United States v. Mock, 612 F.3d 133 (2d Cir. 2010). · Go Syfert
United States v. Mock, 612 F.3d 133 (2d Cir. 2010). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
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At page 137 Determining eligibility for sentence reduction under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2)19 citing cases“then the second step of the analytical framework set forth in dillon requires the district court 'to consider any applicable 3553(a) factors and determine whether, in its discretion, the reduction authorized by reference to the policies relevant at step one is warranted in whole or in part under th…”4 citing courts quote it
  • United States v. Carillo, No. 24-2754-cr (2d Cir. Feb. 4, 2026).unpublished 2 cites
    To determine whether a sentence reduction is warranted following a guidelines amendment, the district court must first decide “whether the defendant . . . is ‘eligible for a reduction.’” Christie, 736 F.3d at 194 (emphasis in original), qu…
  • United States v. Zapatero, 961 F.3d 123 (2d Cir. 2020).published
    United States v. 14 Mock, 612 F.3d 133, 137 (2d Cir. 2010).
  • United States v. Johnson, 701 F. App'x 33 (2d Cir. 2017).unpublished 2 cites
    “First, the defendant in question must be eligible for a reduction in sentence.” United States v. Mock, 612 F.3d 133, 137 (2d Cir. 2010).
  • United States v. Muhammad, 241 F. Supp. 3d 410 (E.D.N.Y. 2017).published
    United States v. Mock, 612 F.3d 133, 137 (2d Cir. 2010) (quoting Dillon, 560 U.S. at 827 , 130 S.Ct. 2683 ).
  • United States v. Green, 670 F. App'x 740 (2d Cir. 2016).unpublished
    First, the district court determines if the defendant is eligible for a sentence reduction, which depends on whether “the reduction would be ‘ “consistent with applicable policy statements issued by the Sentencing Commission”— namely, [U.S…
  • United States v. Abreu, 155 F. Supp. 3d 211 (E.D.N.Y. 2015).published
    “First, the district court must determine whether the defendant in question is ’eligible for a reduction in sentence.’” Christie, 736 F.3d at 194 (emphasis in original) (quoting United States v. Mock, 612 F.3d 133, 137 (2d Cir.2010)).
  • United States v. Nichols, 563 F. App'x 9 (2d Cir. 2014).unpublished
    Davis also argues that the upward departure and some of the sentencing enhancements imposed at his original *11 sentencing were unjustified. 1 However, under § 3582(c)(2), “a defendant may not seek to attribute error to the original, other…
  • United States v. Parrado, 20 F. Supp. 3d 297 (E.D.N.Y. 2014).published
    If, and only if, the court finds that the defendant is eligible for a sentence reduction under § 3582(c) and § 1B1.10, “then the second step of the analytical framework set forth in Dillon requires the district court ‘to consider any appli…
  • United States v. Christie, 736 F.3d 191 (2d Cir. 2013).published
    First, the district court must determine whether the defendant in question is “eligible for a reduction in sentence,” which requires that such a “reduction would be consistent with applicable policy statements issued by the Sentencing Comm…
  • United States v. Ford, 530 F. App'x 77 (2d Cir. 2013).unpublished
    In Dillon v. United States, the Supreme Court ruled that a defendant’s “Sixth Amendment rights were not violated by the district court’s adherence to the instruction in § 1B1.10 to consider a reduction only within the amended Guidelines ra…
Show 9 more citing cases
  • United States v. Jackson, 517 F. App'x 31 (2d Cir. 2013).unpublished
    However, “a defendant may not seek to attribute error to the original, otherwise-final sentence in a motion under [§ 3582(c)(2) ].” United States v. Mock, 612 F.3d 133, 137 (2d Cir.2010).
  • United States v. Batista, 480 F. App'x 639 (2d Cir. 2012).unpublished
    United States v. Mock, 612 F.3d 133, 137 (2d Cir.2010).
  • United States v. Logan, 845 F. Supp. 2d 499 (E.D.N.Y. 2012).published
    United States v. Mock, 612 F.3d 133, 137 (2d Cir.2010) (quoting Dillon, 130 S.Ct. at 2692 ).
