W. Horace Williams, Sr. v. United States, 245 F.2d 559 (5th Cir. 1957). · Go Syfert
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W. Horace Williams, Sr. v. United States, 245 F.2d 559 (5th Cir. 1957). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
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A taxpayer must provide sufficient evidence to satisfy the trier of fact that an estimated business expense was actually incurred for the stated purpose.

A corporate president received a monthly expense allowance for entertainment purposes without the requirement to provide detailed accounting. The taxpayer sought a refund for taxes paid on this allowance, but failed to provide evidence identifying specific amounts or persons related to the expenditures. Although the court has latitude to estimate expenses based on credible testimony and business practices, the taxpayer bears the burden of proving the amount of the deduction. Because the taxpayer provided no evidentiary guide to assist the court in making an estimate, the court held that sufficient evidence must exist to satisfy the trier that the amount claimed was actually incurred for the stated purpose to avoid unguided largesse.

675 citation events (502 in the last 25 years) across 12 distinct courts.
Strongest positive: Daniel E. Larkin v. Comm'r, T.C. Memo. 2020-70 (Tax Ct. 2020) · Strongest negative: Wilson v. Comm'r, 2011 T.C. Summary Opinion 85 (Tax Ct. 2011)
Treatment trajectory · 1958 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1958 1992 2026
How cited ↗
Cited for
At page 560 Requirement for factual basis in expense estimates143 citing cases“relief to the taxpayer would be unguided largesse.”9 citing courts quote it
  • Gittens v. Comm'r, 2011 T.C. Summary Opinion 47 (Tax Ct. 2011).unpublished
    (there [must] be *44 sufficient evidence * * * that at least the amount allowed in the estimate was in fact spent or incurred for the stated purpose.)
  • Griffin v. Comm'r, 100 T.C.M. 438 (Tax Ct. 2010).unpublished
    (there [must] be sufficient evidence * * * that at least the amount allowed in the estimate was in fact spent or incurred for the stated purpose)
  • Kuhl v. Comm'r, 66 T.C.M. 278 (Tax Ct. 1993).unpublished
    (Until the trier has that assurance from the record, relief to the taxpayer would be unguided largesse)
  • Gregory A. Rodrigues, No. 7902-24 (Tax Ct. June 29, 2026).unpublished
    Williams v. United States, 245 F.2d 559, 560 (5th Cir. 1957).
  • Colette Branch, No. 7214-20 (Tax Ct. June 17, 2026).unpublished
    The taxpayer must supply some factual basis for an estimate; otherwise, the allowance would amount to “unguided largesse.” Williams v. United States, 245 F.2d 559, 560 (5th Cir. 1957).
  • Gina Jaha, No. 2404-14 (Tax Ct. Mar. 25, 2025).unpublished
    Under these circumstances, any estimate would amount to “unguided largesse.” See Norgaard v. Commissioner, 939 F.2d at 879 (quoting Williams v. United States, 245 F.2d 559, 560 (5th Cir. 1957)). 10 To the extent Mr. Anderson seeks to deduc…
  • Kaylyn Belcik, No. 11750-22 (Tax Ct. Apr. 22, 2024).unpublished
    The taxpayer must supply some factual basis for an estimate; otherwise, the allowance 13 [*13] would amount to “unguided largesse.” Williams v. United States, 245 F.2d 559, 560 (5th Cir. 1957).
  • Anthony Aulisio, Jr., No. 13943-18 (Tax Ct. Mar. 13, 2024).unpublished
    Under Cohan v. Commissioner, 39 F.2d at 543-44, if a taxpayer claims a deduction but cannot fully substantiate the underlying expense, the Court in certain circumstances may approximate the allowable amount, “bearing heavily if it chooses…
  • Paulette Thompson & Johnnie L. Thompson, No. 9336-18 (Tax Ct. Feb. 5, 2024).unpublished
    Williams v. United States, 245 F.2d 559, 560 (5th Cir. 1957); Vanicek v. Commissioner, 85 T.C. 731 , 742-43 (1985).
  • Richard John Cardulla, No. 17579-18 (Tax Ct. July 19, 2023).unpublished
    Under Cohan v. Commissioner, 39 F.2d 540 , 543-44 (2d Cir. 1930), if a taxpayer claims a deduction but cannot fully substantiate the underlying expense, the Court in certain circumstances may approximate the allowable amount, “bearing heav…
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W. Horace WILLIAMS, Sr., and Viola Bloch Williams, Appellants,
v.
UNITED STATES of America, Appellee
16545_1.
Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit.
Jun 18, 1957.
Published opinion
245 F.2d 559
1957 U.S. App. LEXIS 5044
Rene H. Himel, Jr., Elton C. Lasseigne, Deutsch, Kerrigan & Stiles, New Orleans, La., for plaintiffs-appellants, Eberhard P. Deutsch, New Orleans, La., of counsel., Walter Akerman, Jr., Atty., Dept, of Justice, Washington, D. C., Charles K. Rice, Asst. Atty. Gen., Lee A. Jackson, Ellis N. Slack, Robert N. Anderson, Attys., Dept, of Justice, Washington, D. C., Prim B. Smith, Jr., Asst. U. S. Atty., M. Hepburn Many, U. S. Atty., New Orleans, La., for appellee.
Rives, Jones, Brown.
Cited by 587 opinions  |  Published
3 passages pin-cited by 3 cases
Pinpoint authority: #28,746 of 633,719
Citer courts: U.S. Tax Court (3)
JOHN R. BROWN, Circuit Judge.

