Plumley v. Landmark Chevrolet, Inc, 122 F.3d 308 (5th Cir. 1997). · Go Syfert
Plumley v. Landmark Chevrolet, Inc, 122 F.3d 308 (5th Cir. 1997). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
94 citation events (79 in the last 25 years) across 23 distinct courts.
Strongest positive: LIGHT v. LIVERMORE, TOWN OF (med, 2022-09-02)
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Top citers, strongest first. 49 distinct citers. How cited ↗
discussed Cited as authority (verbatim quote) LIGHT v. LIVERMORE, TOWN OF
D. Me. · 2022 · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence high
to obtain declaratory relief the plaintiff must show that an actual case or controversy . . . exists
discussed Cited as authority (verbatim quote) Manyweather v. Woodlawn Manor Inc
W.D. La. · 2021 · signal: see also · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence high
damages are not available for a title iii ada claim brought by a private party, but a private party may seek injunctive relief.
discussed Cited as authority (verbatim quote) Eaton v. Woodlawn Manor Inc
W.D. La. · 2021 · signal: see also · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence high
damages are not available for a title iii ada claim brought by a private party, but a private party may seek injunctive relief.
discussed Cited as authority (verbatim quote) Cornelius-Millan v. Caribbean University, Inc.
D.P.R. · 2016 · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence high
when hamilton called plumley a 'faggot', hamilton imputed the crime of sodomy to plumley, therefore, the alleged remark is slander per se ....
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Suarez v. Feldman's Real Estate, Inc.
S.D. Tex. · 2025 · confidence medium
Pursuant to Title III of the ADA, a plaintiff’s claims are limited to “injunctive relief, and a restraining or similar order.” Plumley v. Landmark Chevrolet, Inc., 122 F.3d 308, 312 (5th Cir. 1997) (citing 42 U.S.C. § 12188 ). i. Suarez fails to demonstrate an injury in fact under the “deterrent effect theory.” To demonstrate an injury in fact under the “deterrent effect theory”, the plaintiff must suffer "an invasion of a legally protected interest which is (a) concrete and particularized and (b) actual or imminent, not conjectural or hypothetical.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Saurman v. Peter's Landing Property Owner, LLC
Cal. Ct. App. · 2024 · confidence medium
(See, e.g., Plumley v. Landmark Chevrolet, Inc. (5th Cir. 1997) 122 F.3d 308, 310 [plaintiff’s Title III claim under the ADA filed in federal district court did not survive plaintiff’s death]; Wojewski v. Rapid City Regional Hospital, Inc. (8th Cir. 2006) 450 F.3d 338, 342 [an ADA claim for injunctive relief under Title III was moot when the plaintiff passed away while the appeal was pending].) Owner also argues that the theory supporting standing (this is a procedural issue of state law rather than case-or-controversy issue under federal law) was raised by amicus for the first time on app…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Darlene Lancaster v. Secretary of the Navy
4th Cir. · 2024 · confidence medium
Co. of Am., 279 F.3d 244 , 249 (3d Cir. 2002) (“[Plaintiff’s] claim for declaratory relief is also moot because Mr. Harrow cannot benefit from a declaration of Prudential’s obligations under the plan.”); Plumley v. Landmark Chevrolet, Inc., 122 F.3d 308, 312 (5th Cir. 1997) (concluding that claims for injunctive and declaratory relief became moot after the plaintiff’s death); Hall v. UNUM Life Ins.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Hodges v. Grand Rapids, City of
W.D. Mich. · 2024 · confidence medium
Ohio Feb. 28, 2007) (citing cases with similar circumstances); see also Goodwin v. C.N.J., Inc., 436 F.3d 44, 49 (1st Cir. 2006) (denying injunctive relief because the plaintiff’s death “eliminated any reasonable anticipation that the aggrieved party will, in the future, be faced with a recurrence of the alleged harm”); Plumley v. Landmark Chevrolet, Inc., 122 F.3d 308, 312 (5th Cir. 1997) (denying declaratory relief because the plaintiff had died).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Hernandez v. West Texas Treasures Estate Sales, LLC
