green
Positive treatment
Quoted verbatim 4×
12.4 score
G Cite
cited 2× by 1 distinct case, last quoted 1984 ·
…the supreme court has never explicitly described the standard for reviewing immigration-law classifications among aliens
⚠ not in text
cited 2× by 1 distinct case, last quoted 1991 ·
…the supreme court has not determined what limitations, if any, the constitution imposes on congress
⚠ not in text
Treatment trajectory · 1983 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1983
2004
2026
Top citers, strongest first. 37 distinct citers.
How cited ↗
cited
Cited "but see"
United States v. Wattenbarger
Cf. United States v. Hayes and United States v. Ross , both supra; but see Spivey v. Zant, 661 F.2d 464 (5th Cir.1981), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1111 , 102 S.Ct. 3495 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1374 (1982).
discussed
Cited as authority (quoted)
United States v. Robert Allen (91-5205) and Billy Webb (91-5206)
states are not free to impose on federal courts requirements more strict than those of federal laws or constitution
examined
Cited as authority (quoted)
Wauchope v. U.S. Department of State
(2×)
the supreme court has not determined what limitations, if any, the constitution imposes on congress
discussed
Cited as authority (quoted)
United States v. Gerald Rowell, A/K/A \Jerry or Jerome
tates are not free to impose on federal courts requirements more strict than those of the federal laws or constitution.
examined
Cited as authority (quoted)
Sirilan v. Castro
(2×)
the supreme court has never explicitly described the standard for reviewing immigration-law classifications among aliens
discussed
Cited "see"
Spivey v. Turpin
(2×)
See Spivey v. Zant, 661 F.2d 464 (5th Cir. Unit B Nov.1981), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1111 , 102 S.Ct. 3495 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1374 (1982).
cited
Cited "see"
Spivey v. Turpin
See Spivey v. Zant, 661 F.2d 464 (5th Cir. Unit B Nov. 1981), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1111 (1982).
discussed
Cited "see"
United States v. Huppe
See United States v. Snyder, 668 F.2d 686, 690 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1111 , 102 S.Ct. *62 3494, 73 L.Ed.2d 1373 (1982); United States v. Santiago, 528 F.2d 1130, 1133-34 (2d Cir.) cert. denied, 425 U.S. 972 , 96 S.Ct. 2169 , 48 L.Ed.2d 795 (1976).
discussed
Cited "see"
United States v. Wolfe
See U.S. v. Combs, 672 F.2d 574, 578 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1111 , 102 S.Ct. 3495 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1374 (1982); see also U.S. v. Allen, 954 F.2d 1160 (6th Cir.1992); U.S. v. Loggins, 777 F.2d 336, 338 (6th Cir.1985).
examined
Cited "see"
United States v. Hernandez-Guerrero
(4×)
See Adams v. Howerton, 673 F.2d 1036, 1042 (9th Cir.), citing Hampton v. Mow Sun Wong, 426 U.S. 88 , 96 S.Ct. 1895 , 48 L.Ed.2d 495 (1976), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1111 , 102 S.Ct. 3494 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1373 (1982).
discussed
Cited "see"
Rutgers Council of AAUP Chapters v. Rutgers
(2×)
See Adams v. Howerton, 673 F.2d 1036 (9th Cir.1982), cert. denied 458 U.S. 1111 , 102 S.Ct. 3494 , 73 L.Ed2d 1373 (1982) (challenge to section of Immigration and Nationality Act defining spouse as excluding homosexual marriage partner); DeSanto v. Barnsley, 328 Pa.Super. 181 , 476 A.2d 952 (1984) (action for divorce between two males where the complainant claimed a valid common law marriage existed); Koppelman v. O’Keeffe, 140 Misc.2d 828 , 585 N.Y.S.2d 871 (Sup.Ct. 1988) (gay life partner of deceased tenant of rent-controlled apartment sought protection in ordinance afforded to a spouse); R…
discussed
Cited "see"
United States of America, Cross-Appellant v. Walter J. Butler, Cross-Appellee
(2×)
See United States v. Snyder, 668 F.2d 686, 690-91 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1111 , 102 S.Ct. 3494 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1373 (1982).
examined
Cited "see"
John Badea v. Harvey Cox
(4×)
See Adams v. Howerton, 673 F.2d 1036 , 1041 & n. 3 (9th Cir.) (the Fourteenth Amendment does not apply to the federal government, but the Fifth Amendment contains an equal protection component), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1111 , 102 S.Ct. 3494 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1373 (1982).
