Timothy Daryl Atkins v. John Gibson Lanning, Kenneth D. Fouts & Randall Craig Ruark, 556 F.2d 485 (10th Cir. 1977). · Go Syfert
Timothy Daryl Atkins v. John Gibson Lanning, Kenneth D. Fouts & Randall Craig Ruark, 556 F.2d 485 (10th Cir. 1977). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
137 citation events (14 in the last 25 years) across 40 distinct courts.
Treatment trajectory · 1977 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1977 2001 2026
Cited for
At page 489 Immunity of prosecutors and limits of civil rights claims21 citing casesapplying absolute immunity to district attorney investigators1 citing court put it this way
  • Phillips v. Rose, No. 2:24-cv-00287 (D.N.M. July 9, 2024).
    (applying absolute immunity to district attorney investigators)
  • Hall v. Witteman, 569 F. Supp. 2d 1208 (D. Kan. 2008).published
    Griffin v. Breckenridge, 403 U.S. 88, 102 , 91 S.Ct. 1790, 1798 , 29 L.Ed.2d 338 (1971); Atkins v. Lanning, 556 F.2d 485, 489 (10th Cir.1977). “[I]n the absence of allegations of class based or racial discriminatory animus, the complaint f…
  • Brin v. Kansas, 101 F. Supp. 2d 1343 (D. Kan. 2000).published
    Griffin v. Breckenridge, 403 U.S. 88, 102 , 91 S.Ct. 1790, 1798 , 29 L.Ed.2d 338 (1971); Atkins v. Lanning, 556 F.2d 485, 489 (10th Cir.1977). “[I]n the absence of allegations of class based or racial discriminatory animus, the complaint f…
  • E.F.W. v. St. Stephen's Mission Indian High Sch., 51 F. Supp. 2d 1217 (D. Wyo. 1999).published
    Griffin v. Breckenridge, 403 U.S. 88, 102 , 91 S.Ct. 1790 , 29 L.Ed.2d 338 (1971); Atkins v. Lanning, 556 F.2d 485, 489 (10th Cir.1977). “[I]n the absence of allegations of class based or racial discriminatory animus, the -complaint fails…
  • Bisbee v. Bey, 39 F.3d 1096 (10th Cir. 1994).published
    Griffin v. Breckenridge, 403 U.S. 88, 102 , 91 S.Ct. 1790, 1798 , 29 L.Ed.2d 338 (1971); Atkins v. Banning, 556 F.2d 485, 489 (10th Cir.1977). “[I]n the absence of allegations of class based or racial discriminatory animus, the complaint f…
  • Kenneth L. Bisbee v. John Bey, in His Individual Capacity James Johnson, in His Individual Capacity & E.E. Vanbuskirk, in His Individual Capacity, & Converse Cnty. Bd. of Cnty. Commissioners, Kenneth L. Bisbee v. John Bey, in His Individual Capacity James Johnson, in His Individual Capacity E.E. Vanbuskirk, in His Individual Capacity & Converse Cnty. Bd. of Cnty. Commissioners, 39 F.3d 1096 (10th Cir. 1994).published
    Griffin v. Breckenridge, 403 U.S. 88, 102 , 91 S.Ct. 1790, 1798 , 29 L.Ed.2d 338 (1971); Atkins v. Lanning, 556 F.2d 485, 489 (10th Cir.1977). "[I]n the absence of allegations of class based or racial discriminatory animus, the complaint f…
  • Fitzpatrick v. Meyer, 809 F. Supp. 1299 (S.D. Ohio 1992).published
    Lesser v. Braniff Airways Inc., 518 F.2d 538, 543 (7th Cir.1975); Landrigan v. City of Warwick, 628 F.2d 736, 739, n. 1 (1st Cir.1980); Regan v. Sullivan, 557 F.2d 300, 307 (2nd Cir.1977); Atkins v. Lanning, 556 F.2d 485, 489 (10th Cir.197…
  • Fitzpatrick v. Meyer, 809 F. Supp. 1292 (S.D. Ohio 1992).published
    Lesser v. Braniff Airways Inc., 518 F.2d 538, 543 (7th Cir.1975); Landrigan v. City of Warwick, 628 F.2d 736 , *1297 739, n. 1 (1st Cir.1980); Regan v. Sullivan, 557 F.2d 300, 307 (2nd Cir.1977); Atkins v. Banning, 556 F.2d 485, 489 (10th…
  • Russell v. City of Kansas City, Kan., 690 F. Supp. 947 (D. Kan. 1988).published
    Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Corp., 429 U.S. 252, 265 , 97 S.Ct. 555, 563 , 50 L.Ed.2d 450 (1977); Griffin v. Breckenridge, 403 U.S. 88, 102 , 91 S.Ct. 1790, 1798 , 29 L.Ed.2d 338 (1971); LeClair v. Saunders, 627 F.2d 606, 611…
  • Joseph v. Patterson, 795 F.2d 549 (6th Cir. 1986).published
    They contend that "it would hardly seem reasonable to exculpate the district attorney and not to immunize his underlinings," citing Atkins v. Lanning, 556 F.2d 485, 489 (10th Cir.1977).
