Pennsylvania v. Platou, 417 U.S. 976 (1974). · Go Syfert
Pennsylvania v. Platou, 417 U.S. 976 (1974). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
523 citation events (12 in the last 25 years) across 73 distinct courts.
Strongest positive: United States v. Hughson (mnd, 2007-05-17) · Strongest negative: Jones v. City of Philadelphia (pacommwct, 2006-01-25)
Treatment trajectory · 1974 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1974 2000 2026
Top citers, strongest first. 50 distinct citers. How cited ↗
discussed Overruled Jones v. City of Philadelphia (2×)
Pa. Commw. Ct. · 2006 · confidence high
This is because each state has the power to go beyond the minimum levels of protection established by the federal constitution which are "equally applicable to the [analogous] state constitutional provision," id. (quoting Commonwealth v. Platou, 455 Pa. 258 , 260 n. 2, 312 A.2d 29 , 31 n. 2 (1973), cert. denied, 417 U.S. 976 , 94 S.Ct. 3183 , 41 L.Ed.2d 1146 (1974), overruled by, Commonwealth v. Reese, 520 Pa. 29 , 549 A.2d 909 (1988)), as long as the state remains faithful to the minimum guarantees provided by the federal constitution.
discussed Overruled State v. Reid
Or. Ct. App. · 2003 · confidence high
The “actual notice” test evolved as a restrictive variation of the pure “relationship” test that originated in Micheli and Commonwealth v. Platou, 455 Pa 258, 312 A2d 29 (1973), cert den, 417 US 976 (1974), overruled by Commonwealth v. Reese, 520 Pa 29, 549 A2d 909 (1988), cert den, 497 US 1003 (1990).
discussed Cited "but see" United States v. Paul H. Jones, United States of America v. Richard L. Jones, United States of America v. Toni Palazzolo, United States of America v. J.W. Philyaw, United States of America v. Michael J. Palazzolo
8th Cir. · 1989 · signal: but see · confidence high
But see United States v. Isaacs, 493 F.2d 1124, 1158 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 417 U.S. 976 , 94 S.Ct. 3184 , 41 L.Ed.2d 1146 (1974) 9 The indictment alleged that Palazzolo possessed the gun in connection with drug trafficking.
cited Cited "but see" United States v. Jones
8th Cir. · 1989 · signal: but see · confidence high
But see United States v. Isaacs, 493 F.2d 1124, 1158 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 417 U.S. 976 , 94 S.Ct. 3184 , 41 L.Ed.2d 1146 (1974). .
examined Cited as authority (quoted) United States v. Hughson (2×)
D. Minnesota · 2007 · quote attribution · 2 verbatim quotes · confidence low
in perjury cases this means that where one offense is committed, all the false declarations pertaining to that offense can be charged in one count without making that count duplicitous.
discussed Cited "see" Commonwealth v. Dowds (2×)
Pa. · 2000 · signal: see · confidence high
See generally Commonwealth v. Platou, 455 Pa. 258, 262 , 312 A.2d 29, 32 (1973)(explaining that an individual cannot consent to waive another's Fourth Amendment privacy rights), cert. denied, 417 U.S. 976 , 94 S.Ct. 3183 , 41 L.Ed.2d 1146 (1974).
examined Cited "see" William Bracy v. Richard B. Gramley, Roger Collins v. George C. Welborn (4×)
7th Cir. · 1996 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Isaacs, 493 F.2d 1124 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 417 U.S. 976 , 94 S.Ct. 3183 , 41 L.Ed.2d 1146 and cert. denied, 417 U.S. 976 , 94 S.Ct. 3184 , 41 L.Ed.2d 1146 (1974).
cited Cited "see" United States v. Watt
D.D.C. · 1995 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Isaacs, 493 F.2d 1124, 1155 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 417 U.S. 976 , 94 S.Ct. 3183 , 41 L.Ed.2d 1146 reh. denied, 418 U.S. 955 , 94 S.Ct. 3234 , 41 L.Ed.2d 1178 (1974).
