green
Positive treatment
6.9 score
Treatment trajectory · 1983 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1983
2004
2026
Top citers, strongest first. 27 distinct citers.
How cited ↗
discussed
Cited "but see"
Klassy v. Physicians Plus Insurance
Because the insurers “exist[ed] solely for the purpose of enabling universities to delegate their responsibility to provide retirement benefits for their employees” they were “so closely intertwined with those universities ... that they must be deemed an ‘employer’ for purposes of Title VII.” Id.; but see Peters v. Wayne State University, 691 F.2d 235, 238 (6th Cir.1982) (holding that same two insurance companies could not be held hable under Title VII because an insurance company cannot “become hable under Title VII simply by furnishing its services to a Title VII employer”), …
cited
Cited "see"
Ojo v. Farmers Group, Inc.
See Spirt v. Teachers Ins. and Annuity Ass’n, 691 F.2d 1054, 1065 (2d Cir.1982), vacated on other grounds, 463 U.S. 1223 , 103 S.Ct. 3565 , 3566, 77 L.Ed.2d 1406 (1983).
discussed
Cited "see"
Lopez v. Massachusetts
See Spirt v. Teachers Ins. and Annuity Ass’n, 691 F.2d 1054, 1063 (2d Cir.1982), vacated on other grounds, 463 U.S. 1223 , 103 S.Ct. 3566 , 77 L.Ed.2d 1406 (1983) (adopting a variant on the interference theory on the express assumption that Congress intended to define the term ''employer” well beyond its general common law definition); Sibley Mem'l Hosp. v. Wilson, 488 F.2d 1338, 1340-41 (D.C.Cir.1973) (first articulating the interference theory on the ground that Title VII’s terms should be interpreted very broadly to achieve its non-discriminatory ends). 18 .
discussed
Cited "see"
Gulino v. Board of Education of the City School District of New York
See Spirt v. Teachers Insurance and Annuity Ass’n, 691 F.2d 1054, 1063 (2d Cir.1982) (''[I]t is generally recognized that the term 'employer,' as it is used in Title VII, is sufficiently broad to encompass any party who significantly affects access of any individual to employment opportunities, regardless of whether that party may technically be described as an 'employer' of an aggrieved individual as that term has generally been defined at common law” (citations and internal quotation marks omitted)), vacated and remanded on other grounds, 463 U.S. 1223 , 103 S.Ct. 3565 , 77 L.Ed.2d 1406 …
discussed
Cited "see"
Ellen Gayle Moore v. Liberty National Insurance Co
See Spirt v. Teachers Ins. & Annuity Ass’n, 691 F.2d 1054, 1066 (2d Cir. 1982), vacated, 463 U.S. 1223 (1982), reinstated as modified, 735 F.2d 23 (2d Cir. 1984) (holding that the McCarran-Ferguson Act had no application to civil rights statutes, labor laws, and other areas of “national concern”).
discussed
Cited "see"
Nealey v. University Health Services, Inc.
See Spirt v. Teachers Insurance & Annuity Ass’n, 691 F.2d 1054, 1063 (2nd Cir.1982) (holding that insurance company which existed solely for providing retirement benefits to university employees "are so closely intertwined with those universities ... that they must be deemed an "employer” for purposes of Title VII.”), vacated on other grounds, 463 U.S. 1223 , 103 S.Ct. 3565 , 77 L.Ed.2d 1406 (1983).
discussed
Cited "see"
Kounitz v. Slaatten
See Spirt v. Teachers Ins. & Annuity Ass’n, 691 F.2d 1054 , 1059 n. 4 (2d Cir.1982), vacated and remanded on other grounds, 463 U.S. 1223 , 103 S.Ct. 3565 , 77 L.Ed.2d 1406 (1983); People v. Holiday Inns, 656 F.Supp. 675, 683 (W.D.N.Y.1984).
discussed
Cited "see"
Carparts v. Automotive
See Spirt v. Teachers Ins. & ___ _____ _______________ Annuity Ass'n, 691 F.2d 1054 , 1063 (2d Cir. 1982), vacated and ______________ ___________ rem'd on other grounds, 463 U.S. 1223 (1983), reinstated and ________________________ ______________ modified on other grounds, 735 F.2d 23 (2d Cir. 1984), cert. ___________________________ _____ denied, 469 U.S. 881 (1984) (interpreting the term "employer" ______ under Title VII) ("term 'employer,' . . . is sufficiently broad to encompass any party who significantly affects access of any individual to employment opportunities, regardless of whether …
discussed
Cited "see"
Werner v. Satterlee, Stephens, Burke & Burke
Fed.R.Civ.P. 42(a) provides as follows: When actions involving a common question of law or fact are pending before the court, it may order a joint hearing or trial of any or all of the matters in issue in the actions; it may order all the actions consolidated; and it may make such orders concerning proceedings therein as may tend to avoid unnecessary cost or delay. “[Cjourts have taken the view that considerations of judicial economy favor consolidation.” Johnson v. Celotex Corp., 899 F.2d 1281, 1284-85 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, — U.S. —, 111 S.Ct. 297 , 112 L.Ed.2d 250 (1990); see Bank…
cited
Cited "see"
Robert Wayne Sawyer v. John Whitley, Warden, Louisiana State Penitentiary
See Sawyer v. Louisiana, 463 U.S. 1223 , 103 S.Ct. 3567 , 77 L.Ed.2d 1407 (1983).
