Watkins v. Virginia, 475 U.S. 1099 (1986). · Go Syfert
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Watkins v. Virginia, 475 U.S. 1099 (1986). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
“allied chemical”
206 citation events (23 in the last 25 years) across 29 distinct courts.
Strongest positive: Ace Bag & Burlap Co. v. Sea-Land Service, Inc. (njd, 1999-03-15)
Treatment trajectory · 1986 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1986 2006 2026
Top citers, strongest first. 27 distinct citers. How cited ↗
discussed Cited as authority (quoted) Ace Bag & Burlap Co. v. Sea-Land Service, Inc. (2×) also: Cited "see"
D.N.J. · 1999 · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence low
allied chemical
discussed Cited as authority (quoted) Yangming Marine Transport Corp. v. Electri-Flex Co.
N.D. Ill. · 1987 · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence low
wright miller
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Murray v. Giarratano (2×)
SCOTUS · 1989 · confidence medium
E. g., Watkins v. Virginia, 475 U. S. 1099, 1100 (1986) (opinion of STEVENS, J., respecting the denial of petition for certiorari in 229 Va. 469 , 331 S. E. 2d 422 (1985)). [15] The Virginia Supreme Court will consider previously defaulted claims on postconviction review if the petitioner shows that counsel was ineffective in failing to assert a claim or object to an error.
examined Cited "see" Lovitt v. True (4×)
E.D. Va. · 2004 · signal: see · confidence high
See Watkins v. Commonwealth, 229 Va. 469, 478-79 , 331 S.E.2d 422 (1985), cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1099 , 106 S.Ct. 1503 , 89 L.Ed.2d 903 (1986).
examined Cited "see" Perez v. Commonwealth (4×)
Va. Ct. App. · 2003 · signal: see · confidence high
See Watkins v. Commonwealth, 229 Va. 469, 480 , 331 S.E.2d 422, 431 (1985), cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1099 , 106 S.Ct. 1503 , 89 L.Ed.2d 903 (1986).
discussed Cited "see" Harry Stephen Caprio v. Commonwealth of Virginia (2×)
Va. Ct. App. · 2000 · signal: see · confidence high
See Watkins v. Commonwealth, 229 Va. 469, 480 , 331 S.E.2d 422, 431 (1985), cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1099 , 106 S. Ct. 1503 , 89 L.Ed.2d 903 (1986); Brown v. Commonwealth, 28 Va. App. 315, 327 , 504 S.E.2d 399, 405 (1998).
cited Cited "see" Cherrix v. Commonwealth
Va. · 1999 · signal: see · confidence high
See id.
cited Cited "see" Bonin v. Vasquez
C.D. Cal. · 1992 · signal: see · confidence high
See Armant v. Marquez, 772 F.2d 552, 556 (9th Cir.1985), cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1099 , 106 S.Ct. 1502 , 89 L.Ed.2d 902 (1986).
cited Cited "see" Williams v. Commonwealth
Va. Ct. App. · 1992 · signal: see · confidence high
See Watkins v. Commonwealth, 229 Va. 469, 480 , 331 S.E.2d 422, 431-32 (1985), cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1099 (1986).
cited Cited "see" United States v. Malcolm T. Hardy
9th Cir. · 1992 · signal: see · confidence high
See Armant v. Marquez, 772 F.2d 552, 555 (9th Cir.1985), cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1099 (1986)
cited Cited "see" United States v. Robert Seaman Drabeck, Jr.
9th Cir. · 1991 · signal: see · confidence high
See Armant v. Marquez, 772 F.2d 552, 555 (9th Cir.1985), cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1099 (1986) 2 Sentencing Guidelines § 2B1.1 applies to Larceny, Embezzlement, and Other Forms of Theft.
cited Cited "see" Simms v. Commonwealth
Va. Ct. App. · 1990 · signal: see · confidence high
See Watkins v. Commonwealth, 229 Va. 469 , 331 S.E.2d 422 (1985), cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1099 (1986).
cited Cited "see" United States v. Drabeck
9th Cir. · 1990 · signal: see · confidence high
See Armant v. Marquez, 772 F.2d 552, 555 (9th Cir.1985), cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1099 , 106 S.Ct. 1502 , 89 L.Ed.2d 902 (1986). .
discussed Cited "see" Barretto Peat, Inc. v. Luis Ayala Colon Sucrs., Inc.
1st Cir. · 1990 · signal: see · confidence high
See Allied Chemical v. Companhia de Navegacao, 775 F.2d 476 , 481-82 n. 3 (2d *661 Cir.1985), cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1099 , 106 S.Ct. 1502 , 89 L.Ed.2d 903 (1986) (absent valid agreement to contrary, carrier is responsible for releasing cargo only to party presenting original bill of lading; definition of proper delivery should logically include carrier’s duty to ensure cargo released in exchange for bill of lading); Timco Engineering, Inc. v. Rex & Co., Inc., 603 F.Supp. 925, 929 (E.D.Pa.1985) (in suit for misdelivery against stevedore, one year statute of limitations applies because of Him…
cited Cited "see" Wiesner v. Abrams
E.D.N.Y · 1989 · signal: accord · confidence high
Accord Armant v. Marquez, 772 F.2d 552, 555-556 (9th Cir.1985), cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1099 , 106 S.Ct. 1502 , 89 L.Ed.2d 902 (1986).
discussed Cited "see" Bennett v. Commonwealth (2×) also: Cited "see, e.g."
Va. · 1988 · signal: see · confidence high