On a trial without a jury, the District Court held that Taxpayer, president, director and substantial stockholder (approximately 40%) of W. Horace Williams Company, Inc., had not brought forward “* * * sufficient evidence to establish with any reasonable certainty the amount of * * * entertainment and other expenses.” On that the Court made a conclusion of law that “The expense allowance to * * * [Taxpayer) * * * was not substantiated as an entertainment expense, and constitutes additional compensation to * * * ” him.

The facts are amazingly simple: W. Horace Williams Company, Inc., incorporated in 1950, was established as a successor to the partnership of W. Horace Williams Company, which the evidence showed, and the Court found, was a large, highly successful and reputable engineering construction company operating principally in Louisiana. At the outset the Board of Directors, acting independently, by formal resolution fixed the president’s salary at $3500 per month, and, in keeping with the previous years’ practice while the business was operated as a[*560] partnership, granted an expense allowance of $500 per month ($6,000 per year) for which he would not have to account. Its purpose was to enable the president to engage in extensive entertainment of executives and responsible leaders of potential customers of the firm without subjecting him to the tedious responsibility of detailed accounting for such expenditures. There is no suggestion or finding, and none would be warranted, [1] that its purpose was tax evasion or avoidance.

But the Taxpayer made no effort to establish how much he spent or in any way identify any of it with respect to any particular entertainment, either of event, persons, or amounts. All he could say was that he was certain that he spent all or more than all of it in paying for food, liquor and travel in the entertainment of customers. The Court did not reject this as untrustworthy, suspicious or morally doubtful evidence. On the contrary, the Court held that Taxpayer “ * * * doubtless did have certain entertainment and other expenses in 1950 in connection with the performance of his duties as president of * * * ” the corporation.

What the Court held was that in a suit for refund, the burden is on the Taxpayer to show the tax wrongfully collected, Reinecke v. Spalding, 280 U.S. 227, 50 S.Ct. 96, 74 L.Ed. 385; Helvering v. Taylor, 293 U.S. 507, 55 S.Ct. 287, 79 L.Ed. 623, and this carries a burden of demonstrating with some substantiality how much entertainment expense was actually paid or incurred.

That the trier, whether District Court or Tax Court, might have considerable latitude [2] in making estimates of amounts probably spent in the light of accepted practice amongst law-abiding businessmen of moral standing considering the nature and kind of records which might reasonably be kept for such expenditures, Cohan v. Commissioner, 2 Cir., 39 F.2d 540, 543, certainly does not require that such latitude be employed. The District Court may not be compelled to guess, or estimate. It may not be compelled to estimate even though such an estimate, if made, might have been affirmed. For the basic requirement is that there be sufficient evidence to satisfy the trier that at least the amount allowed in the estimate was in fact spent or incurred for the stated purpose. Until the trier has that assurance from the record, relief to the taxpayer would be unguided largesse.

Here the evidence did not offer that assurance to the District Court. His negative finding of insufficient evidence[*561] to afford a guide for the allowance of all claimed or, if not that, as a lesser amount a fair estimate, was not clearly erroneous, Fed.Rules Civ.Proc. rule 52(a), 28 U.S.C.A. Certainly we could not compel the Court to allow the full $6,000 and between that figure and zero, the Taxpayer offered not a single guide, by illustration or otherwise upon which to exercise the asserted capacity to resolve by estimation. The Taxpayer failed reasonably to establish, Section 22(n) (3), 26 U.S.C.A. 1952 Ed. § 22(n) (3), the “* * expenses paid or incurred by the taxpayer, in connection with the performance by him of services as an employee, under a reimbursement or other expense allowance arrangement with his employer * * * ”

Affirmed.

1

. In companion litigation by the corporation, the Court held (no appeal was taken by the Government) that the salary of $42,000, considering the president’s standing, ability and contribution to the gross business and profits of the corporation, was reasonable and that, while the $6,000 deducted by the corporation specifically as entertainment allowance paid to the president, was not adequately established as such by proof of entertainment expenses paid or m ouii'ed, it, added to the $42,000, was reasonable compensation for his services and hence deductible by the corporation as an ordinary and necessary business expense. Approximately $2500 in other entertainment expenses identified on the corporation’s books and paid directly by it was also allowed.

2

. The Taxpayer points also to Heil Beauty Supplies, Inc., v. Commissioner, 1950 P.H. T.C. Mem. Dec. #50305, affirmed 8 Cir., 199 F.2d 193, and Revenue Ruling 54-195, O.B. 1954-1, p. 47: “Due consideration should be given to the reasonableness of the taxpayer’s stated expenditures for the claimed purposes in relation to his reported income, to the reliability and accuracy of his records in connection with other items more readily lending themselves to detailed record-keeping, and to the general credibility of his statements in the light of the entire record of the case. Disallowing amounts claimed for such items merely because there is available no documentary evidence which will establish the precise amount beyond any reasonable doubt ignores commonly-recognized business practice as well as the fact that proof may be established by credible oral testimony.”

See also the recent case, The Home Sales Company v. Commissioner, CCH Dec. 22,379 (M), T.C. Mem. 1957-78.