W.D. Tex. · 2024 · confidence medium
A. Article III Standing and Title III of the ADA To establish Article III standing, plaintiffs must show, (1) they have suffered an injury in fact—an invasion of a legally protected interest which is both concrete and particularized, (2) which is fairly traceable to the challenged action of the defendant, and (3) likely to be redressed by a favorable decision.18 If the party seeking federal redress fails to establish these elements, then an Article III court is without jurisdiction to hear the matter.19 Under Title III of the ADA a plaintiff is limited to “injunctive relief, and a restrain…
cited Cited as authority (rule) Spann v. Chase Bank
E.D. La. · 2022 · confidence medium
In order to establish standing for injunctive relief, “a plaintiff must face a threat of present or future harm.” Plumley v. Landmark Chevrolet, Inc., 122 F.3d 308, 312 (5th Cir. 1997).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Coughlin, Inc.
D. Vt. · 2022 · confidence medium
Mar. 30, 2021) (citing Plumley v. Landmark Chevrolet, Inc., 122 F.3d 308, 312 (5th Cir. 1997)) (concluding that ADA claims “become moot when the plaintiff dies because the only relief available is injunctive relief, and injunctive relief cannot benefit a deceased plaintiff”); see also Gershanow v. Cty.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Sawyer v. Charles
E.D. La. · 2022 · confidence medium
Plumley v. Landmark Chevrolet, Inc., 122 F.3d 308, 312 (5th Cir. 1997).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Wilson v. Ly Investments, L.L.C.
S.D. Miss. · 2022 · confidence medium
Hosp. at Renaissance, Ltd., 624 F. App’x 180, 183 (5th Cir. 2015) (per curiam) (citing 42 U.S.C. § 12188 (a); Plumley v. Landmark Chevrolet, Inc., 122 F.3d 308, 312 (5th Cir. 1997)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) HHH Farms, L.L.C., Hartwell Farms, LLC, and Waymon Scott Hartwell v. Fannin Bank (2×) also: Cited "see"
Tex. App. · 2021 · confidence medium
Plumley v. Landmark Chevrolet, Inc., 122 F.3d 308, 312 (5th Cir. 1997) (citing Kenneth H.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Hernandez v. El Pasoans Fighting Hunger
W.D. Tex. · 2021 · confidence medium
Plumley v. Landmark Chevrolet, Inc., 122 F.3d 308, 312 (Sth Cir. 1997).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Grant v. Gusman
E.D. La. · 2021 · confidence medium
Doc. 46. 169 Damian v. Park, 137 F. App’x 619, 620 (5th Cir. 2005) (citing City of Los Angeles v. Lyons, 461 U.S. 95 , 101–02 (1983)). 170 Machete Prods., L.L.C. v. Page, 809 F.3d 281, 288 (5th Cir. 2015). 171 122 F.3d 308, 312 (5th Cir. 1997) (citing City of Los Angeles, 461 U.S. at 111 ). 172 Id. 173 Rec.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Grant v. Gusman
E.D. La. · 2021 · confidence medium
Doc. 48 at 24. 131 Damian v. Park, 137 F. App'x 619, 620 (5th Cir. 2005) (citing City of Los Angeles v. Lyons, 461 U.S. 95 , 101–02 (1983)). 132 122 F.3d 308, 312 (5th Cir. 1997) (citing City of Los Angeles, 461 U.S. at 111 ). 133 Id. 134 Rec.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Nachshen v. 53-55 West 21ST Owner LLC
S.D.N.Y. · 2021 · confidence medium
Landmark Chevrolet, Inc., 122 F.3d 308, 312 (5th Cir. 1997).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Strojnik v. Dunhill 1530 Main GP Inc
N.D. Tex. · 2021 · confidence medium
A plaintiff who sues under the ADA is limited to seeking “injunctive relief, and a restraining or other similar order.” Deutsch v. Annis Enters., Inc., 882 F.3d 169, 173 (5th Cir. 2018) (quoting Plumley v. Landmark Chevrolet, Inc., 122 F.3d 308, 312 (5th Cir. 1997)); see 42 U.S.C. § 12188 (a).
cited Cited as authority (rule) McNeal v. Louisiana Department of Public Safety and Corrections
M.D. La. · 2021 · confidence medium
Plumley v. Landmark Chevrolet, 122 F.3d 308, 312 (5th Cir. 1997).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Uptown Grill, LLC v. Shwartz