discussed Cited "see" Public Access Shoreline Hawaii ex rel. Rothstein v. Hawai'i County Planning Commission ex rel. Fujimoto (2×)
Haw. · 1995 · signal: see · confidence high
See McBryde Sugar Co. v. Robinson [McBryde II], 55 Haw. 260 , 289 n. 29, 517 P.2d 26 , 42 n. 29 (1973) cert. denied, 417 U.S. 976 , 94 S.Ct. 3183 , 41 L.Ed.2d 1146 (1974) (Levinson, J„ dissenting) (suggesting the need for comparative analysis of bilingual statutes because the English version is binding under HRS § 1-13 only when there is a "radical or irreconcilable difference” between the two versions); In re Ross, 8 Haw. 478, 480 (1892) (”[t]he effort is always made to have [the two versions] exactly coincide, and the legal presumption is that they do”).
discussed Cited "see" Pub. Access Shoreline v. HAWAII CTY PLANNING COMMISSION (2×)
Haw. · 1995 · signal: see · confidence high
See McBryde Sugar Co. v. Robinson [ McBryde II ], 55 Haw. 260 , 289 n. 29, 517 P.2d 26 , 42 n. 29 (1973) cert. denied, 417 U.S. 976 , 94 S.Ct. 3183 , 41 L.Ed.2d 1146 (1974) (Levinson, J., dissenting) (suggesting the need for comparative analysis of bilingual statutes because the English version is binding under HRS § 1-13 only when there is a "radical or irreconcilable difference" between the two versions); In re Ross, 8 Haw. 478, 480 (1892) ("[t]he effort is always made to have [the two versions] exactly coincide, and the legal presumption is that they do").
discussed Cited "see" United States v. Nguyen
D.N.J. · 1992 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Swift, 809 F.2d 320, 322 (6th Cir.1987) (Rule 8(b) "can, and should, be ‘broadly construed in favor of initial joinder’_”) (quoting United States v. Isaacs, 493 F.2d 1124, 1158 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 417 U.S. 976 , 94 S.Ct. 3184 , 41 L.Ed.2d 1146 (1974)). *504 Indeed, there is a presumption against severance because it is ”assum[ed] that closely related charges are being tried together_” United States v. Velasquez, 772 F.2d 1348, 1355-56 (7th Cir.1985), cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1021 , 106 S.Ct. 1211 , 89 L.Ed.2d 323 (1986); see also United States v. Serubo, 604 …
discussed Cited "see" United States v. Cannistraro
D.N.J. · 1992 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Swift, 809 F.2d 320, 322 (6th Cir.1987) (Rule 8(b) “can, and should, be ‘broadly construed in favor of initial joinder’ ....”) (quoting United States v. Isaacs, 493 F.2d 1124, 1158 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 417 U.S. 976 , 94 S.Ct. 3184 , 41 L.Ed.2d 1146 (1974)).
discussed Cited "see" United States v. Eisenberg
D.N.J. · 1991 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Swift, 809 F.2d 320, 322 (6th Cir.1987) (Rule 8(b) “can, and should, be ‘broadly construed in favor of initial joinder’----”) (quoting United States v. Isaacs, 493 F.2d 1124, 1158 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 417 U.S. 976 , 94 S.Ct. 3184 , 41 L.Ed.2d 1146 (1974)).
discussed Cited "see" United States v. William Dee Robert Lentz Carl Gepp
4th Cir. · 1990 · signal: see · confidence high
See generally United States v. Isaacs, 493 F.2d 1124, 1142-44 (7th Cir.) (“Criminal conduct is not part of the necessary functions performed by public officials”), cert. denied, 417 U.S. 976 , 94 S.Ct. 3184 , 41 L.Ed.2d 1146 (1974). 7 *745 III Defendants next contend that they did not “knowingly” commit the crimes proscribed by RCRA.
cited Cited "see" McKinney v. State of Ill.