discussed
Cited "see"
Harris Trust & Savings Bank v. John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance
See Spirt v. Teachers Ins. & Annuity Ass’n, 691 F.2d 1054, 1065 (2d Cir.1982) (ERISA is “a statute which clearly ‘specifically relates to the business of insurance’ ”), vacated on other grounds and remanded, 463 U.S. 1223 , 103 S.Ct. 3566 , 77 L.Ed.2d 1406 (1983); Hewlett-Packard Co. v. Barnes, 571 F.2d 502, 505 (9th Cir.) (per curiam) (there are “ERISA sections that undeniably ‘specifically relate’ to the business of insur-ance_ If McCarran-Ferguson applies, therefore, ERISA falls within the clause excepting federal laws that ‘specifically relate' to the business of insuranc…
discussed
Cited "see"
Robert Sawyer v. Robert H. Butler, Sr., Warden, Louisiana State Penitentiary, Respondent
(2×)
See Sawyer v. Louisiana, 463 U.S. 1223 , 103 S.Ct. 3567 , 77 L.Ed.2d 1407 (1983).
discussed
Cited "see"
Graham v. New York, Department of Civil Service
See, Spirt v. Teachers Insurance & Annuity Ass’n, 691 F.2d 1054 (2d Cir.1982) {Spirt II), vacated and remanded, 463 U.S. 1223 , 103 S.Ct. 3566 , 77 L.Ed.2d 1406 (1983), decision on remand, 735 F.2d 23 (2d Cir.1984) {Spirt II), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 881 , 105 S.Ct. 247 , 83 L.Ed.2d 185 (1984).
cited
Cited "see"
Willie J. Sinclair v. Louie L. Wainwright and Jim Smith
See Henry v. Wainwright, 686 F.2d 311, 314 (5th Cir. Unit B 1982), vacated, 463 U.S. 1223 , 103 S.Ct. 3566 , 77 L.Ed.2d 1407 (1983). 4 *1522 Here, it is difficult to imagine a more timely objection.
discussed
Cited "see"
Cooper v. Wainwright
See Henry v. Wainwright, 686 F.2d 311, 313 (5th Cir. Unit B 1982), vacated on other grounds, 463 U.S. 1223 , 103 S.Ct. 3566 , 77 L.Ed.2d 1407 (1983). 13 Given the policies underlying Sykes and Carrier, this result is ineluctable.
discussed
Cited "see"
Cooper v. Wainwright
See Henry v. Wainwright, 686 F.2d 311, 313 (5th Cir. Unit B 1982), vacated on other grounds, 463 U.S. 1223 , 103 S.Ct. 3566 , 77 L.Ed.2d 1407 (1983). 13 Given the policies underlying Sykes and Carrier , this result is ineluctable.
discussed
Cited "see"
People of State of NY v. Holiday Inns, Inc.
See Spirt v. Teachers Ins. & Annuity Ass’n, 691 F.2d 1054 , 1059 n. 4 (2d Cir.1982), vacated and remanded on other grounds, 463 U.S. 1223 , 103 S.Ct. 3565 , 77 L.Ed.2d 1406 (1983), modified 735 F.2d 23 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 881 , 105 S.Ct. 247 , 83 L.Ed.2d 185 (1984); Pinkard v. Pullman-Standard, A Div. of Pullman, Inc., 678 F.2d 1211, 1219 (5th Cir.1982), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 1105 , 103 S.Ct. 729 , 74 L.Ed.2d 954 (1983).
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
KADEL v. FOLWELL
See, e.g., Crowder, 569 F. Supp. at 828 (“[D]elegation of [an employer’s] authority [can] result[] in [a third party] having control of an aspect of the terms and conditions of employment.” (distinguishing Spirt v. Teachers Ins. & Annuity Ass’n, 475 F. Supp. 1298 (S.D.N.Y. 1979), aff’d in part and _ rev’d in part, 691 F.2d 1054 (2d Cir. 1982), judg’ □ vacated and remanded, 463 U.S. 1223 (1983))).
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
EEOC v. Group Health Plan
See Weyer, 198 F.3d at 1104 ; see also, Peters v. Wayne State Univ., 691 *1100 F.2d 235, 238 (6th Cir.1982) (insurance company providing services to employer and its employees is not an "employer" for the purposes of Title VII), vacated on other grounds, 463 U.S. 1223 , 103 S.Ct. 3566 , 77 L.Ed.2d 1406 (1983).
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Magnuson v. Peak Technical Services, Inc.
