Millslagle v. State, 81 S.W.3d 895 (Tex. App.—Austin 2002). · Go Syfert
Millslagle v. State, 81 S.W.3d 895 (Tex. App.—Austin 2002). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
Quick Summary

To satisfy the imminent danger element of child endangerment, conduct must threaten a child with immediate, impending death, bodily injury, or impairment.

A father left his three-year-old son alone in a pickup truck for approximately forty-five minutes while he used methamphetamine in a nearby restroom. The jury convicted the father of endangering a child, but the court reviews whether the evidence legally supports the element of imminent danger. The court applies the rule that conduct must threaten a child with immediate, impending death, bodily injury, or impairment, rather than merely creating a potentially dangerous situation. Because the child was unharmed, the truck was parked, and the father did not return to the vehicle, the court finds the evidence insufficient to prove imminent danger. The court reverses the conviction for endangering a child and renders a judgment for the lesser included offense of leaving a child unattended in a vehicle.

128 citation events (128 in the last 25 years) across 3 distinct courts.
Treatment trajectory · 2002 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
2002 2014 2026
Cited for
At page 898 Determining imminent danger in child endangerment cases33 citing casesTex.App.-Austin 2002, pet. ref'd24 citing courts put it this way · 28 listed here · 1 cautionary
  • Juli Ann Vreeland v. State, No. 13-04-00368-CR, 2006 WL 3028065 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi Oct. 26, 2006).unpublished Cited "but see" · 2 cites
    Contreras v. State , 54 S.W.3d 898, 905-06 (Tex. App.-Corpus Christi 2001, no pet.); see Walker v. State , 95 S.W.3d 516 , 521 n.1 (Tex. App.-Fort Worth 2002, pet. ref'd); but see Millslagle , 81 S.W.3d at 896 n.1 ("Notwithstanding the phr…
  • Justin Allen Lee v. State, No. 03-18-00571-CR (Tex. App.—Austin Dec. 30, 2020).unpublished 2 cites
    See Millslagle, 81 S.W.3d at 896 (“A jury found appellant Randall Millslagle guilty of endangering a child.”); Elder, 993 S.W.2d at 229 (noting that Elder was indicted with, and convicted for, “endangerment of a child”); see also Newsom, 3…
  • United States v. Flores, No. 22-50910 (5th Cir. Feb. 20, 2025).unpublished
    (Tex. App.—Austin 2002, pet. ref’d)
  • Ricky Allen Albright v. State of Texas, No. 12-23-00095-CR (Tex. App.—Tyler Feb. 29, 2024).published 2 cites
    (Tex. App.—Austin 2002, pet. ref’d)
  • Jereme Rucker v. State, No. 03-19-00493-CR (Tex. App.—Austin Feb. 11, 2021).unpublished
    (Tex. App.—Austin 2002, pet. ref’d)
  • Joanna Hernandez v. State, No. 11-15-00305-CR (Tex. App.—Eastland June 23, 2016).unpublished
    (Tex. App.—Austin 2002, pet. ref’d)
  • Isreal Reyes, Sr. v. State, No. 03-15-00233-CR (Tex. App.—Austin Oct. 5, 2015).published 2 cites
    (Tex. App.– Austin 2002, pet. ref'd)
  • Kelly Kita Sheffield v. State, No. 03-14-00353-CR (Tex. App.—Austin Aug. 28, 2015).published 2 cites
    Worth 1986, no pet.)…………………………………………………………...11 Guevara v. State, 152 S.W.3d 45, 49 (Tex.Crim.App, 2004)………………...10 Hernandez v. State, 538 S.W.2d 127 (Tex.Crim.App. 1976)………………….9 Hobbs v. State, 175 S.W.3d 777 (Tex.Crim.App. 2005)……………………
  • Darrell Wayne Sparkman v. State, No. 09-14-00376-CR (Tex. App.—Beaumont Aug. 12, 2015).unpublished 2 cites
    (Tex. App.—Austin 2002, pet. ref’d)
  • Kelly Kita Sheffield v. State, No. 03-14-00353-CR (Tex. App.—Austin May 28, 2015).published