N.D. Ill. · 1989 · signal: see · confidence high
See U.S. v. Isaacs, 493 F.2d 1124, 1146-47 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 417 U.S. 976 , 94 S.Ct. 3184 , 41 L.Ed.2d 1146 (1974); U.S. v. Kaye, 593 F.Supp. 193, 198 (N.D.Ill.1984).
discussed Cited "see" Commonwealth v. Kean (2×)
Pa. · 1989 · signal: see · confidence high
See Commonwealth v. Platou, 455 Pa. 258 , 312 A.2d 29 (1973), cert. denied, 417 U.S. 976 , 94 S.Ct. 3183 , 41 L.Ed.2d 1146 (1974), overruled on other grounds, Commonwealth v. Reese, 520 Pa. 29 , 549 A.2d 909 (1988).
cited Cited "see" Riddle by and Through Brewster v. Innskeep
N.D. Ind. · 1987 · signal: see · confidence high
See Nelson v. Heyne, 491 F.2d 352, 355 (7th Cir.1974), cert. denied, 417 U.S. 976 , 94 S.Ct. 3183 , 41 L.Ed.2d 1146 (1974).
cited Cited "see" State v. Wood
Vt. · 1987 · signal: see · confidence high
See Sell, 504 Pa. at 67 , 470 A.2d at 468 (quoting Commonwealth v. Platou, 455 Pa. 258, 266-67 , 312 A.2d 29, 34 (1973), cert. denied, 417 U.S. 976 (1974)).
discussed Cited "see" United States v. Craig C. Wirsing (2×)
6th Cir. · 1983 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Isaacs, 493 F.2d 1124, 1158 (7th Cir.1974), cert. denied. 417 U.S. 976 , 94 S.Ct. 3184 , 41 L.Ed.2d 1146 (1974); Drew v. United States, 331 F.2d 85, 88 (D.C.Cir.1964).
cited Cited "see" United States v. Treadwell
D.D.C. · 1983 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Isaacs, 493 F.2d 1124, 1158 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 417 U.S. 976 , 94 S.Ct. 3184 , 41 L.Ed.2d 1146 (1974). 5 .
discussed Cited "see" United States v. Hastings (2×) also: Cited "see, e.g."
11th Cir. · 1982 · signal: see · confidence high
See discussion in United States v. Isaacs, 493 F.2d 1124, 1144 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 417 U.S. 976 , 94 S.Ct. 3184 , 41 L.Ed.2d 1146 (1974).
discussed Cited "see" In Re United States (2×) also: Cited "see, e.g."
11th Cir. · 1982 · signal: see · confidence high
See discussion in United States v. Isaacs, 493 F.2d 1124, 1144 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 417 U.S. 976 , 94 S.Ct. 3184 , 41 L.Ed.2d 1146 (1974).
cited Cited "see" Richard L. Short v. Samuel P. Garrison Attorney General of North Carolina, Rufus Edmisten
4th Cir. · 1982 · signal: see · confidence high
See Nelson v. Heyne, 491 F.2d 352, 358-60 (7th Cir. 1974), cert. denied, 417 U.S. 976 , 94 S.Ct. 3183 , 41 L.Ed.2d 1146 (1974).
discussed Cited "see" Commonwealth v. Gurney
Mass. App. Ct. · 1982 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Isaacs, 493 F.2d 1124, 1155 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 417 U.S. 976 (1974) (permitting joinder in single count); United States v. De La Torre, 634 F.2d at 794-795 (permitting but not requiring joinder).
discussed Cited "see" United States v. William J. Scott (2×)
7th Cir. · 1982 · signal: see · confidence high
See note 23, supra. Finally, to the extent that the jury could find that Leonard Golan provided Scott with a rent-free apartment in the Outer Drive East building during 1972 for the *1160 purpose of influencing Scott’s official conduct, United States v. Isaacs, 493 F.2d 1124, 1144-45 , cert. denied, 417 U.S. 976 , 94 S.Ct. 3183 , 41 L.Ed.2d 1146 (1974), rendering Golan’s action non-cash income, the value of the rent on that apartment for 1972 becomes a specific item of income that Scott omitted from his Form 1040.