  • United States v. Castro, 841 F. Supp. 2d 655 (E.D.N.Y. 2012).published 2 cites
    United States v. Mock, 612 F.3d 133, 137 (2d Cir.2010) (quoting Dillon, 130 S.Ct. at 2692 ).
  • United States v. Mitchell, 828 F. Supp. 2d 576 (E.D.N.Y. 2011).published 2 cites
    United States v. Mock, 612 F.3d 133, 137 (2d Cir.2010) (quoting Dillon, 130 S.Ct. at 2692 ).
  • Williams v. United States, 742 F. Supp. 2d 379 (S.D.N.Y. 2010).published
    Because § 3582(c)(2) does not authorize a resentencing proceeding for such a petitioner, under these circumstances Williams “may not seek to attribute error to the original, otherwise-final sentence in a motion under that provision.” Unite…
  • United States v. Jacklyn, No. 24-1817 (2d Cir. Apr. 28, 2025).unpublished
    See United States v. Mock, 612 F.3d 133, 137 (2d Cir. 2010).
  • United States v. Bright, No. 22-1644 (2d Cir. June 6, 2023).unpublished
    See United States v. Mock, 612 F.3d 133, 137 (2d Cir. 2010).
  • United States v. Leonard, 844 F.3d 102 (2d Cir. 2016).published 2 cites
    (holding that, where defendant is eligible for sentence reduction, district court may reduce sentence “in its discretion” (internal quotation marks omitted))
At page 138 Determining ineligibility for sentence reduction under guidelines12 citing casesholding that defendant sentenced as a career offender under § 4B1.1 was not eligible for a sentence reduction under sentencing guideline amendments commonly referred to as “the crack cocaine amendments5 citing courts put it this way
  • United States v. Quintanilla, 868 F.3d 315 (5th Cir. 2017).published
    See United States v. Caraballo, 552 F.3d 6, 10 (1st Cir. 2008); United States v. Mock, 612 F.3d 133, 138 (2d Cir. 2010); United States v. Mateo, 560 F.3d 152, 154-55 (3d Cir. 2009); United States v. Munn, 595 F.3d 183, 187 (4th Cir. 2010);…
  • United States v. Tray Williams, No. 16-50694 (5th Cir. Aug. 16, 2017).published
    App’x 851, 856 (6th Cir. 2015) (unpublished). 9 See United States v. Caraballo, 552 F.3d 6, 10 (1st Cir. 2008); United States v. Mock, 612 F.3d 133, 138 (2d Cir. 2010); United States v. Mateo, 560 F.3d 152, 154-55 (3d Cir. 2009); 11 Case:…
  • United States v. Pedro Lora, 529 F. App'x 75 (2d Cir. 2013).unpublished
    (a defendant sentenced as career offender under § 4B1.1 is ineligible for a sentence reduction under crack cocaine amendments to the Guidelines)
  • United States v. Clennon Fuller, 527 F. App'x 494 (6th Cir. 2013).unpublished
    See United States v. Caraballo, 552 F.3d 6, 10 (1st Cir.2008); United States v. Mock, 612 F.3d 133, 138 (2d Cir.2010); United States v. Mateo, 560 F.3d 152, 154-55 (3d Cir.2009); United States v. Anderson, 591 F.3d 789, 791 (5th Cir.2009);…
  • United States v. Mitchell, 828 F. Supp. 2d 576 (E.D.N.Y. 2011).published 2 cites
    United States v. Mock, 612 F.3d 133, 137 (2d Cir.2010) (quoting Dillon, 130 S.Ct. at 2692 ).
  • United States v. King, 813 F. App'x 690 (2d Cir. 2020).unpublished
    (defendant ineligible for sentence reduction where he was sentenced under a guidelines section unaffected by a guidelines amendment)
  • United States v. Lopez (Morel), No. 18-2406 (2d Cir. Oct. 4, 2019).unpublished
    (determining that defendant was ineligible for sentence reduction where he was sentenced under a Guidelines section that was unaffected by a Guidelines amendment)
  • United States v. Arcinegas, 688 F. App'x 65 (2d Cir. 2017).unpublished
    See United States v. Mock, 612 F.3d 133, 138 (2d Cir. 2010).
  • United States v. Bermudez Arcinegas, No. 15-2333-cr (2d Cir. Apr. 24, 2017).unpublished
    See 12 United States v. Mock, 612 F.3d 133, 138 (2d Cir. 2010). 13 We have considered Bermudez’s remaining arguments and conclude that 14 they are without merit.
  • United States v. Ramos, 672 F. App'x 103 (2d Cir. 2016).unpublished
    (concluding that a defendant sentenced as a career offender under § 4B1.1 was not eligible for sentence reduction under the crack cocaine amendments)
Show 2 more citing cases
