fled to a mobile home park and entered the home of an elderly couple without their permission. He claimed he was a police officer and actually allowed them to handle the BB pistol. The evidence does not suggest that he threatened the couple with the gun. Instead, the record reveals that during the course of the trespass, he pointed the gun at himself and announced he was going to kill himself. The couple fled the mobile home as the police were arriving. After a short standoff, Mr. Mitchell threw his BB pistol from the mobile home and surrendered.

II. THE CONVICTIONS AND SENTENCES

The state charged Mr. Mitchell with fourteen offenses. At the conclusion of his trial, the jury convicted him of eleven offenses. For the events at the home of his wife, he was convicted of robbery of his wife with a deadly weapon and attempted robbery of her friend with a deadly weapon. For the events at the chiropractic office, he was convicted of trespass with a dangerous weapon, aggravated battery upon his wife with a deadly weapon, two counts of aggravated assault with a deadly weapon, and four counts of simple assault. For the events at the mobile home, he was convicted of trespass with a dangerous weapon. In total, the jury convicted Mr. Mitchell of four misdemeanors and seven felonies. The trial court imposed concurrent sentences, the longest of which is thirteen years' incarceration. We affirm the four simple assault convictions without discussion. We discuss only the issues relating to the BB pistol.

III. THE EVIDENCE CONCERNING THE BB PISTOL

The evidence concerning the BB gun is somewhat atypical. The gun was identified for introduction into evidence by Mr. Mitchell's wife. She testified that the pistol appeared to be the weapon used to threaten her and to beat her over the head. A police officer testified that the police collected the gun as evidence at the mobile home park and stored it in an evidence locker. No one testified that the gun was loaded and operable at the scene. No technician fired the weapon or testified to its power.

Because this court thought it possible that the gun, when introduced into evidence, might still have had BBs in its reservoir, we requested the actual pistol be included in our record. Even on careful examination, it[*558] looks like a black, .22 caliber semi-automatic pistol. It is a Huntington Marksman Repeater BB Pistol, which is powered by a spring, rather than a CO2 cartridge.[1] It has a reservoir to hold BBs. Upon physical examination, there is no evidence that it is loaded. It was taped by the police to render it inoperable, but no officer testified about taping the gun. If it was unloaded by the police when they taped it, that fact is not established in the record. We recognize the possibility that Mr. Mitchell may have emptied the BB gun before he threw it out of the mobile home. However, the record contains no evidence of BBs located in the mobile home or on his person. There is no evidence that he ever fired the gun during this extended criminal episode.

Various witnesses testified that they thought the BB gun was a real firearm. Mr. Mitchell carried and used the weapon as if it were loaded. During his own testimony after his motion for judgment of acquittal had been denied, Mr. Mitchell called the BB pistol a "weapon" or "gun." He never testified that the gun was empty or inoperable. He explained that he had been in the military and handled this weapon as he had been trained to use firearms in the military.

IV. AGGRAVATED BATTERY WITH A DEADLY WEAPON

Mr. Mitchell was charged with aggravated battery for striking his wife with the pistol and causing two gashes on both sides of her head. Section 784.045(1)(a), Florida Statutes (1993), allows the state to charge aggravated battery either for use of a "deadly weapon" or for intentionally causing a "permanent disability." The state included both theories in the information and in the jury instructions. The evidence established that Mr. Mitchell used the pistol as a bludgeon and created gashes on his wife's head. Even if the pistol had been a toy gun, his intentional use of this metal object to attack his wife supported a conviction for aggravated battery. Gomez v. State, 496 So.2d 982 (Fla.App.1986). Accordingly, we affirm this conviction.

V. THE BB GUN IS NOT A FIREARM

Part of the difficulty in this and similar cases stems from the statutory definition of a "firearm." Section 790.001(6), Florida Statutes (1993), defines a "firearm" as

any weapon (including a starter gun) which will, is designed to, or may readily be converted to expel a projectile by the action of an explosive; the frame or receiver of any such weapon; any firearm muffler or firearm silencer; and destructive device; or any machine gun. The term "firearm" does not include an antique firearm unless the antique firearm is used in the commission of a crime.