E.D. La. · 2021 · confidence medium
Khodr contends that his use of trade dress at locations other than Chartres is irrelevant to the matter at hand given the Fifth Circuit’s most 123 Plumley v. Landmark Chevrolet, Inc. 122 F.3d 308, 312 (5th Cir. 1997). 124 See generally, Envt’l.
cited Cited as authority (rule) McNeal v. Louisiana Department of Public Safety & Corrections
M.D. La. · 2020 · confidence medium
Plumley v. Landmark Chevrolet, 122 F.3d 308, 312 (5th Cir. 1997).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Strojnik v. Hamilton Properties Corporation Inc
N.D. Tex. · 2020 · confidence medium
A plaintiff who sues under thDee AuDtsAch i sv l.i mAnitneids tEon tseeresk., iInngc .“injunctive relief, and a restraining or othePrl usmimleilya rv . oLradnedrm.” a rk Chevrolet, Inc. , 882 F.3d 169, 173 (5th s Ceier. 2018) (quoting , 122 F.3d 308, 312 (5th Cir. 1997)); 42 U.S.C. § 12188 (a).
cited Cited as authority (rule) D.B. v. CorrectHealth East Baton Rouge, LLC
M.D. La. · 2020 · confidence medium
In other words, a plaintiff must face a threat of present or future harm.” Plumley v. Landmark Chevrolet, Inc., 122 F.3d 308, 312 (5th Cir. 1997) (internal citations omitted).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Strojnik v. Dunhill 1530 Main GP Inc
N.D. Tex. · 2020 · confidence medium
A plaintiff who sues under the ADA is limited to seeking “injunctive relief, and a restraining or other similar order.” Deutsch v. Annis Enters., Inc., 882 F.3d 169, 173 (5th Cir. 2018) (quoting Plumley v. Landmark Chevrolet, Inc., 122 F.3d 308, 312 (5th Cir. 1997)); see 42 U.S.C. § 12188 (a).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Mosley v. Midas Worthington, LLC (2×) also: Cited "see, e.g."
M.D. La. · 2020 · confidence medium
In other words, a plaintiff must face a threat of present or future harm.” Plumley v. Landmark Chevrolet, Inc., 122 F.3d 308, 312 (5th Cir. 1997) (internal citations omitted).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Crawford v. Hinds County Board of Supervisors
S.D. Miss. · 2019 · confidence medium
“To obtain standing for injunctive relief, a plaintiff must show that there is reason to believe that he would directly benefit from the equitable relief sought.” Plumley v. Landmark Chevrolet, Inc., 122 F.3d 308, 312 (5th Cir. 1997) (citing Hoepfl v. Barlow, 906 F. Supp. 317, 321 (E.D.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Juan Alvarez Gottwald and Axiom, S.A. De C v. v. Rosa Delgado Dominguez De Cano, Lucio Mario Cano Barraza, Mario Sergio Delgado Dominguez, Blanca Delgado De Urquidi, and Patricia Alvarez Ozuna (2×) also: Cited "see"
Tex. App. · 2019 · confidence medium
In Plumley v. Landmark Chevrolet, Inc., 122 F.3d 308, 311 (5th Cir. 1997), the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals decided that an intentional infliction of emotional distress claim does not constitute a “cause of action for personal injury” for the purpose of the Texas Survival Statute because that tort does not “injure health, reputation, or body.” In its decision, the Fifth Circuit relied on Boyles v. Kerr, 855 S.W.2d 593, 598 (Tex. 1993), which stated that there is no requirement that emotional distress manifest itself physically to be compensable in an intentional infliction of emotion…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Juan Alvarez Gottwald and Axiom, S.A. De C v. v. Rosa Delgado Dominguez De Cano, Lucio Mario Cano Barraza, Mario Sergio Delgado Dominguez, Blanca Delgado De Urquidi, and Patricia Alvarez Ozuna (2×) also: Cited "see"
Tex. App. · 2018 · confidence medium
In Plumley v. Landmark Chevrolet, Inc., 122 F.3d 308, 311 (5th Cir. 1997), the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals decided that an intentional 2 The elements of a cause of action for abuse of process are: (1) that the defendant made an illegal, improper, perverted use of the process; (2) that the defendant had an ulterior motive or purpose in exercising such illegal, perverted, or improper use of process; and (3) that damage resulted to the plaintiff from the irregularity.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Jon Deutsch v. Annis Enterprises, Inc.