discussed Cited "see" United States v. Oswego Barge Corp.
unknown court · 1981 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Ira S. Bushey & Sons, 363 F.Supp. 110 (D.Vt.) (Oakes, J.), aff'd without opinion, 487 F.2d 1393 (2d Cir. 1973), cert. denied, 417 U.S. 976 , 94 S.Ct. 3182 , 41 L.Ed.2d 1146 (1974). .
discussed Cited "see" Oswego Barge Corporation v. Oswego Barge Corporation
unknown court · 1981 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Ira S. Bushey & Sons, 363 F.Supp. 110 (D.Vt.) (Oakes, J.), aff'd without opinion, 487 F.2d 1393 (2d Cir. 1973), cert. denied, 417 U.S. 976 , 94 S.Ct. 3182 , 41 L.Ed.2d 1146 (1974) 25 The meaning of § 1321(f) as applied to the Government's statutory claim for recovery of full cleanup costs remains to be determined in the Government's pending FWPCA action against Oswego.
cited Cited "see" Manney v. Cabell
9th Cir. · 1981 · signal: see · confidence high
See Nelson v. Heyne, 491 F.2d 352 , 360 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 417 U.S. 976 , 94 S.Ct. 3188 , 41 L.Ed.2d 1146 (1974) (holding that such a right exists).
cited Cited "see" Manney v. Cabell
9th Cir. · 1980 · signal: see · confidence high
See Nelson v. Heyne, 491 F.2d 352 , 360 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 417 U.S. 976 , 94 S.Ct. 3188 , 41 L.Ed.2d 1146 (1974) (holding that such a right exists).
cited Cited "see" New England Legal Foundation v. Costle
D. Conn. · 1979 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Ira S. Bushey & Sons, Inc., 363 F.Supp. 110, 120 (D.Vt.), aff'd, 487 F.2d 1393 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 417 U.S. 976 , 94 S.Ct. 3182 , 41 L.Ed.2d 1146 (1973); Illinois ex rel.
discussed Cited "see" Commonwealth v. Banahasky
Pa. Super. Ct. · 1977 · signal: see · confidence high
See Commonwealth v. Platou, 455 Pa. 258 , 312 A.2d *502 29, cert. denied, 417 U.S. 976 , 94 S.Ct. 3183 , 41 L.Ed.2d 1146 (1974); Commonwealth v. Jackson, 227 Pa.Super. 1, 8 , 323 A.2d 799, 803 (1974).
cited Cited "see" United States v. John McGrath
2d Cir. · 1977 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Isaacs, 493 F.2d 1124, 1159 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 417 U.S. 976 , 94 S.Ct. 3183 , 41 L.Ed.2d 1146 (1974) (Travel Act).
cited Cited "see" State ex rel. D. F.
N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. · 1976 · signal: see · confidence high
See, for example, Nelson v. Heyne, 491 F. 2d 352, 360 (7 Cir.), cert. den. 417 U. S. 976 , 94 S. Ct. 3183 , 41 L.
discussed Cited "see" State in Interest of DF
N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. · 1976 · signal: see · confidence high
See, for example, Nelson v. Heyne, 491 F. 2d 352, 360 (7 Cir.), cert. den. 417 U.S. 976 , 94 S.Ct. 3183 , 41 L.Ed. 2d 1146 (1974), where it was held that the "`right to treatment' includes the right to minimum acceptable standards of care." More important, the trial judge's discussion of this right was inappropriate in the context of this case and we therefore decline comment on his discourse on the subject.
cited Cited "see" United States v. Fred Mandell
7th Cir. · 1976 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Isaacs, 493 F.2d 1124, 1162 (7th Cir. 1974), cert. denied, 417 U.S. 976 , 94 S.Ct. 3184 , 41 L.Ed.2d 1146 .