discussed
Cited "see"
Flores v. Meese
(2×)
See Adams v. Howerton, 673 F.2d 1036, 1041 (9th Cir.) (declining to consider whether homosexual couple had fundamental "right to marry" which was infringed by immigration statute, and holding that "[e]ven if it were [a fundamental right], we would not apply a strict scrutiny standard of review to the statute" given Congress's plenary power over immigration), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1111 , 102 S.Ct. 3494 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1373 (1982); see also Anetekhai, 876 F.2d at 1218 (Marriage Fraud Amendments to the Immigration and Nationality Act); Almario, 872 F.2d 147 (same); Ademi v. Moyer, 1989 WL 56904 , 1…
discussed
Cited "see"
Flores ex rel. Galvez-Maldonado v. Meese
(2×)
See Adams v. Howerton, 673 F.2d 1036, 1041 (9th Cir.) (declining to consider whether homosexual couple had fundamental “right to marry” which was infringed by immigration statute, and holding that “[e]ven if it were [a fundamental right], we would not apply a strict scrutiny standard of review to the statute” given Congress’s plenary power over immigration), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1111 , 102 S.Ct. 3494 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1373 (1982); see also Anetekhai, 876 F.2d at 1218 (Marriage Fraud Amendments to the Immigration and Nationality Act); Almario, 872 F.2d 147 (same); Ademi v. Moyer, 1989 WL…
discussed
Cited "see"
Bankr. L. Rep. P 73,158 United States of America v. William Goodstein
(2×)
See United States v. Snyder, 668 F.2d 686, 690-91 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1111 , 102 S.Ct. 3494 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1373 (1982); United States v. Santiago, 528 F.2d 1130 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 425 U.S. 972 , 96 S.Ct. 2169 , 48 L.Ed.2d 795 (1970); cf. United States v. Ford, 632 F.2d 1354 (9th Cir.1980), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 934 , 101 S.Ct. 1399 , 67 L.Ed.2d 369 (1981); United States v. Andreen, 628 F.2d 1236 (9th Cir.1980); United States v. Felice, 481 F.Supp. 79 (N.D.
discussed
Cited "see"
Lowry v. State
(2×)
Accord United States v. Gillespie, 650 F.2d 127 (7th Cir.1981) (per curiam), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1111 , 102 S.Ct. 3495 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1374 (1982) (testimonial evidence obtained in the appellant’s confession on the same day as an unconstitutional search of his home was tainted, whereby the confession resulted directly from the evidence seized during the illegal search, and there was not much time between the appellant’s arrest and his interrogation at the police station, and no intervening events of any significance occurred to purge the taint).
discussed
Cited "see"
Andrews v. Shulsen
See Spivey v. Zant, 661 F.2d 464 , 471 & n. 8 (5th Cir.1981), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1111 , 102 S.Ct. 3495 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1374 (1982); accord Goodwin v. Balkcom, 684 F.2d 794, 800-03 (11th Cir.1982), cert. denied, 460 U.S. 1098 , 103 S.Ct. 1798 , 76 L.Ed.2d 364 (1983).
discussed
Cited "see"
Andrews v. Shulsen
See Spivey v. Zant, 661 F.2d 464 , 471 & n. 8 (5th Cir.1981), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1111 , 102 S.Ct. 3495 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1374 (1982); accord Goodwin v. Balkcom, 684 F.2d 794, 800-03 (11th Cir.1982), cert. denied, 460 U.S. 1098 , 103 S.Ct. 1798 , 76 L.Ed.2d 364 (1983).
cited
Cited "see"
Magwood v. Smith
See Spivey v. Zant, 661 F.2d 464, 476 (5th Cir.Unit B 1981), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1111 , 102 S.Ct. 3495 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1374 (1982).
cited
Cited "see"
Magwood v. Smith
See Spivey v. Zant, 661 F.2d 464, 476 (5th Cir.Unit B 1981), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1111 , 102 S.Ct. 3495 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1374 (1982).
cited
Cited "see"
United States v. Bassford
See United States v. Combs, 672 F.2d 574, 578 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1111 , 102 S.Ct. 3495 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1374 (1982); United States v. Miller, 452 F.2d 731, 733-34 (10th Cir.1971).
cited
Cited "see"
Elmo Patrick Sonnier v. Ross Maggio, Jr., Warden, Louisiana State Penitentiary, Respondents
See Spivey v. Zant, 661 F.2d 464, 471 (5th Cir.1981), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1111 , 102 S.Ct. 3495 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1374 (1982).
discussed
Cited "see"
United States v. Edward Robert Nigro, Jr.
(2×)
See United States v. Combs, 672 F.2d 574, 577 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1111 , 102 S.Ct. 3495 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1374 (1982); United States v. Brown, 635 F.2d 1207, 1210 (6th Cir.1980).
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Lewis v. Harris
(2×)
In fact, several years after Loving , when the Minnesota Supreme Court rejected a constitutional challenge to that State's prohibition against marriage by members of the same sex in a decision that distinguished Loving on the ground that "there is a clear distinction between a marital restriction based merely upon race and one based upon the fundamental difference in sex," Nelson, supra, 191 N.W. 2d at 187 , the Supreme Court dismissed an appeal from that decision "for want of a substantial federal question," 409 U.S. 810 , 93 S.Ct. 37 , 34 L.Ed. 2d 65 ; see also Adams v. Howerton, 673 F. 2d 1…
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Kwon v. Comfort
(2×)
See, e.g., Adams v. Howerton, 673 F.2d 1036, 1041 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1111 , 102 S.Ct. 3494 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1373 (1982); Anetekhai v. INS, 876 F.2d 1218, 1221-22 (5th Cir.1989); Almario v. Attorney General, 872 F.2d 147, 150-51 (6th Cir.1989).
examined
Cited "see, e.g."