5th Cir. · 2018 · confidence medium
Because Deutsch sues under the ADA, he is limited to seeking “injunctive relief, and a restraining or other similar order.” Plumley v. Landmark Chevrolet, Inc., 122 F.3d 308, 312 (5th Cir. 1997) (citing 42 U.S.C. § 12188 ).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Jon Deutsch v. Travis County Shoe Hospital
5th Cir. · 2018 · confidence medium
Title III of the ADA limits a plaintiff “to injunctive relief, and a restraining or other similar order.” Plumley v. Landmark Chevrolet, Inc., 122 F.3d 308, 312 (5th Cir. 1997) (citing 42 U.S.C. § 12188 ).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Perez v. Doctors Hospital at Renaissance, Ltd.
5th Cir. · 2015 · confidence medium
See id. § 12188(a); Plumley v. Landmark Chevrolet, Inc., 122 F.3d 308, 312 (5th Cir.1997).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Gilkerson v. Chasewood Bank (2×)
S.D. Tex. · 2014 · confidence medium
In Plumley v. Landmark Chevrolet, Inc., 122 F.3d 308, 312 (5th Cir.1997), the Fifth Circuit opined, “To obtain standing for injunctive relief, a plaintiff must show that there is a reason to believe that he would directly benefit from the equitable relief sought.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Nordwall v. PHC-LAS Cruces, Inc.
D.N.M. · 2013 · signal: cf. · confidence medium
Cf. Plumley v. Landmark Chevrolet, Inc., 122 F.3d 308, 312 (5th Cir.1997) (holding that a deceased claimant’s causes of action under the ADA for both injunctive and declaratory relief “d[id] not survive" the claimant's death, as the personal representative could not meet the standing "threshold,” because "[i]t is unlikely that Landmark will wrong Plumley again”).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Robinson v. RADIO ONE, INC.
N.D. Tex. · 2010 · confidence medium
Plumley v. Landmark Chevrolet, Inc., 122 F.3d 308, 311 (5th Cir.1997).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Stern v. Cosby
S.D.N.Y. · 2009 · confidence medium
Thus, to the extent that courts previously relied on the criminality of homosexual conduct in holding that a statement imputing homosexuality subjects a person to contempt and ridicule, see Plumley v. Landmark Chevrolet, 122 F.3d 308, 310-11 (5th Cir.1997) (holding that calling person “faggot” was slander per se because doing so “impute[s] the crime of sodomy”), Lawrence has foreclosed such reliance.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Caffey v. Heller First Financial Capital Corp.
5th Cir. · 2008 · confidence medium
Plumley v. Landmark Chevrolet, Inc., 122 F.3d 308, 311-12 (5th Cir.1997).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Klouda v. Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary
N.D. Tex. · 2008 · confidence medium
For an oral statement to be actionable, it “must be communicated to a third party in such a way that the third party understands the words in a defamatory sense.” Plumley v. Landmark Chevrolet, Inc., 122 F.3d 308, 311 (5th Cir.1997). 4.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Goodwin Ex Rel. Estate of Lunnin v. C.N.J., Inc.
1st Cir. · 2006 · confidence medium
Co., 279 F.3d 244, 249 (3d Cir.2002); Plumley v. Landmark Chev., Inc., 122 F.3d 308, 312 (5th Cir.1997).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Cortez Ex Rel. Estate of Puentes v. HCCI-San Antonio Inc. (2×)
Tex. App. · 2004 · confidence medium
However, several federal courts, interpreting the Texas statute, have held that such a claim does not fall within the statute “because that tort does not injure health, reputation, or body.” Plumley v. Landmark Chevrolet, Inc., 122 F.3d 308, 311 (5th Cir.1997); see also Estate of Martineau v. ARCO Chem.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Lawrence v. Texas (2×)
SCOTUS · 2003 · confidence medium