cited Cited "see" Commonwealth v. Strickland
Pa. · 1974 · signal: see · confidence high
See Commonwealth v. Platou, 455 Pa. 258, 266 , 312 A.2d 29, 34 (1973), cert. denied, 417 U.S. 976 , 94 S. Ct. 3183 (1974).
cited Cited "see" Morales v. Turman
E.D. Tex. · 1974 · signal: see · confidence high
See Nelson v. Heyne, 355 F.Supp. 451, 459-460 (N.D.Ind.1973), aff’d 491 F.2d 352 (7th Cir. 1974), cert. denied, 417 U.S. 976 , 94 S. Ct. 3183 , 41 L.Ed.2d 1146 (1974).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." United States v. Genova
N.D. Ill. · 2001 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., United States v. Isaacs, 493 F.2d 1124, 1151 (7th Cir.) (public officials who received bribes intended to induce special favors and preferential treatment properly convicted of mail fraud where only one of the co-schemers used the mail to execute the scheme), cert, denied, 417 U.S. 976 , 94 S.Ct. 3183 , 41 L.Ed.2d 1146 (1974).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." United States v. Richard G. Haddon
7th Cir. · 1991 · signal: see also · confidence low
“A verdict will withstand a sufficiency of the evidence challenge unless there is no evidence from which the jury could find guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” United States v. Caudill, 915 F.2d 294, 296-97 (7th Cir.1990); United States v. Beverly, 913 F.2d 337, 360 (7th Cir.1990), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 111 S.Ct. 766 , 112 L.Ed.2d 786 (1991); see also United States v. Isaacs, 493 F.2d 1124, 1146 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 417 U.S. 976 , 94 S.Ct. 3183 , 3184, 41 L.Ed.2d 1146 (1974).
cited Cited "see, e.g." Barry L. Bateman v. United States
7th Cir. · 1989 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., United States v. Isaacs, 493 F.2d 1124, 1149-1150 (7th Cir.1974), certiorari denied, 417 U.S. 976 , 94 S.Ct. 3184 , 41 L.Ed.2d 1146 (1974).
cited Cited "see, e.g." United States v. Finley
N.D. Ill. · 1988 · signal: see also · confidence low
See also United States v. Isaacs, 493 F.2d 1124, 1156-58 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 417 U.S. 976 , 94 S.Ct. 3183 , 41 L.Ed.2d 1146 (1974).
cited Cited "see, e.g." United States v. James Oakey
7th Cir. · 1988 · signal: see also · confidence low
See also United States v. Isaacs, 493 F.2d 1124, 1159 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 417 U.S. 976 , 94 S.Ct. 3183 , 41 L.Ed.2d 1146 , reh’g denied, 418 U.S. 955 , 94 S.Ct. 3234 , 41 L.Ed.2d 1178 (1974).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." United States v. Rastelli
E.D.N.Y · 1986 · signal: see also · confidence low
See also Clemente, supra at 1324, where, citing Sweig and United States v. Issacs, 493 F.2d 1124, 1158-61 (7th Cir.), cert, denied, 417 U.S. 976 , 94 S.Ct. 3184 , 41 L.Ed.2d 1146 (1974), Judge Sand concluded that a false declaration charge was properly joined to the substantive and RICO counts “because these substantive counts clearly related to and were the subject of the questions involved in the false declaration charges.” Severance Under Rule 14 Although some of the various defendants making Rule 14 motions have arguments specific to their personal situation, the common contention is t…
discussed Cited "see, e.g." United States v. Yonan
N.D. Ill. · 1985 · signal: see also · confidence low
See also the discussion of Maze in United States v. Isaacs, 493 F.2d 1124, 1151 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 417 U.S. 976 , 94 S.Ct. 3184 , 41 L.Ed.2d 1146 (1974): Maze had received the full benefit of each fraudulent use of the stolen credit card before the transmittal of the invoices by mail to the Louisville bank. 14 .