Shahar v. Bowers
(4×)
See also Adams v. Howerton, 673 F.2d 1036 (9th Cir.) (whether or not valid under state law, marriage of two males does not confer spousal status under Federal Immigration Act), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1111 , 102 S.Ct. 3494 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1373 (1982).
examined
Cited "see, e.g."
Valerie Isabelle Wauchope Ellen Mary Kinahan v. United States Department of State, Secretary of State, James Baker
(4×)
See also Adams v. Howerton, 673 F.2d 1036, 1041-42 (9th Cir.) (rejecting claim that strict scrutiny should apply to statute according preferential immigration status to heterosexual, but not to homosexual, spouses of United States citizens on grounds that cases including Mandel and Fiallo allow for only a limited judicial review of Congress’ decision to admit or exclude aliens), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1111 , 102 S.Ct. 3494 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1373 (1982).
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
In re the Estate of Cooper
Clearance Off., 895 F2d 563, in which the Court, relying on the Supreme Court’s ruling in Bowers v Hardwick [ 478 US 186 ] that homosexual activity is not a fundamental right, applied the rational basis standard, and rejected an equal protection challenge to a Defense Department policy of conducting expanded investigations into backgrounds of all gay and lesbian applicants for secret and top secret security clearance; see also, Adams v Howerton, 673 F2d 1036, cert denied 458 US 1111 , in which the Court held that a citizen’s "spouse” within the meaning of section 201 [b] of the Immigrati…
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Maynard v. United States District Court for the Central District of California
(2×)
See e.g., Adams v. Howerton, 673 F.2d 1036 , 1041 n. 3 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1111 , 102 S.Ct. 3494 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1373 (1982).
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Ronald Jackson v. Richard L. Dugger, as Secretary, Department of Corrections, State of Florida
The question is whether a sentencing procedure “ ‘create[d] the risk that the death penalty w[ould] be imposed in spite of factors which may call for a less severe penalty.’ ” Sumner v. Shuman, — U.S. -, 107 S.Ct. 2716, 2726 , 97 L.Ed.2d 56 (1987) (quoting Lockett v. Ohio, 438 U.S. 586, 608 , 98 S.Ct. 2954, 2966 , 57 L.Ed.2d 973 (1978) (plurality opinion)); see also Peek v. Kemp, 784 F.2d 1479, 1488 (11th Cir.1986) (en banc) (criticizing jury instruction in Spivey v. Zant, 661 F.2d 464 (5th Cir. Unit B Nov. 1961), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1111 , 102 S.Ct. *1474 3495, 73 L.Ed.2d 1374 (1…
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
United States v. Thomas Caramango
See, e.g., United States v. Combs, 672 F.2d 574 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1111 (1982); United States v. McCall, 592 F.2d 1066 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 441 U.S. 936 (1979); and United States v. Grady, 665 F.2d 831 (8th Cir.1981).
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
United States v. Nakashian
(2×)
See also United States v. Snyder, 668 F.2d 686, 689-90 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1111 , 102 S.Ct. 3494 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1373 (1982); United States v. Gregory, 611 F.Supp. 1033, 1041 (S.D.N.Y.1985).
cited
Cited "see, e.g."
High v. Kemp
See also, Spivey v. Zant, 661 F.2d 464 (5th Cir.1981) (Unit B), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1111 , 102 S.Ct. 3495 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1374 (1982).
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Gary Lynn Vernon v. M.C. Hamby, Warde, William M. Leech, Attorney General, State of Tennessee
Second, although it is thoroughly established that circumstantial evidence need not remove every reasonable hypothesis except guilt, United States v. Stone, 748 F.2d 361, 363 (6th Cir. 1984), 'where the jury is called upon the choose between 'reasonable probabilities' of equal weight, one innocent and the other criminal, a conviction [based wholly on circumstantial evidence] cannot stand.' United States v. Campion, 560 F.2d 751, 754 (6th Cir. 1977); see also United States v. Combs, 672 F.2d 574, 576-77 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1111 (1982). 17 The insufficiency of evidence exists beca…
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Hill v. United States Immigration & Naturalization Service
(2×)
See also Adams v. Howerton, 673 F.2d 1036, 1040 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1111 , 102 S.Ct. 3494 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1373 (1982) (INS interpretation of 8 U.S.C. § 1151 (b) of the Act).
cited
Cited "see, e.g."
Carl Basil Angelo Hill v. United States Immigration and Naturalization Service, Lesbian/gay Freedom Day Committee, Inc. v. United States Immigration and Naturalization Service
See also Adams v. Howerton, 673 F.2d 1036, 1040 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 102 S.Ct. 3494 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1373 (1982) (INS interpretation of 8 U.S.C. § 1151 (b) of the Act).
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
Troy
v.
United States
v.
United States
No. 81-6810.
Supreme Court of the United States.
Jun 28, 1982.
Published
C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.