    (Tex.App.-Austin 2002, pet. refd)
Show 18 more citing cases
At page 897 Reviewing sufficiency of evidence for child endangerment5 citing casesTex.App.-Austin 2002, pet. ref'd3 citing courts put it this way · 4 listed here
  • State v. Adrian Bara, 500 S.W.3d 582 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2016).published
    (Tex.App.-Austin 2002, pet. ref'd)
  • Gail Mayberry v. State, No. 04-10-00274-CR (Tex. App.—San Antonio Aug. 10, 2011).published 3 cites
    (limiting discussion of sufficiency of evidence to manner and means theories alleged in indictment)
  • Mayberry v. State, 351 S.W.3d 507 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2011).published 6 cites
    (Tex.App.-Austin 2002, pet. ref'd)
  • James Robert Miller v. State, No. 03-02-00212-CR (Tex. App.—Austin Feb. 6, 2003).unpublished 2 cites
    (Tex. App.CAustin 2002, no pet.)
At page 895 Police discovering drug use and unattended child in truck2 citing casesdefendant left three-year-old boy unattended in truck while inside store hiding in space above ceiling and using methamphetamine; State alleged culpable conduct as leaving child alone for forty-five minutes in vehicle and using drugs2 citing courts put it this way
  • Gail Mayberry v. State, No. 04-10-00274-CR (Tex. App.—San Antonio Aug. 10, 2011).published 3 cites
    See Mitchell, 321 S.W.3d at 36-37 ; Goodrich v. State, 156 S.W.3d 141, 145-47 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2005, pet. ref’d); Millslagle v. State, 81 S.W.3d 895, 897-98 (Tex. App.—Austin 2002, pet. ref’d); see also Sanchez v. State, No. PD-0971-07, 2…
  • Mayberry v. State, 351 S.W.3d 507 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2011).published 6 cites
    See Mitchell, 321 S.W.3d at 36-37 ; Goodrich v. State, 156 S.W.3d 141, 145-47 (Tex.App.-Dallas 2005, pet. ref'd); Millslagle v. State, 81 S.W.3d 895, 897-98 (Tex.App.-Austin 2002, pet. ref'd); see also Sanchez v. State, — S.W.3d -, - (Tex.…
At page 896 Jury finding of guilt for child endangerment1 citing caseA jury found appellant Randall Millslagle guilty of endangering a child.1 citing court put it this way
  • Justin Allen Lee v. State, No. 03-18-00571-CR (Tex. App.—Austin Dec. 30, 2020).unpublished 2 cites
    (A jury found appellant Randall Millslagle guilty of endangering a child.)
Other citing cases9 with no pin cite or quoted language on record
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
Randall MILLSLAGLE, Appellant,
v.
the STATE of Texas, Appellee
03-01-00455-CR.
Court of Appeals of Texas.
Jun 27, 2002.
Published opinion
81 S.W.3d 895
2002 Tex. App. LEXIS 4577
2002 WL 1378253
John W. Stickels, Austin, for appellant., Cathy S. Compton, Asst. Dist. Atty., Hays Co. Crim. Justice Center, San Marcos, for appellee.
Aboussie, Smith, Yeakel.
Cited by 56 opinions  |  Published
Citation check: this opinion cites a case at a citation that does not lead to it (marked in red below).
  • Jackson v. Virginia is at 448 U.S. 807, not 448 U.S. 307. This copy came from Lawbox; the error may be the copy's, not the court's.
LEE YEAKEL, Justice.

A jury found appellant Randall Millsla-gle guilty of endangering a child. See Tex. Pen.Code Ann. § 22.041(c) (West Supp. 2002). The district court assessed punishment, enhanced by two previous felony convictions, at imprisonment for fifteen years and a $1500 fine. Finding the evidence legally insufficient to sustain a conviction for endangering a child, we will reverse and render a judgment convicting appellant for leaving a child unattended in a vehicle.