This definition excludes BB guns because they do not use the "action of an explosive." On the other hand, the definition includes the frame of a firearm and does not require that the firearm be loaded or operable during the criminal episode. Bentley v. State, 501 So.2d 600 (Fla.1987). See, e.g., State v. Altman, 432 So.2d 159 (Fla. 3d DCA 1983) (.22 derringer without cylinder is firearm).

Because the definition of "firearm" does not involve proof that the gun is loaded or operable, a defendant's use of a firearm during a crime can be established even if the gun is not recovered and introduced into evidence. Circumstantial evidence can be sufficient to establish the use of a firearm. Bradley v. State, 413 So.2d 1248 (Fla. 1st DCA 1982); T.T. v. State, 459 So.2d 471 (Fla. 1st DCA 1984); Meyer v. State, 498 So.2d 554 (Fla. 4th DCA 1986); Council v. State, 691 So.2d 1192 (Fla. 4th DCA 1997).

[*559] In this case, numerous witnesses testified that Mr. Mitchell committed crimes while carrying what they thought was a firearm. If Mr. Mitchell had discarded his gun between the events at the chiropractor's office and his arrest at the mobile home park, such evidence may have been sufficient to support convictions involving firearms. Because the traditional definitions of dangerous and deadly weapons do not expressly include inoperable parts of those weapons, Mr. Mitchell's decision to retain his empty BB gun makes this case far more difficult for the state to prove.

VI. ARMED TRESPASS

The state charged Mr. Mitchell with two counts of armed trespass pursuant to section 810.08(2)(c), Florida Statutes (1993). A trespasser who is armed with a "firearm or other dangerous weapon" is guilty of a third-degree felony. "Dangerous weapon" is not defined in chapter 810 or in chapter 790. The standard jury instruction, which was given in this case, defines a "dangerous weapon" as "any weapon that, taking into account the way it is used, is likely to produce death or great bodily harm."[2] Fla. Std. Jury Instr. (Crim.) 142. The concept of a "dangerous weapon," as so defined, has existed in Florida's criminal law for well over a century. See, e.g., § 782.03, Fla. Stat. (1993) (excusable homicide statute, initially enacted in 1868); Wood v. State, 31 Fla. 221, 12 So. 539 (1893).

If the jury must "take into account" the fact that the state failed to prove that the BB gun was loaded or operable when Mr. Mitchell pointed and aimed it in his wife's home and in the mobile home, then the precise way it was used was not likely to produce death or great bodily harm. Despite his threats and the fear he surely created in the minds of his victims, the empty BB gun was no more deadly than a toy gun or water pistol. Thus, these convictions cannot stand unless the jury was allowed to rely upon the defendant's actions suggesting that the gun was loaded and upon the victims' reasonable belief that the BB gun was loaded. We will defer analysis of that issue until the other offenses have been examined.

VII. ROBBERY WITH A DEADLY WEAPON

The counts of robbery and attempted robbery in this case arise from Mr. Mitchell's actions at the home of his wife. Simple robbery is the taking of property from a person through the use of force and is a felony of the second degree. § 812.13(1), (2)(c), Fla. Stat. (1993). If the robber carries a "weapon," the offense becomes a first-degree felony. § 812.13(2)(b), Fla. Stat. (1993). If the robber carries a "firearm or other deadly weapon," the offense increases to a first-degree felony punishable by life in prison. § 812.13(2)(a), Fla. Stat. (1993). The robbery statute does not define these various types of weapons.

It is common to rely upon chapter 790 for definitions of various weapons and firearms. Unfortunately, the definition of "weapon" in section 790.001(13) states:

"Weapon" means any dirk, metallic knuckles, slungshot, billie, tear gas gun, chemical weapon or device, or other deadly weapon, except a firearm or a common pocketknife.

(Emphasis added.)[3] Because the definition of "weapon" in chapter 790 includes an enumerated list of devices and "other deadly weapons," it cannot help us distinguish between a "weapon" and a "deadly weapon."[4]

The standard jury instruction, which was given in this case, defines a "deadly[*560] weapon" as a weapon "if it is used or threatened to be used in a way likely to produce death or great bodily harm." Fla. Std. Jury Instr. (Crim.) 156.[5] The definition of "deadly weapon" differs from the definition of "dangerous weapon" in that a weapon may be deadly based on the threat of its use in a way likely to cause great bodily harm. In this case, if the threat employed in the robbery is viewed from Mr. Mitchell's perspective, there is no proof that he thought his empty BB gun was likely to produce great bodily harm. Viewed from the victims' perspective, it was reasonable and prudent for them to assume that the gun could produce great bodily harm.