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Doe v. McFaul
D. Ohio · 1984 · signal: compare · confidence low
Compare Nelson v. Heyne, 491 F.2d 352 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 417 U.S. 976 , 94 S.Ct. 3183 , 41 L.Ed.2d 1146 (1974), and Cox v. Turley, 506 F.2d 1347, 1352-53 (6th Cir.1974) (dicta) (incarceration of juveniles with adults unconstitutional) with Osorio v. Rios, 429 F.Supp. 570 (D.P.R.1976) (three-judge panel) and Cox v. Turley, 506 F.2d at 1357 (Miller, J., concurring) (incarceration permissible under limited circumstances if proper procedures followed).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." In re T.R.
Pa. · 1983 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Platou, 455 Pa. 258 , 312 A.2d 29 (1973), cert. denied, 417 U.S. 976 , 94 S.Ct. 3183 , 41 L.Ed.2d 1146 (1974); Commonwealth v. Ware, 446 Pa. 52 , 284 A.2d 700 (1971), cert. granted, 405 U.S. 987 , 92 S.Ct. 1254 , 31 L.Ed.2d 453 (1972), cert. vacated and denied, 406 U.S. 910 , 92 S.Ct. 1606 , 31 L.Ed.2d 821 . 3 Because Common Pleas based its decision here upon a lesser standard of proof, 4 we vacate its order and direct it to hold a rehearing and thereafter decide the case under the proper standard. 5 As stated, appellee filed a petition to involuntarily terminate app…
discussed Cited "see, e.g." In Re TR
Pa. · 1983 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Platou, 455 Pa. 258 , 312 A.2d 29 (1973), cert. denied, 417 U.S. 976 , 94 S.Ct. 3183 , 41 L.Ed.2d 1146 (1974); Commonwealth v. Ware, 446 Pa. 52 , 284 A.2d 700 *167 (1971), cert. granted, 405 U.S. 987 , 92 S.Ct. 1254 , 31 L.Ed.2d 453 (1972), cert. vacated and denied, 406 U.S. 910 , 92 S.Ct. 1606 , 31 L.Ed.2d 821 . [3] Because Common Pleas based its decision here upon a lesser standard of proof, [4] we vacate its order and direct it to hold a rehearing and thereafter decide the case under the proper standard. [5] As stated, appellee filed a petition to involuntarily te…
discussed Cited "see, e.g." United States v. Gordon W. Curry, Jr. (2×)
5th Cir. · 1982 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., U. S. v. Isaacs, 493 F.2d 1124, 1149-50 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 417 U.S. 976 , 94 S.Ct. 3184 , 41 L.Ed.2d 1146 (1974); United States v. States, 488 F.2d 761, 764 (8th Cir. 1973); U. S. v. Mandel, 415 F.Supp. 997, 1011 (D.Md.1976), aff'd in relevant part, 591 F.2d 1347 (4th Cir. 1979), aff'd in relevant part, 602 F.2d 653 (4th Cir. 1979) (en banc), cert. denied, 445 U.S. 961 , 100 S.Ct. 1647 , 64 L.Ed.2d 236 (1980).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." City of Milwaukee v. Illinois (2×)
SCOTUS · 1981 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e. g., United States v. Ira S. Bushey & Sons, Inc., 346 F. Supp. 145 (Vt. 1972), aff'd, 487 F. 2d 1393 (CA2 1973), cert. denied, 417 U. S. 976 (1974); United States v. Solvents Recovery Serv., 496 F. Supp. 1127 (Conn. 1980). [23] Restatement (Second) of Torts § 821B (Tent.
cited Cited "see, e.g." United States v. Coleman
N.D. Ill. · 1980 · signal: see also · confidence low
See also United States v. Isaacs, 493 F.2d 1124, 1159 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, Kerner v. United States, 417 U.S. 976 , 94 S.Ct. 3184 , 41 L.Ed.2d 1146 (1974). ...
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
Pennsylvania
v.
Platou
No. 73-1425.
Supreme Court of the United States.
Jun 17, 1974.
417 U.S. 976

Sup. Ct. Pa. Certiorari denied, it appearing that judgment below rests upon an adequate state ground.