  • United States v. Milhouse, 655 F. App'x 20 (2d Cir. 2016).unpublished
    See, e.g., United States v. Mock, 612 F.3d 133, 138 (2d Cir. 2010).
  • United States v. Suarez, 633 F. App'x 562 (2d Cir. 2016).unpublished
    (holding that defendant sentenced as a career offender under § 4B1.1 was not eligible for a sentence reduction under sentencing guideline amendments commonly referred to as “the crack cocaine amendments)
At page 135 Limiting scope of § 3582(c)(2) review of final sentences6 citing casesstating that defendant may not attribute error to original, otherwise-final sentence on a § 3582(c)(2) motion1 citing court put it this way
  • United States v. Simels, No. 18-2237 (2d Cir. Nov. 25, 2019).unpublished 2 cites
    A sentence reduction is “not authorized” by statute if the amendment to the guideline “does not have the effect of lowering the defendant’s applicable guideline range.” U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10(a)(2)(B). “[N]either [a] district court nor [a feder…
  • United States v. Gil-Reyes, 671 F. App'x 20 (2d Cir. 2016).unpublished
    (stating that defendant may not attribute error to original, otherwise-final sentence on a § 3582(c)(2) motion)
  • United States v. Malloy, 845 F. Supp. 2d 475 (N.D.N.Y. 2012).published
    However, section 3582(c)(2) neither authorizes a “resentencing proceeding,” Dillon, 130 S.Ct. at 2690 , nor permits the defendant to raise “arguments regarding procedural errors at his original, now-final sentencing,” United States v. Mock…
  • United States v. Fleming, 845 F. Supp. 2d 470 (N.D.N.Y. 2012).published
    However, section 3582(c)(2) neither authorizes a “resentencing proceeding,” Dillon, 130 S.Ct. at 2690 , nor permits the defendant to raise “arguments regarding procedural errors at his original, now-final sentencing,” United States v. Mock…
  • United States v. Castro, 841 F. Supp. 2d 655 (E.D.N.Y. 2012).published 2 cites
    United States v. Mock, 612 F.3d 133, 137 (2d Cir.2010) (quoting Dillon, 130 S.Ct. at 2692 ).
  • United States v. Johnson, 645 F. App'x 96 (2d Cir. 2016).unpublished
    ([N]either the district court nor this Court is free to address, in a proceeding pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3582 (c)(2), defendant’s arguments regarding procedural errors at his original, now-final sentencing.)
At page 134 Reviewing district court's denial of motion to modify sentence3 citing cases2 listed here
  • United States v. Gonzalez, 602 F. App'x 31 (2d Cir. 2015).unpublished 2 cites
    See United States v. Mock, 612 F.3d 133 , 134–35 (2d Cir. 2010) (per curiam).
  • United States v. Thomas, 391 F. App'x 981 (2d Cir. 2010).unpublished
    See United States v. Mock, 612 F.3d 133, 134-35 (2d Cir.2010).
At page 136 Determining court authority regarding finality and guideline application1 citing caseline, U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1. See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(c). 2 Second, Mock contends that, in light of the error at his sentencing, the district court erred again when it…opening of page *136 (no citing court says what it cites this page for)
  • United States v. Price, 392 F. App'x 881 (2d Cir. 2010).unpublished
    See Dillon v. United States, — U.S. -, 180 S.Ct. 2683 , 2687, 177 L.Ed.2d 271 (2010); see also United States v. Mock, 612 F.3d 133, 136-37 (2d Cir.2010).
Other citing cases4 with no pin cite or quoted language on record
UNITED STATES of America, Appellee,
v.
John MOCK III, Defendant-Appellant, Jesse James Belk, Defendant
Docket 09-4154-cr.
Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit.
Jul 19, 2010.
Published opinion
612 F.3d 133
2010 U.S. App. LEXIS 14666
2010 WL 2802553
Laurie S. Hershey, Manhasset, NY, for Defendanh-Appellant., Sandra S. Glover, Assistant United States Attorney (William J. Nardini, Assistant United States Attorney, on the brief), for Nora R. Dannehy, United States Attorney, District of Connecticut, New Haven, CT, for Appellee.
Wesley, Hall, Goldberg.
Cited by 45 opinions  |  Published
PER CURIAM.