Because this definition of "deadly weapon" contains the concept of a "threat," it could be classified as a broader category of weapons than "dangerous weapons." Early case law, however, suggests that the term "dangerous weapon" is "milder" than "deadly weapon," but "otherwise of the same meaning." Clemons v. State, 48 Fla. 9, 37 So. 647 (1904).[6] We see no basis to require a different analysis in determining whether the BB pistol in this case was a "dangerous" or "deadly" weapon.

VIII. ASSAULT WITH A DEADLY WEAPON

The assaults in this case arise from Mr. Mitchell's conduct at the chiropractic office. Assault becomes aggravated assault if the threat of violence is performed "with a deadly weapon without intent to kill." § 784.021(1)(a), Fla. Stat. (1993). Thus, the type of weapon required is identical to the weapon required for robbery with a deadly weapon. Mr. Mitchell actually used the BB gun as a bludgeon on his wife in that office, but he never threatened to hit the assault victims; he threatened to shoot them. Again, if we assess the likelihood of harm from his perspective, there is no evidence to support a conviction for aggravated assault. From the victims' perspective, however, there is ample evidence. It is perhaps noteworthy that his use of an empty BB gun substantially increased the risk that someone in the office would use a real firearm or other weapon in self-defense and cause great bodily harm to an innocent bystander.

IX. BB GUNS AS WEAPONS

Case law considering the status of BB guns tends to make the deadliness or dangerousness of a BB gun a factual question for the jury. In Depasquale v. State, 438 So.2d 159 (Fla. 2d DCA 1983), this court held that a BB gun was a deadly weapon when used in a robbery. We relied on a common definition of deadly weapon: "any instrument that, when used in the ordinary manner contemplated by its design and construction, will or is likely to cause death or great bodily harm." Id. at 160 (quoting 56 Am.Jur. Weapons and Firearms § 2 at 991 (19)). The opinion does not disclose whether the BB gun in that case was loaded or operable, but a BB gun is typically loaded when used in "the ordinary manner." It is not entirely clear whether Depasquale held that all BB guns are deadly as a matter of law or whether deadliness was a factual question. See also Emshwiller v. State, 443 So.2d 488 (Fla. 2d DCA 1984).

In Duba v. State, 446 So.2d 1167 (Fla. 5th DCA 1984), the Fifth District expressly held that whether an air pistol was a deadly weapon for purposes of aggravated assault was an issue for the jury. In that case the trial court had prohibited defense counsel from arguing that an inoperable pellet gun was not a deadly weapon. The Fifth District held this jury question was dependent on all factors, including whether, at the time of the offense, the gun was capable of expelling a projectile. See also State v. Jeffers, 490[*561] So.2d 968 (Fla. 5th DCA 1986) (applying Duba rationale in aggravated battery case).

In Lynn v. State, 567 So.2d 1043 (Fla. 5th DCA 1990), the defendant committed a robbery while armed with a handgun. The defendant threatened to "blow" the cashier's "brains out." The police recovered a pellet gun from the defendant's car after it crashed during a chase. The gun was inoperable because pellets were jammed in the barrel and a CO 2 cartridge was missing. The court held that the deadliness of the weapon was a jury question, but noted that the evidence supported the possibility that the gun was operable at the time of the offense.

In Gooch v. State, 652 So.2d 1189 (Fla. 1st DCA), review denied, 659 So.2d 1086 (Fla. 1995), the First District considered a jury instruction issue in an armed robbery case where the defendant was apprehended shortly after a robbery, and an unloaded air-powered pump BB gun was found in his car. The court recognized that the deadliness of the weapon was a factual question to be decided by the jury. Most recently, in Dale v. State, 669 So.2d 1112 (Fla. 1st DCA 1996), the First District reaffirmed Gooch and certified a question to the supreme court, which has granted review. Dale v. State, 678 So.2d 337 (Fla.1996). In Dale, there was evidence that the BB gun was operational.