San Marcos Police Officer Kenneth Copeland and other officers were eating dinner at a downtown restaurant when they were .approached by a person who reported that a child had been left alone in a pickup truck parked in a lot across the street. Copeland and the other officers went to the truck and found a young boy alone inside, crying. The boy told the officers that his father was “in the bathroom.” The child was later identified as appellant’s three-year-old son.

The officers went to the various stores and restaurants in the area, asking if anyone knew the driver of the truck. After what Copeland estimated was thirty minutes, the officers’ attention was drawn to the locked men’s restroom in a sandwich shop. Using a spare key, Copeland and another officer entered the bathroom, which was empty. They saw insulation material lying on the floor by the toilet, suggesting that someone had moved a panel in the suspended ceiling and gone up into the ceiling area. Copeland climbed into the ceiling and with his flashlight saw[*897] a man hiding in a corner. When Copeland ordered the man to come out, he began to crawl away from the officer and eventually fell through the ceiling into the store manager’s office. Before the officers could get inside the locked office, they heard breaking glass. Officers outside the shop seized appellant as he broke through a plate glass window and tried to run away.

Appellant was agitated and appeared to the officers to be under the influence of a stimulant. Appellant told emergency medical technicians who treated his injuries at the scene, “I’m on meth,” and told a nurse at the hospital that he had taken crystal methamphetamine. Although no drugs or drug paraphernalia were found on appellant’s person during a search following his arrest, an officer noticed part of a syringe on appellant’s lap at the hospital.

“A person commits an offense if he intentionally, knowingly, recklessly, or with criminal negligence, by act or omission, engages in conduct that places a child younger than 15 years in imminent danger of death, bodily injury, or physical or mental impairment.” Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 22.041(c) (West Supp.2002). [1] The indictment in this cause alleged that appellant intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly placed his son in imminent danger of death, bodily injury, or physical or mental impairment “by leaving the [child] alone for approximately forty-five minutes in a car, and by having ingested a controlled substance after that period of time.” The application paragraph in the court’s jury charge tracked the indictment. Appellant contends the State’s proof fails because, under the circumstances shown, his ingestion of methamphetamine did not place the child in imminent danger.

In a legal-sufficiency review, the question is whether, after viewing all the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. See Jackson v. Virginia, 448 U.S. 307[incorrect citation], 324, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979); Griffin v. State, 614 S.W.2d 155, 158-59 (Tex.Crim.App.1981). Appellant assumes that in order to convict, the jury in this cause must have determined beyond a reasonable doubt that ingesting a controlled substance after leaving the child in a vehicle somehow endangered the child. Although the State agrees with appellant’s assumption, it is not necessarily correct. The sufficiency of the evidence is measured by reference to the elements of the offense as defined by a hypothetically correct jury charge for the case. Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234, 240 (Tex.Crim.App.1997). Allegations giving rise to immaterial variances between the indictment and the proof may be disregarded in the hypothetically correct charge. Gollihar v. State, 46 S.W.3d 243, 257 (Tex.Crim.App.2001). A variance is immaterial if the indictment gave the defendant sufficient notice of the charge against him and the defendant would not be open to the risk of reprosecu[*898] tion for the same crime. Id. Under Golli-har, it is at least arguable that the hypothetically correct charge for this case would permit appellant’s conviction if the evidence showed that appellant placed the child in imminent danger by leaving him alone in the truck or by having ingested a controlled substance. We do not decide this question because appellant was not shown to have placed his son in imminent danger by leaving him alone in the pickup truck, or by ingesting methamphetamine, or by doing both.