Defendant-Appellant John Mock III appeals from the district court’s denial of his motion for a reduction in sentence pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2), which he filed based on the amendments to the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines relating to the base offense levels for crack-related offenses, see U.S.S.G., Supp. to App. C., Amend. 706 (effective Nov. 1, 2007); see also id. Amend. 713 (effective Mar. 3, 2008) (collectively, the “crack cocaine amendments”). The district court reasoned that, because Mock was originally sentenced as a career offender, see U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1, he was ineligible for a sentence reduction based on the crack cocaine amendments.

On appeal, Mock argues that the district court erred at his original sentencing because it did not state in open court the reasons for its application of the career offender Guideline. See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(c). Therefore, he argues, the district court also erred in denying his motion for a reduction in sentence by relying on its prior erroneous application of U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1. Based on these contentions, defendant seeks a remand for “analysis of [his] criminal history” and “compliance with 18 U.S.C. § 3553(c).”

Defendant’s arguments misapprehend the scope of a district court’s authority to reduce his sentence pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2). As the Supreme Court recently made clear in Dillon v. United [*135] States, — U.S.-, 130 S.Ct. 2683, 177 L.Ed.2d 271, 2010 WL 2400109 (2010), this provision authorizes a “limited adjustment to an otherwise final sentence and not a plenary resentencing proceeding.” Id. at 2690. Therefore, neither the district court nor this Court is free to address, in a proceeding pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2), defendant’s arguments regarding procedural errors at his original, now-final sentencing. Moreover, at least for purposes of a motion for a reduced sentence, the record discloses that defendant was sentenced as a career offender under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1. Consequently, under settled case law in this Circuit, he is ineligible for a reduction in sentence based on the crack cocaine amendments. See United States v. Martinez, 572 F.3d 82, 85-86 (2d Cir.2009) (per curiam). Accordingly, we affirm.

I. BACKGROUND

In 1997, Mock pleaded guilty, pursuant to a plea agreement, to one count of possessing five or more grams of crack cocaine with intent to distribute, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). In the plea agreement, Mock and the government stipulated that: (1) Mock was a “career offender” under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1(b); (2) based in part on that classification, the applicable Guidelines range was 188 to 235 months; and (3) they would jointly recommend to the district court a 188-month term of imprisonment. Following defendant’s guilty plea, the U.S. Probation Department completed a presentence report (“PSR”), which also concluded that Mock was a career offender under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1 and concurred in the Guidelines calculation in the plea agreement.

The district court conducted a sentencing proceeding in January 1998. After statements by Mock’s counsel, Mock, and the government, the court declined to enter the 188-month sentence urged by the parties. Instead, it reasoned that, in light of “the magnitude of [Mock’s] criminal conduct” and his “very serious criminal record,” a 212-month term of imprisonment was appropriate. Following the sentencing, in its written statement of reasons, the district court indicated that it had “adopt[ed] the undisputed factual statements contained in the PSR.”

Mock did not pursue a direct appeal of his conviction or sentence. However, following the crack cocaine amendments, Mock, acting pro se, filed a motion for a reduction in sentence pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2). The district court denied the motion on June 23, 2009, reasoning that, “[b]ecause defendant was sentenced as a career offender and did not receive a downward departure, he is ineligible in accordance with U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10, comment, for a sentence reduction.” Still acting pro se, Mock filed a notice of appeal on October 3, 2009. [1] We granted his motion for an appointment of counsel approximately one month later.