The case law on this issue is similar to the case law holding that whether a pocketknife is a weapon is a factual question for the jury. In State v. Ortiz, 504 So.2d 39 (Fla. 2d DCA 1987), where there was no factual dispute about the characteristics of the knife, this court held that a jury could decide whether a four-inch pocketknife was or was not a concealed weapon. Until this court held that the "common pocketknife" exception in section 790.001(13) was unconstitutionally vague, L.B. v. State, 681 So.2d 1179 (Fla. 2d DCA 1996), the Ortiz rule of law allowed for differing jury outcomes in cases involving identical knives in identical pockets or purses. Similarly, if the issue whether an unloaded BB gun is a "deadly weapon" is a factual question, then different juries could arrive at disparate verdicts under identical or similar facts. An additional concern is, given that society has a choice, the law might prefer a person determined to commit a robbery do so with an empty BB gun rather than with a loaded gun.

X. OTHER DEADLY WEAPONS CASES

Whether an unloaded BB gun is a dangerous or deadly weapon is an issue that should not be decided without considering cases that address other weapons. The case law reflects competing, if not conflicting, approaches for replica weapons, toy guns, and items that were used by defendants as if they were deadly weapons.

In Bates v. State, 561 So.2d 1341 (Fla. 2d DCA 1990), the defendant used a "nut driver" in a robbery. He concealed most of this device so that it looked like a .22 caliber pistol and told the victim that he had a gun. This court held that, as a matter of law, no deadly weapon was used in the robbery because the defendant never threatened to use the nut driver as a bludgeon and he could not use it as a gun. See also Schram v. State, 614 So.2d 646 (Fla. 2d DCA 1993) (bulge in pocket that may have been knife insufficient to establish deadly weapon).

Likewise, in Brooks v. State, 605 So.2d 874 (Fla. 1st DCA 1992), quashed on other grounds, 630 So.2d 527 (Fla.1993), the First District held that a starter pistol could not be a deadly weapon, as used in a robbery, because the state failed to "prove that the starter pistol had a capability to injure." The pistol was used like a gun but "would or could [not] cause death or inflict serious bodily harm." Id. at 875.

These cases are consistent with I.O. v. State, 412 So.2d 42 (Fla. 3d DCA 1982), which held that a toy shotgun was not a deadly weapon, even though the victim of an aggravated assault had extensive weapons training and believed the toy gun was real. That case announced an objective test, which examined the nature and actual use of an instrument, to determine whether it was a deadly weapon.

I.O. was distinguished in T.T. In T.T., the robber held an object that appeared to be a gun and verbally threatened to shoot his victims. Apparently, no gun was recovered,[*562] and the defendant argued that he was being convicted solely on the victims' subjective fears that he used a firearm. The First District held that the defendant's threats during his flight were sufficient evidence to prove that he used a firearm in the robbery. 459 So.2d at 472. Under the T.T. standard, if Mr. Mitchell had successfully discarded his BB pistol prior to his arrest, the evidence in this case, including his verbal threats, not only would have supported a determination that he used a "deadly weapon" but also would have supported a conviction for using a "firearm."

In Shelby v. State, 541 So.2d 1219 (Fla. 2d DCA 1989), this court reviewed a sexual battery case in which the defendant "threatened to use a deadly weapon." The defendant claimed to have a gun, but never displayed any weapon. This court held that the defendant's claim was sufficient to support the conviction. Judge Campbell's opinion cogently observes: "We do not believe that the legislature intended to require a sexual battery victim, who is verbally threatened with a gun or other deadly weapon, to demand satisfactory proof from the perpetrator of the actual existence of the weapon." Id. at 1221. See also Gibbs v. State, 623 So.2d 551 (Fla. 4th DCA 1993). These cases, however, may be distinguishable from this case because section 794.011(3), Florida Statutes (1995), proscribes "threatening" with a deadly weapon while committing a sexual battery.

In at least two other cases, circumstantial evidence has been used to prove that a weapon or deadly weapon was used during an offense. See, e.g., Fletcher v. State, 472 So.2d 537 (Fla. 5th DCA 1985) (cold, hard object held to throat could be razor blade, as robber claimed); Smith v. State, 645 So.2d 124 (Fla. 1st DCA 1994) (some sharp object against neck is deadly weapon).