See Watkins v. Commonwealth, 229 Va. 469, 480 , 331 S.E.2d 422, 431 (1985), cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1099 (1986).
cited Cited "see" Scott v. Commonwealth
Va. Ct. App. · 1988 · signal: see · confidence high
See Watkins v. Commonwealth, 229 Va. 469, 484 , 331 S.E.2d 422, 433 (1985), cert. denied, 275 U.S. 1099 , 106 S.Ct. 1503 , 89 L.Ed.2d 903 (1986).
cited Cited "see" Payne v. Commonwealth
Va. · 1987 · signal: see · confidence high
See Watkins v. Commonwealth, 229 Va. 469, 487 , 331 S.E.2d 422, 435 (1985), cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1099 (1986).
cited Cited "see" Correll v. Commonwealth
Va. · 1987 · signal: see · confidence high
See Watkins v. Commonwealth, 229 Va. 469, 477 , 331 S.E.2d 422, 429-30 (1985), cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1099 (1986).
cited Cited "see, e.g." Graham v. Commonwealth
Va. · 1995 · signal: see also · confidence low
Id. at 573, 273 S.E.2d at 63 ; see also Watkins v. Commonwealth, 229 Va. 469, 485-86 , 331 S.E.2d 422, 434-35 (1985), cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1099 (1986).
cited Cited "see, e.g." Burrows v. Commonwealth
Va. Ct. App. · 1993 · signal: see also · confidence low
Stotler v. Commonwealth, 2 Va. App. 481, 483, 346 S.E.2d 39, 40 (1986); see also Watkins v. Commonwealth, 229 Va. 469, 479, 331 S.E.2d 422, 430 (1985), cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1099 (1986).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Sony Magnetic Products Inc. Of America v. Merivienti O/Y
11th Cir. · 1989 · signal: see also · confidence low
See also Allied Chemical Int'l Corp. v. Companhia de Navegacao Lloyd Brasileiro, 775 F.2d 476, 486 (2d Cir.1985) (ambiguities on bill of lading must be resolved against issuing carrier), cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1099 , 106 S.Ct. 1502 , 89 L.Ed.2d 903 (1986). 18 The facts of this case are even more favorable to the shipper than they were in Vegas.
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Sony Magnetic Products Inc. of America v. Merivienti O/Y
11th Cir. · 1989 · signal: see also · confidence low
See also Allied Chemical Int’l Corp. v. Companhia de Navegacao Lloyd Brasileiro, 775 F.2d 476, 486 (2d Cir.1985) (ambiguities on bill of lading must be resolved against issuing carrier), cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1099 , 106 S.Ct. 1502 , 89 L.Ed.2d 903 (1986).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Stout v. Commonwealth
Va. · 1989 · signal: see also · confidence low
We have held that “[w]hen a [fact finder] makes separate findings of specific statutory aggravating circumstances, any of which could support a sentence of death, and one of the circumstances subsequently is invalidated, the remaining valid circumstance, or circumstances, will support the sentence.” Tuggle v. Commonwealth, 230 Va. 99, 110 , 334 S.E.2d 838, 845 (1985) (citing Zant v. Stephens, 462 U.S. 862 (1983)), cert. denied, 478 U.S. 1010 (1986); see also Watkins v. Commonwealth, 229 Va. 469, 489 , 331 S.E.2d 422, 437 (1985), cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1099 (1986); Poyner v. Commonwealth, 2…
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Martin v. Dugger
S.D. Fla. · 1988 · signal: see also · confidence low
See also Straight v. Wainwright, 772 F.2d 674, 678-79 (11th Cir. 1985), cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1099 , 106 S.Ct. 1502 -03, 89 L.Ed.2d 903 (1986); Raulerson v. Wainwright, 732 F.2d 803 , 807 n. 3 (11th Cir.1984); Palmes v. Wainwright, 725 F.2d 1511, 1523 (11th Cir.) cert. denied, 469 U.S. 873 , 105 S.Ct. 227 , 83 L.Ed.2d 156 (1984); Dobbert v. Strickland, 718 F.2d 1518, 1523-24 (11th Cir.) cert. denied, 468 U.S. 1220 , 104 S.Ct. 3591 , 82 L.Ed.2d 887 (1984); Shriner v. Wainwright, 715 F.2d 1452, 1457 (11th Cir.1983).
cited Cited "see, e.g." Walker v. Commonwealth
Va. Ct. App. · 1987 · signal: see also · confidence low
Stotler v. Commonwealth, 2 Va. App. 481, 483, 346 S.E.2d 39, 40 (1986); see also Watkins v. Commonwealth, 229 Va. 469, 479, 331 S.E.2d 422, 430 (1985), cert. denied, 106 S. Ct. 1503 (1986).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Gray v. Commonwealth
Va. · 1987 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., Watkins v. Commonwealth, 229 Va. 469, 490 , 331 S.E.2d 422 , *321 437-38 (1985), cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1099 (1986); Stockton, 227 Va. at 134-35 , 314 S.E.2d at 378 ; Bunch v. Commonwealth, 225 Va. 423, 441 , 304 S.E.2d 271, 281 , cert. denied, 464 U.S. 977 (1983); Smith, 219 Va. at 476-78 , 248 S.E.2d at 148-49 .
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
Johnny Watkins, Jr.
v.
Virginia
85-6324.
Supreme Court of the United States.
Mar 31, 1986.
475 U.S. 1099
Brennan, Marshall, Stevens.
Cited by 36 opinions  |  Published
2 passages pin-cited by 2 cases
Pinpoint authority: bottom 88%
Citer courts: N.D. Illinois (1) · D. New Jersey (1)
Reporter's Syllabus — editorial summary, not part of the Court's opinion