II. DISCUSSION

We review for abuse of discretion a district court’s denial of a motion pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2). See United States v. Borden, 564 F.3d 100, 104 (2d Cir.2009). Mock’s principal appellate argument proceeds in two steps. First, he argues that the district court erred at his original sentencing by failing to state on the record the fact findings supporting the application of the career offender Guide[*136] line, U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1. See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(c). [2] Second, Mock contends that, in light of the error at his sentencing, the district court erred again when it relied on Mock’s career offender status to deny his motion for a reduced sentence.

These contentions do not afford a basis for the remand Mock seeks. Mock’s sentence became final long ago, and the district court lacked authority under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2) to address his arguments regarding procedural error at his original sentencing. Moreover, because the district court used the career offender Guideline, § 4B1.1, to calculate Mock’s base offense level, and not the Drug Quantity Table in U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(c), his motion for a reduced sentenced was properly denied. Accordingly, for the reasons set forth below, we affirm.

The U.S. Sentencing Commission is required to “review and revise” the Guidelines and related policy statements based on “comments and data coming to its attention.” 28 U.S.C. § 994(0); see also id. § 994(p). If the Commission revises a Guideline in a manner that “reduces the term of imprisonment recommended,” it is also required to “specify in what circumstances and by what amount the sentences of prisoners serving terms of imprisonment for the offense may be reduced.” Id. § 994(u). [3] The Commission promulgated the crack cocaine amendments pursuant to this statutory authority. Specifically, it modified the Drug Quantity Table in U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(c), effective November 1, 2007, to implement a two-level reduction of the base offense levels for crack cocaine offenses. See U.S.S.G., Supp. to App. C., Amend. 706. In 2008, the Commission deemed Amendment 706 to have retroactive effect. See id. Amend. 713.

Relying on these amendments, defendant filed a motion for a reduction in sentence. “Section 3582(c)(2) establishes an exception to the general rule of finality ‘in the case of a defendant who has been sentenced to a term of imprisonment based on a sentencing range that has subsequently been lowered by the Sentencing Commission.’ ” Dillon, — U.S. -, -, 130 S.Ct. 2683, 2690, 177 L.Ed.2d 271, 2010 WL 2400109, at *5 (quoting 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2)). [4] The Supreme Court recently explained that § 3582(e)(2) permits a “limited adjustment to an otherwise final sentence” — not a “plenary resentencing proceeding” — and set forth a “two-step inquiry” for resolving motions for a reduc[*137] tion in sentence pursuant to this provision. Id. at 2690-91.

First, the defendant in question must be eligible for a reduction in sentence. A defendant who was previously sentenced based on a now-amended Guideline with retroactive effect is only eligible for such relief if the reduction would be “ ‘consistent with applicable policy statements issued by the Sentencing Commission’— namely, § 1B1.10.” Id. at 2691 (quoting 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2)). Section 1B1.10 lists the “covered” Guidelines amendments that may serve as the basis for a reduction in sentence, including Amendment 706 (as amended), and establishes limitations and prohibitions on the extent of any reduction. U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10(b)-(c). [5] If a “defendant’s term of imprisonment is not consistent with [§ lbl.10] and therefore is not authorized under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2),” U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10(a)(2), then the defendant is not eligible for a reduction in sentence.

If, and only if, a defendant is eligible for a reduction in sentence under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2) and U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10, then the second step of the analytical framework set forth in Dillon requires the district court “to consider any applicable § 3553(a) factors and determine whether, in its discretion, the reduction authorized by reference to the policies relevant at step one is warranted in whole or in part under the particular circumstances of the case.” Dillon, — U.S. -, -, 130 S.Ct. 2683, 2692, 177 L.Ed.2d 271, 2010 WL 2400109, at *7. However, § 1B1.10 remains in play at this step as well. Subject to certain exceptions, the policy statement prohibits district courts from reducing the defendant’s sentence “to a term that is less than the minimum of the amended guideline range.” U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10 (b)(2)(A). In Dillon, — U.S. -,---, 130 S.Ct. 2683, 2692-93, 177 L.Ed.2d 271 the Supreme Court agreed with our view that courts “are bound by the language of this policy statement because Congress has made it clear that a court may reduce the terms of imprisonment under § 3582(c) only if doing so is ‘consistent with applicable policy statements issued by the Sentencing Commission.’ ” United States v. Williams, 551 F.3d 182, 186 (2d Cir.2009) (quoting 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2)).