In Texas, calling a person a homosexual is slander per se because the word “ho mosexual” “impute[s] the commission of a crime.” Plumley v. Landmark Chevrolet, Inc., 122 F. 3d 308, 310 (CA5 1997) (applying Texas law); see also Head v. Newton, 596 S. W. 2d 209, 210 (Tex. App. 1980).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Lorenzo Font v. Funeraria San Francisco (2×) also: Cited "see"
D.P.R. · 2003 · confidence medium
Plumley v. Landmark Chevrolet, Inc., 122 F.3d 308, 312 (5th Cir. 1997) (dismissing the Title III claim since the plaintiff, having died, did not face a present or future harm and would not benefit from equitable relief); see also Hoepfl, 906 F.Supp. at 321 .
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Blake v. Southcoast Health System, Inc.
D. Mass. · 2001 · confidence medium
E.g., Jairath v. Dyer, 154 F.3d 1280 , 1283 n. 8 (11th Cir.1998) (holding that plaintiff had no standing because he had no intention of seeking further medical advice or treatment from defendant); Plumley v. Landmark Chevrolet, Inc., 122 F.3d 308, 312 (5th Cir.1997) (holding that ADA claim under Title III did not survive plaintiffs death). 11 The Estate attempts to distinguish these cases and Lyons on the ground that they did not involve a plaintiff who died as a result of the ADA violation.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Estate of Martineau v. Arco Chemical Co.
5th Cir. · 2000 · confidence medium
Plumley v. Landmark Chevrolet, Inc., 122 F.3d 308, 311 (5th Cir.1997). 5.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Allison v. City of Fort Worth, Texas
N.D. Tex. · 1999 · confidence medium
See City of Los Angeles v. Lyons, 461 U.S. 95, 102 , 103 S.Ct. 1660 , 75 L.Ed.2d 675 (1983); Plumley v. Landmark Chevrolet, Inc., 122 F.3d 308, 312 (5th Cir.1997).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Jolly v. Pappas Rest Inc
5th Cir. · 1999 · confidence medium
In the Fifth Circuit, “a plaintiff seeking injunctive relief based on an alleged past wrong must show that there is a real or immediate threat that he will be wronged again.” Plumley v. Landmark Chevrolet, Inc., 122 F.3d 308, 312 (5th Cir. 1997); Armstrong v. Turner Industries, Inc., 141 F.3d 554, 563-64 (5th Cir. 1998).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Campbell v. American Psychological Ass'n
W.D. Tex. · 1999 · confidence medium
Furthermore, “[b]e-cause all words are not actionable, a plaintiff must prove either special damages (slander per quod) or that the words impute the commission of a crime, injure the plaintiff officially, professionally, or occupationally, or impute unchastity to a woman (slander per se).” Plumley v. Landmark Chevrolet, Inc., 122 F.3d 308, 310 (5th Cir.1997) (citations omitted).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Jeff Armstrong v. Turner Industries, Inc.
5th Cir. · 1998 · confidence medium
As stated in Worth v. Seldin, 422 U.S. 490, 498 , 95 S.Ct. 2197, 2205 , 45 L.Ed.2d 343 (1975), the federal "judicial power exists only to redress or otherwise to protect against injury to the complaining party.” We recently reemphasized the "case or controversy” requirement that is at the root of the standing doctrine in Plumley v. Landmark Chevrolet, Inc., 122 F.3d 308, 312 (5th Cir.1997), where we stated that to maintain suit, including one for declaratory or injunctive relief, a plaintiff "must show that an actual case or controversy under the ADA exists." 23 .
discussed Cited "see" Smith v. Poole
N.D. Miss. · 2022 · signal: see · confidence high
“Article III’s ‘case or controversy’ requirement permits federal courts to adjudicate only live disputes—a party must retain a legally cognizable interest in the outcome of an issue, or its resolution is moot.” Hinkley v. Envoy Air, Inc., 968 F.3d 544, 548 (5th 2020) (internal quotation marks omitted); see Plumley v. Landmark Chevrolet, Inc., 122 F.3d 308, 312 (5th Cir. 1997) (to obtain declaratory relief, a plaintiff “must show that an actual case or controversy under the ADA exists”).
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
Plumley
v.
Landmark Chevrolet, Inc
96-21076.
Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit.
Sep 24, 1997.
122 F.3d 308
King, Duhé, Wiener.
Published
DUHÉ, Circuit Judge:

George Plumley (“Plumley”) sued Landmark Chevrolet, Inc. (“Landmark”) and Donald Hamilton (“Hamilton”), a Landmark salesman, alleging slander, intentional inflic[*310] tion of emotional distress, and violations of both the Texas Deceptive Trade Practices Act (“DTPA”) and the Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”) based upon statements Hamilton made. Plumley died before the suit was resolved. His wife, Dorothy (“Appellant”), was substituted as plaintiff. Landmark and Hamilton moved for summary judgment. The magistrate judge, to whom the case was referred, recommended summary judgment be granted on the slander and intentional infliction of emotional distress claims only. Both parties contested the magistrate judge’s recommendation. The district court then granted summary judgment on all claims and alternately found that Appellant failed to state a claim under Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6). Appellant appeals.

Appellant requests that the district court be reversed for ruling that: 1) under Texas law, causes of action for slander, intentional infliction of emotional distress, and the DTPA do not survive Plumley’s death; 2) Plumley was not a consumer as defined by the DTPA; 3) a claim under the ADA does not survive Plumley’s death; 4) Plaintiff failed to state a cause of action under Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. We affirm in part and reverse and remand in part.

I. BACKGROUND

George Plumley and his son, Wesley, entered into an agreement with Landmark Chevrolet for Wesley to buy a used pickup truck. Pursuant to the agreement, the truck was to be purchased and registered in Wesley’s name; however, Plumley was to provide $500 of the purchase price and to co-sign Wesley’s note. A few days later, Landmark asked Plumley to return to the dealership to discuss alternate financing. On this visit, Plumley brought his son, daughter-in-law, and her daughter with him.

Plumley submitted to Hamilton a long term disability form which revealed that Plumley had AIDS. Upon learning that Plumley had AIDS, Hamilton allegedly became abusive and repudiated the pending contract stating “[w]e just don’t want your business”. Hamilton also allegedly asked Wesley if he had a “f — ing problem” and called Plumley a “f — ing faggot”. Both of these comments were made in the presence of Plumley’s daughter-in-law and her young daughter. Wesley Plumley purchased a truck elsewhere.