On petition for writ of certiorari to the Supreme Court of Virginia.

The petition for a writ of certiorari is denied.

Opinion of Justice STEVENS respecting the denial of the petition for certiorari.

As Justice MARSHALL explains in his dissenting opinion, the violation of petitioner's Fifth Amendment right to counsel requires that the sentence of death for the shooting of Betty Jean Barker be set aside. However, in view of the fact that, as petitioner has presented the issue, this error would not appear to have affected the validity of the conviction or the death sentence for the murder of Carl Douglas Buchanan, I agree with the Court's decision to deny certiorari and allow the error to be corrected in collateral proceedings.

Justice MARSHALL, with whom Justice BRENNAN joins, dissenting.

Lead Opinion

Sup. Ct. Va. Certio-rari denied.

Dissent

[*1100] Justice Stevens

Opinion of respecting the denial of the petition for certiorari.

As Justice Marshall explains in his dissenting opinion, the violation of petitioner’s Fifth Amendment right to counsel requires that the sentence of death for the shooting of Betty Jean Barker be set aside. However, in view of the fact that, as petitioner has presented the issue, this error would not appear to have affected the validity of the conviction or the death sentence for the murder of Carl Douglas Buchanan, I agree with the Court’s decision to deny certiorari and allow the error to be corrected in collateral proceedings.

Dissent

Justice Marshall, with whom Justice Brennan joins,

dissenting.

In the landmark case of Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U. S. 436 (1966), this Court held that before police institute custodial interrogation of an individual, they must inform him of his right to consult with counsel. Miranda further required that the police respect the individual’s decision to exercise that right. We stated, in clear and mandatory language:

“If the individual states that he wants an attorney, the interrogation must cease until an attorney is present. At that time, the individual must have an opportunity to confer with the attorney and to have him present during any subsequent questioning. If the individual cannot obtain an attorney and he indicates that he wants one before speaking to police, they must respect his decision to remain silent.” Id., at 474.

We reaffirmed that rule in Fare v. Michael C., 442 U. S. 707, 719 (1979) (“[T]he Court fashioned in Miranda the rigid rule that an accused’s request for an attorney is per se an invocation of his Fifth Amendment rights, requiring that all interrogation cease”); see also Rhode Island v. Innis, 446 U. S. 291, 298 (1980); Michigan v. Mosley, 423 U. S. 96, 104, n. 10 (1975); id., at 109-111 (White, J., concurring in result). We refined the rule in Edwards v. Arizona, 451 U. S. 477, 485 (1981), explaining that the right to counsel, once asserted, cannot be waived “unless the accused himself initiates further communication, exchanges, or conversations with the police.” We emphasized: “[I]t is inconsistent with Miranda and its progeny for the authorities, at their instance, to reinterrogate an accused in custody if he has clearly asserted his right to counsel.” Ibid.

[*1101] In this case, the Court acquiesces in a blatant denial of that Fifth Amendment right by the police and the courts of the State of Virginia. Unwilling to ignore that violation, I dissent from the denial of certiorari.