This term has been construed “as comprehending individuals who do not stand in direct employment relationship with an employer.” Sibley Memorial Hospital v. Wilson, 488 F.2d 1338, 1341 (D.C.Cir.1973); see also Spirt v. Teachers Insurance and Annuity Associates, 691 F.2d 1054, 1063 (2d Cir.1982), vacated and remanded on other grounds 463 U.S. 1223 , 103 S.Ct. 3566 , 77 L.Ed.2d 1406 (1983); Amarnare v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc., 611 F.Supp. 344 (S.D.N.Y.1984); Puntolillo v. New Hampshire Racing Commission, 375 F.Supp. 1089 (D.N.H.1974).
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Cynthia Morgan v. Safeway Stores, Inc., and Safeway Arizona Federal Credit Union
(2×)
EEOC v. Colby College, 589 F.2d at 1141 ; see also Spirt v. Teachers Insurance & Annuity Association, 475 F.Supp. 1298 , 1308 n. 16 (S.D.N.Y.1979) (same), aff'd in part, rev’d in part on other grounds, 691 F.2d 1054 (2d Cir.1982), cert. granted and judgment vacated, 463 U.S. 1223 , 103 S.Ct. 3565 , 77 L.Ed.2d 1406 (1983), on remand, judgment reinstated with modification on other ground, 735 F.2d 23 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 881 , 105 S.Ct. 247 , 83 L.Ed.2d 185 (1984).
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Florida v. Long
Compare Peters v. Wayne State University, 691 F. 2d 235 (CA6 1982) (use of sex-based tables does not violate Title VII if actuarial value of pension plans for similarly situated males and females is equal), and EEOC v. Colby College, 589 F. 2d 1139, 1146 (CA1 1978) (Coffin, J., concurring) (Manhart does not necessarily preclude pension system that offers employees equal benefit plans as well as optional “actuarially sound” plans, with unequal benefits, based on sex-based tables), with Spirt v. Teachers Insurance and Annuity Assn., 691 F. 2d 1054 (CA2 1982) (unequal benefits as well as uneq…
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
United States v. Yonkers Board of Education
See, e.g., Spirt v. Teachers’ Ins. & Annuity Ass'n, 93 F.R.D. 627, 637 (S.D.N.Y.), aff'd in part and rev'd in part on other grounds, 691 F.2d 1054 (2d Cir.1982), vacated on other grounds, 463 U.S. 1223 , 103 S.Ct. 3565 , 77 L.Ed.2d 1406 (1983); United States v. Hooker Chems. & Plastics Corp., 540 F.Supp. 1067, 1082-83 (W.D.N.Y.1982); see also Fleming v. Citizens for Albemarle, Inc., 577 F.2d 236, 237-38 (4th Cir.1978), cert. denied, 439 U.S. 1071 , 99 S.Ct. 842 , 59 L.Ed.2d 37 (1979); Liddell v. Caldwell, 546 F.2d 768, 771 (8th Cir.1976). .
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Barger v. State of Kan.
See, e.g., Spirt v. Teachers Insurance & Annuity Association, 691 F.2d 1054, 1063 (2d Cir.1982), vacated on other grounds, 463 U.S. 1223 , 103 S.Ct. 3566 , 77 L.Ed.2d 1406 (1983); York v. Tennessee Crushed Stone Association, 684 F.2d 360, 362 (6th Cir.1982); United States v. City of Yonkers, 592 F.Supp. 570, 590 (S.D.N.Y.1984).
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Mary M. MARES, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. John O. MARSH, Secretary of the Army, Defendant-Appellee
The following cases have adopted the more expansive "economic realities" test for determining employee status under Title VII: E.E.O.C. v. Dowd & Dowd, Ltd., 736 F.2d 1177 (7th Cir.1984) (cf. Unger v. Consolidated Foods Corp., 657 F.2d 909 (7th Cir.1981), vacated on other grounds, 456 U.S. 1002 , 102 S.Ct. 2288 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1297 (1982), on remand, 693 F.2d 703 (7th Cir.1982), cert. denied, 460 U.S. 1102 , 103 S.Ct. 1801 , 76 L.Ed.2d 366 & 46, 4 U.S. 1017 , 104 S.Ct. 549 , 78 L.Ed.2d 723 (1983)); Armbruster v. Quinn, 711 F.2d 1332 (6th Cir.1983); Hyland v. New Haven Radiology Associates, 606 F.…
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Busby v. Louisiana
(2×)
See, e.g., Wainwright v. Henry, 463 U.S. 1223 , 103 S.Ct. 3566 , 77 L.Ed.2d 1407 (1983).
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
Teachers Insurance & Annuity Assn.
v.
Spirt and Long Island University v. Spirt
v.
Spirt and Long Island University v. Spirt
No. 82-791; No. 82-913.
Supreme Court of the United States.
Jul 6, 1983.
Cited by 8 opinions | Published
C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari granted, judgment vacated, and cases remanded for further consideration in light of Arizona Governing Committee for Tax Deferred Annuity and Deferred Compensation Plans v. Norris, ante, p. 1073. Reported below: 691 F. 2d 1054.