To be guilty of endangering a child, a person must place the child in imminent danger of death, bodily injury, or impairment. “Imminent” means “ready to take place, near at hand, impending, hanging threateningly over one’s head, menacingly near.” Elder v. State, 993 S.W.2d 229, 230 (Tex.App.-San Antonio 1999, no pet.) (quoting Devine v. State, 786 S.W.2d 268, 270 (Tex.Crim.App.1989)). It is not sufficient that the accused placed the child in a situation that is potentially dangerous. The accused’s conduct must threaten the child with immediate, impending death, bodily injury, or impairment. See id. (holding that defendant did not place eight-year-old daughter in imminent danger by permitting man on probation for indecency with child to move into home she shared with her children).

A worker in the sandwich shop noticed the boy “jumping around” in the truck ten to fifteen minutes before the police arrived, after which it took the police approximately thirty additional minutes to find appellant. The lot in which the truck was parked was near a busy intersection. The truck’s engine was not running, and Officer Copeland did not remember seeing the keys in the ignition. The boy was not restrained in a child seat, or by a seat belt This incident took place around 6:30 p.m. on a June afternoon. It was not dark, and there is no evidence that the area was particularly dangerous. We may assume that the weather was warm, but the windows of the truck were open and there is no evidence that the child was overheated. The officer testified that the child was upset, but otherwise appeared to be unharmed by his experience. This evidence, although more than sufficient to. show a potentially dangerous situation, does not rationally support a finding beyond a reasonable doubt that the child was in imminent danger of death, bodily injury, or physical or mental impairment during the time he was alone in the pickup truck. Thus, the temporal aspect of the crime is lacking.

That appellant left his child alone in the truck in order to ingest methamphetamine in the sandwich shop’s restroom, however reprehensible, did not place the child in any greater danger. Although appellant’s drug use may have carried with it the potential for danger should he return to the truck and drive away in an intoxicated state, appellant’s drug use did not expose his child to imminent danger so long as appellant remained in the restroom and did not return to his truck.

We hold that the evidence is legally insufficient to support a finding that appellant placed his son in imminent danger of death, bodily injury, or physical or mental impairment. The district court did, however, instruct the jury on the lesser included offense of leaving a child unattended in a vehicle. See Tex. Pen.Code Ann. § 22.10 (West 1994). [2] Because the[*899] evidence is legally sufficient to support a conviction for the lesser offense, we reverse the judgment of conviction for endangering a child and render a judgment convicting appellant of leaving a child unattended in a vehicle. See Collier v. State, 999 S.W.2d 779, 782 (Tex.Crim.App.1999) (plurality op.) & 784-85 (Keasler, J., concurring). [3]

1

. Notwithstanding the phrase "engages in conduct that,” section 22.041(c) appears to be a "result of conduct” offense. See Beggs v. State, 597 S.W.2d 375, 377 (Tex.Crim.App.1980) (construing former injury-to-a-child statute). Because the only conduct element that can be the object of all four culpable mental states is "result of conduct,” the inclusion of all four culpable mental states in the definition of the offense is a strong indication that it is a specific result type of crime. See Alvarado v. State, 704 S.W.2d 36, 38-39 (Tex.Crim.App.1985) (construing former injury-to-a-child statute). Further indicating that endangering a child is a specific result offense, section 22.041(c) does not require that the accused’s conduct be of a particular nature or be committed under particular circumstances. Instead, any conduct that places a child in imminent danger is prohibited. See id. at 39.

2

. "A person commits an offense if he intentionally or knowingly leaves a child in a motor vehicle for longer than five minutes, knowing that the child is: (1) younger than seven years of age; and (2) not attended by an individual in the vehicle who is 14 years of[*899] age or older.” Tex. Pen.Code Ann. § 22.10(a) (West 1994).

3

. Because of our disposition of appellant’s legal sufficiency point, we need not address appellant’s remaining points by which he challenges the factual sufficiency of the evidence and argues that, under the in pari mate-ria doctrine, he should have been prosecuted only for leaving a child unattended in a motor vehicle.