I

Petitioner Johnny Watkins, Jr. was charged with the murder of Betty Jean Barker. The State announced its intention to introduce at the penalty phase of that trial a statement made by Watkins in connection with an unrelated murder. During the pretrial suppression hearing, the following facts emerged.

Watkins was arrested in the evening of November 22, 1983, as a suspect in the murder of Carl Douglas Buchanan. He was questioned about 11 p.m. and signed a waiver-of-rights form, but then told the interrogating officer that he wanted to see a lawyer. Interrogation ceased temporarily.

About two hours later, Watkins was informed that he was being charged with the murder of Buchanan. He asked why he was being charged, and was given a second waiver-of-rights form to execute. The police then told Watkins that his brother Darnell had implicated him in the murder, played for him a portion of Darnell’s recorded statement, and took him to see Darnell. Watkins refused to talk to police about the shooting.

The police did not supply Watkins with a lawyer. They instead transferred him to the county jail, held him there until November 28, and then reinterrogated him. Testimony was conflicting as to what happened at the November 28 meeting. The parties agreed that a police officer went to the jail to interrogate Watkins, and had him sign a waiver-of-rights form. Watkins testified that he again asked for a lawyer but that the officer ignored his request, and that the officer “nagg[ed]” him until he admitted to the shooting of Buchanan. The officer testified that Watkins never stated on November 28 that he wanted to stop the questioning or consult with a lawyer, and that he gave his statement without apparent hesitation. The Barker trial court apparently credited the officer’s testimony. There was no dispute, however, that Watkins had requested a lawyer five days earlier, had not received one, had not himself reinitiated questioning, and had been questioned again nonetheless.

Watkins’ statement implicating himself in the Buchanan killing, along with extensive other evidence of that crime, was admitted over objection in the penalty phase of Watkins’ trial for the shoot[*1102] ing of Barker. The jury sentenced Watkins to death. Some months later, Watkins was convicted of the murder of Buchanan, and was given a second death sentence.

The facts of this case constitute a plain violation of petitioner’s Fifth Amendment right to counsel. Our law sets out a bright-line rule that all questioning must cease after an accused requests counsel, so that repeated police questioning does not “wear down the accused and persuade him to incriminate himself notwithstanding his earlier request for counsel’s assistance.” Smith v. Illinois, 469 U. S. 91, 98 (1984) (per curiam). The accused may not be found to have waived that right, once he asserts it, unless he himself reinitiates questioning. Ibid.

In this case, Watkins made an undisputed and unequivocal request for counsel on November 22, and refused to talk to the authorities in counsel’s absence. The response of the police was to hold Watkins without a lawyer for five days and then to interrogate him again. Even if the trial court credited the police officer with respect to the events of November 28, that interrogation was impermissible under Miranda and its progeny, and any statement so elicited should not have been admitted in the penalty phase of a capital proceeding. See Estelle v. Smith, 451 U. S. 454, 462-463 (1981); see also Del Vecchio v. Illinois, 474 U. S. 883 (1985) (Marshall, J., dissenting from denial of certiorari).

II

Respondent State of Virginia contends that petitioner did not adequately present his Fifth Amendment claim to the Supreme Court of Virginia. It focuses on the fact that Watkins did not include the magic words “Edwards v. Arizona” in his brief to that court. This contention has no merit. Edwards merely set out an elaboration of the basic rule of Miranda, and Watkins cited expressly to Miranda below. He argued to the trial court that the statement had been taken in violation of his Fifth Amendment right to counsel. He argued to the appellate court that his statement had been taken in violation of his Fifth Amendment rights and was involuntary, focusing on his claim that police had ignored an express request for counsel on November 28. While Watkins did not present his argument below as proficiently as he now does in his petition for certiorari, he unmistakably raised below and reasserts here a claim that the November 28 statement was taken in violation of his Fifth Amendment right to counsel. The denial of[*1103] his November 22 request for counsel is part and parcel of that claim. See Eddings v. Oklahoma, 455 U. S. 104, 113-114, n. 9 (1982).

Ill

The Court today allows Watkins’ death sentence to stand notwithstanding the illegality of the evidence introduced before the jury in its sentencing deliberations. The denial of his petition adds to a long line of cases in which the Court has declined to review capital sentences marred by the sort' of violation described here. E. g., Henderson v. Florida, 473 U. S. 916 (1985) (Marshall, J., dissenting from denial of certiorari); James v. Arizona, 469 U. S. 990 (1984) (Brennan, J., dissenting from denial of certiorari); Johnson v. Virginia, 454 U. S. 920 (1981) (Marshall, J., dissenting from denial of certiorari). I dissent.