Dillon therefore provides at least two lessons about the nature of the proceedings authorized by 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2). First, no Sixth Amendment problem of the sort identified in United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 125 S.Ct. 738, 160 L.Ed.2d 621 (2005) results from the restrictions on a district court’s sentencing discretion on a motion for a reduced sentence under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2). See Dillon, — U.S. -, ---, 130 S.Ct. 2683, 2692-93, 177 L.Ed.2d 271, 2010 WL 2400109, at *7-8. Second, because § 3582(c)(2) “does not authorize a sentencing or resentencing proceeding,” id. at 2690, a defendant may not seek to attribute error to the original, otherwise-final sentence in a motion under that provision.

[*138] This latter principle bears directly on defendant’s appeal. His 212-month sentence is final, subject only to the limited exception created by 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2). The Dillon Court expressly rejected the argument that this provision authorizes a full resentencing. Therefore, regardless of whether there is merit to defendant’s argument that the district court committed procedural error when it applied the career offender Guideline at his original sentencing, neither the district court nor this Court is authorized to consider that contention in the context of a motion pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2).

In light of that conclusion, the remainder of defendant’s appellate argument fails. Defendant was sentenced under the career offender Guideline, U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1, which was not affected by the crack cocaine amendments that he relied upon as the basis for his motion. Indeed, in his plea agreement, defendant stipulated to the application of § 4B1.1. “[A] defendant convicted of crack cocaine offenses but sentenced as a career offender under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1 is not eligible to be re-sentenced under the amendments to the crack cocaine guidelines.” Martinez, 572 F.3d at 85. Therefore, the district court did not err in denying defendant’s motion for a reduction in sentence.

III. CONCLUSION

We have considered each of defendant’s arguments and find them to be without merit. Accordingly, for the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

1

. As defendant’s appellate counsel acknowledges, the notice of appeal was untimely. However, the government has expressly waived any objection to this defect. In the absence of such an objection, and because the timeliness requirement is not jurisdictional, we proceed to the merits. See United States v. Frias, 521 F.3d 229, 233 (2d Cir.2008).

2

. One of the requirements of § 3553(c), known as the "open court” requirement, requires that a district court, "at the time of sentencing, shall state in open court the reasons for its imposition of the particular sentence.” 18 U.S.C. § 3553(c); see also United States v. Espinoza, 514 F.3d 209, 212 (2d Cir.2008) (per curiam) (holding that, even if a district court subsequently adopts the PSR's findings in its written statement of reasons, it violates the open court requirement by failing to verbally adopt the PSR's findings at the sentencing proceeding).

3

. Congress imposed these obligations on the Commission in the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984, Pub.L. No. 98-473, 98 Stat. 1987, and they survived Justice Breyer's remedial opinion in United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 244-268, 125 S.Ct. 738, 160 L.Ed.2d 621 (2005). See Dillon, — U.S. -,--, 130 S.Ct. 2683, 2687-88, 177 L.Ed.2d 271, 2010 WL 2400109, at *3.

4

. Section 3582(c)(2) states, in pertinent part:

[I]n the case of a defendant who has been sentenced to a term of imprisonment based on a sentencing range that has subsequently been lowered by the Sentencing Commission pursuant to 28 U.S.C. [§ ] 994(o), ... the court may reduce the term of imprisonment, after considering the factors set forth in section 3553(a) to the extent that they are applicable, if such a reduction is consistent with applicable policy statements issued by the Sentencing Commission.

18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2).

5

. "Specifically, § 1B1.10 (b)(1) requires the court to begin by 'determining] the amended guideline range that would have been applicable to the defendant’ had the relevant amendment been in effect at the time of the initial sentencing. 'In making such determination, the court shall substitute only the amendments listed in subsection (c) for the corresponding guideline provisions that were applied when the defendant was sentenced and shall leave all other guideline application decisions unaffected.' ” Dillon, - U.S. -, -, 130 S.Ct. 2683, 2692, 177 L.Ed.2d 271, 2010 WL 2400109, at *6 (quoting U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10).