Judge Webster has made a valiant effort to reconcile many of these cases in Butler v. State, 602 So.2d 1303 (Fla. 1st DCA 1992). Butler involved a robbery in which the defendant used a concealed object. The victims believed the object was a gun, even though the defendant never expressly stated that it was. The opinion contains a good discussion on the insufficiency of a victim's subjective belief that a weapon was used during a crime to support a weapon's charge. The First District concluded the evidence in Butler was insufficient to prove the use of a deadly weapon. Butler distinguishes T.T. and other cases on the basis that those cases involved additional testimony that the defendant verbally threatened to shoot the victim.

XI. CONCLUSION

We are not convinced that the preceding cases can be fully reconciled. Likewise, we suspect that these issues could be better addressed if the legislature revised the statutes to contain an adequate, modern list of weapons, while distinguishing "weapons" from "deadly weapons" and retaining "dangerous weapon" only if the legislature intends that term to have a meaning significantly different from "deadly weapon."

There is clear proof that Mr. Mitchell used a BB pistol during all of these offenses. With both words and actions, he implied that the gun was loaded and operable. Nothing visible to any victim in this case would lead any rational person to conclude that the BB gun was not a loaded and operable, deadly or dangerous weapon. In light of the reasoning in Depasquale, and influenced by the treatment of verbal threats in both Shelby and Butler, we conclude that this evidence is sufficient to support these convictions. We cannot deny that our reasoning assesses the likelihood of injury from a reasonable victim's perspective and not from the perspective of the defendant, who knows his weapon is unloaded or inoperable. We simply conclude that, under these circumstances, this limited reliance upon a victim's perspective is a correct application of the law.

Affirmed.

PATTERSON, A.C.J., and LAZZARA, J., concur.

1 The Marksman Repeater BB pistol has been the subject of several reported opinions since 1980. In Virginia, it is a firearm. Holloman v. Commonwealth, 221 Va. 196, 269 S.E.2d 356 (1980). In Georgia, it is not a firearm. Fields v. State, 216 Ga.App. 184, 453 S.E.2d 794 (1995). In New Jersey, it is a weapon. State v. Evans, 181 N.J.Super. 455, 438 A.2d 340 (App.Div. 1981). In Texas, it is a deadly weapon. Francis v. State, 746 S.W.2d 276 (Tex.App.1988). In a case with many similarities to Mr. Mitchell's case, an Ohio appellate court held that a Marksman Repeater BB gun was not a firearm, but could be a deadly weapon. State v. Mills, 73 Ohio App.3d 27, 595 N.E.2d 1045 (1991). Accurate photographs and alleged specifications for this weapon are available on the Internet. See The Edge Company, Marksman Pistol with Dartboard Set (last updated May 13, 1997)
2 The information in this case alleged that the weapon was a "deadly weapon"—the term appropriate for robbery or assault, but not for trespass or burglary. This technical error was not raised in the trial court.
3 This list of weapons has evolved from its first appearance at the turn of the century in the Laws of Florida as a list of prohibited concealed weapons. The original catch-all phrase was "other weapon." Ch. 4929, Laws of Fla. (1901). When the legislature revised chapter 790 in 1969, it added the requirement that the "other weapon" be a "deadly" weapon. Ch. 69-306, § 1 at 1104, Laws of Fla.
4 Arguably, because a BB gun is not an enumerated weapon in section 790.001(13), it can only be a "weapon" if it is also a "deadly weapon."
5 "Deadly weapon," like "dangerous weapon" is a longstanding term in Florida law. See Davis v. State, 25 Fla. 272, 5 So. 803 (1889); Pittman v. State, 25 Fla. 648, 6 So. 437 (1889).
6 The theory that "deadly weapons" are a subset of a larger group of "dangerous weapons" is also supported by other earlier cases. See People v. Seawright, 72 Cal.App. 414, 237 P. 796 (1925); Jeffery F. Ghent, Annotation, Fact That Gun Was Unloaded as Affecting Criminal Responsibility, 68 A.L.R.4th 507, 517 (1989). A general reading of more recent cases containing both terms causes this court to believe that the terms are now used interchangeably in most jurisdictions.