II. ANALYSIS

A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

This Court reviews a grant of summary judgment de novo. Rogers v. International Marine Terminals, Inc., 87 F.3d 755, 758 (5th Cir.1996). Dismissal of a complaint under Rule 12(b)(6) is also reviewed de novo. Kramer v. Smith Barney, 80 F.3d 1080, 1084 (5th Cir.1996).

B. THE SLANDER CLAIM

The district court erroneously held that the slander cause of action did not survive Plumley’s death. See TEX.CIV.PRAC. & REM.CODE ANN. § 71.021 (West 1986) (stating that a cause of action for personal injury to reputation “survives to and in favor of the heirs, legal representatives, and estate of the injured person”); see also Channel k, KGBT v. Briggs, 759 S.W.2d 939, 940 n. 1 (Tex.1988) (noting that plaintiffs defamation claim survived his death).

Landmark argues that even if the district court erred as to survivability, it was correct in granting summary judgment because there was no publication of the slanderous comment and no proof of special damages. Because all words are not actionable, a plaintiff must prove either special damages (slander per quod) or that the words impute the commission of a crime, injure the plaintiff officially, professionally, or occupationally, or impute unchastity to a woman (slander per se). Gulf Const. Co. v. Mott (Tex.Civ.App.1969) 442 S.W.2d 778. Here, Landmark argues that Hamilton’s comment was not slander per se because the only crime imputed is sodomy which in Texas is a misdemeanor punishable by fine only. We disagree. Head v. Newton, 596 S.W.2d 209, 210 (Tex. Civ.App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1980, no writ), holds that calling someone “queer” is slander per se even though sodomy is a misdemeanor no longer punishable by imprison[*311] ment. Thus, when Hamilton called Plumley a “faggot”, Hamilton imputed the crime of sodomy to Plumley. Therefore, the alleged remark is slander per se and Plumley does not have to prove special damages.

Landmark further argues that a third party must believe the defamatory statement for the statement to be published. Landmark contends that the statement is not published here because the daughter-in-law did not believe the comment and her daughter was too young to understand it. Again, we disagree.

Texas law states that actionable slander requires oral communication or publication without legal excuse. Glenn v. Gidel, 496 S.W.2d 692, 697 (Tex.Civ.App.—Amarillo, 1973, no writ). Moreover, the oral statement must be communicated to a third party in such a way that the third party understands the words in a defamatory sense. Id. at 697. Here, the daughter-in-law heard the statement and could have understood its defamatory sense; therefore, there is at least a question of fact whether the statement was published. The district court erred in granting summary judgment and the plaintiffs have alleged a prima facie case of slander per se. Because Appellant has made a prima facie case, the district court erred in dismissing Appellant’s claim under Rule 12(b)(6). [1]

C. INTENTIONAL INFLICTION OF EMOTIONAL DISTRESS

The Texas Survival Statute provides that a cause of action for personal injury to health, reputation, or body survives the injured person’s death. TEX.CIV.PRAC. & REM.CODE ANN. § 71.021 (West 1986). Plumley’s intentional infliction of emotional distress claim does not fall within this statute because that tort does not injure health, reputation, or body. See Boyles v. Kerr, 855 S.W.2d 593, 598 (Tex.1993) (stating that there is no requirement that emotional distress manifest itself physically to be compensable). Therefore, we affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment on this claim.

D. THE DTPA

Appellant argues that the DTPA claim survives a plaintiffs death. The Texas appellate courts are split on the issue, Thornes v. Porter, 761 S.W.2d 592, 594 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1988, no writ) (holding that DTPA claims survive), Mahan Volkswagen, Inc. v. Hall, 648 S.W.2d 324, 333 (Tex.App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1982, writ refd n.r.e.) (holding the same), First Nat’l Bank of Kerrville v. Hackworth, 673 S.W.2d 218, 221 (Tex.App.—San Antonio 1984, no writ) (holding that DTPA does not survive), Mendoza v. American Nat’l Ins. Co., 932 S.W.2d 605, 609 (Tex.App.—San Antonio 1996, no writ) (holding no DTPA survival), and the Texas Supreme Court has declined to reach the issue. Shell Oil Co. v. Chapman, 682 S.W.2d 257, 259 (Tex.1984). We need not reach the issue but affirm on other grounds.

Under the DTPA only a consumer may complain about deceptive practices. TEX. BUS. & COM.CODE ANN. § 17.50 (West 1987). Under § 17.45(4), a “consumer” is:

an individual, partnership, corporation, [Texas], or a subdivision or agency of [Texas] who seeks or acquires by purchase or lease, any goods or services, except that the term does not include a business consumer that has assets of $25 million or more, or that is owned or controlled by a corporation or entity with assets of $25 million or more.

Appellant argues that Plumley was a consumer because he sought to buy a used truck for his son. She also argues that borrowers of money are consumers when the purpose of borrowing is to purchase goods or services. We reject these argument and hold that Plumley was not a consumer. Plumley was not purchasing the truck; his son was. The truck was to be purchased and registered in Wesley’s name. Moreover, it was Wesley who was borrowing money to purchase the truck. Wesley, then, is the consumer under[*312] DTPA § 17.45(4). Here, Plumley was the guarantor. He provided $500 of the purchase price and was to be eo-signor of Wesley’s note. Plumley, then, does not fall within the DTPA because guarantors are not consumers. Kenneth H. Hughes Interests, Inc. v. Westrup, 879 S.W.2d 229 (Tex.App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1994, writ denied).

E. THE ADA

Appellant asks this court to reverse the district court’s ruling that the ADA claim did not survive Plumley’s death. Appellant urges this Court to look to state law to determine the fate of ADA actions when the plaintiff dies. Landmark, however, argues that the ADA claim cannot survive because Plumley’s claim was brought under Title III, Subchapter III of the ADA. See 42 U.S.C. § 12181 et seq. (1990).

According to 42 U.S.C. § 12188, the plaintiff is limited to injunctive relief, and a restraining or other similar order. Appellant requests injunctive and declaratory relief. To obtain standing for injunctive relief, a plaintiff must show that there is reason to believe that he would directly benefit form the equitable relief sought. Hoepfl v. Barlow, 906 F.Supp. 317, 321 (E.D.Va.1995). In other words, a plaintiff must face a threat of present or future harm. Id. at 320. Here, Appellant seeks an injunction based on a past wrong. The Supreme Court held in City of Los Angeles v. Lyons, 461 U.S. 95, 111, 103 S.Ct. 1660, 1669, 75 L.Ed.2d 675 (1983), that a plaintiff seeking injunctive relief based on an alleged past wrong must show that there is a real or immediate threat that he will be wronged again. Appellant cannot meet this threshold. Plumley has died and his son bought another truck. It is unlikely that Landmark will wrong Plumley again.

Appellant also requests declaratory relief; however, to obtain it she must show that an actual ease or controversy under the ADA exists. Lawson v. Callahan, 111 F.3d 403, 405 (5th Cir.1997). Again, Appellant cannot meet this threshold. No actual controversy exists between Plumley and Landmark because Plumley is deceased and Wesley has bought another truck. For these reasons, we hold that Plumley’s ADA claims do not survive.

CONCLUSION

Because Appellant has made a prima facie case of slander per se, we reverse the district court’s grant of summary judgment and Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal of that claim. With regard to the other claims, the Appellant has failed to show that the ADA and intentional infliction of emotional distress claims survive and that Plumley was' a consumer within the DTPA. As a result, we affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment as to those claims. Thus, we

AFFIRM in part, REVERSE in part, and REMAND.

1

. We do not address the 12(b)(6) ruling in the other claims because we affirm the summary judgment rulings on those claims.