Show 11 more citing cases
  • Joseph v. Patterson, 795 F.2d 549 (6th Cir. 1986).published
    They contend that “it would hardly seem reasonable to exculpate the district attorney and not to immunize his underlinings,” citing Atkins v. Lanning, 556 F.2d 485, 489 (10th Cir.1977).
  • Townsend v. Frame, 587 F. Supp. 369 (E.D. Pa. 1984).published
    Atkins v. Lanning, 556 F.2d 485, 489 (10th Cir.1977); Waits v. McGowan, 516 F.2d 203, 207 (3d Cir.1975).
  • Petrone v. City of Reading, 541 F. Supp. 735 (E.D. Pa. 1982).published
    See, Elbert v. Board of Education, 630 F.2d 509, 514 (7th Cir. 1980), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 1031 , 101 S.Ct. 1741 , 68 L.Ed.2d 226 (1981); Landrigan v. City of Warwick, 628 F.2d 736, 739, n. 1 (1st Cir. 1980); Regan v. Sullivan, 557 F.2d…
  • Luella Holmes & Elizabeth Y. Thomas v. Joan Finney, E. Dean Eikenberry, Harrasetta H. Kinney, William B. McCormick & Kenneth L. Elder, 631 F.2d 150 (10th Cir. 1980).published
    Id. at 261 (quoting Cuyahoga River Power Co. v. Northern Ohio Traction and Light Co., 252 U.S. 388, 397 , 40 S.Ct. 404, 408 , 64 L.Ed. 626 ); Atkins v. Lanning, 556 F.2d 485, 489 (10th Cir.).
  • Nelson Hernandez v. C. Lattimore, Nathaniel Mitchell, Hugh Herbert, N. Avignone, & R. Brown, Corr. Officers, Metro. Corr. Ctr., 612 F.2d 61 (2d Cir. 1979).published
    Atkins v. Lanning, 556 F.2d 485, 489 (10th Cir. 1977); Bowring v. Godwin, 551 F.2d 44, 48 (4th Cir. 1977); Smith v. Spina, 477 F.2d 1140, 1143 (3d Cir. 1973); Wells v. Ward, 470 F.2d 1185, 1187 (10th Cir. 1972); Corby v. Conboy, 457 F.2d 2…
  • Doe v. Sullivan, 472 F. Supp. 975 (W.D. Tex. 1979).published
    In Paragraph IX of the plaintiff’s Original Complaint he states the true nature of his attempted claim when he characterizes the acts of the defendants as being negligent by stating “Defendants . were negligent in that they failed to exerc…
  • Charles E. Studen v. Robert S. Beebe, 588 F.2d 560 (6th Cir. 1978).published
    See Ellentuck v. Klein, 570 F.2d 414, 426 (2d Cir. 1978); Atkins v. Lanning, 556 F.2d 485, 489 (10th Cir. 1977); Elmwood Properties, Inc. v. Conzelman, 418 F.2d 1025, 1027-28 (7th Cir. 1969), cert. denied, 397 U.S. 1063 , 90 S.Ct. 1498 , 2…
  • Silkwood Ex Rel. Silkwood v. Kerr-McGee Corp., 460 F. Supp. 399 (W.D. Okla. 1978).published
    Atkins v. Lanning, 556 F.2d 485, 489 (10th Cir. 1977); Ward v. St.
  • Phillips v. Fisher, 445 F. Supp. 552 (D. Kan. 1977).published
    Atkins v. Lanning, 556 F.2d 485, 489 (10th Cir. 1977); Wells v. Ward, 470 F.2d 1185, 1187 (10th Cir. 1972); Carter v. Chief of Police, 437 F.2d 413, 415 (3d Cir. 1971) (unlawful detention of chattel).
  • Depineda v. Hemphill, 25 F.3d 1056 (10th Cir. 1994).published
    (As to the district attorney's investigators, it would hardly seem reasonable to exculpate the district attorney and to not immunize his underlings.)
  • Mohammad Sami v. United States of Am., 617 F.2d 755 (D.C. Cir. 1979).published
    See, e. g., Atkins v. Lanning, 556 F.2d 485, 489 (10th Cir. 1977), aff’g 415 F.Supp. 186 (N.D.Okl.1976) (careless or negligent furnishing of erroneous information to prosecutor resulting in official charges held not actionable) (“[sjimply…
At page 488 Determining prosecutor immunity for prosecutorial functions19 citing casesdistrict attorney absolutely immune from suit for naming wrong person in arrest warrant3 citing courts put it this way · 2 cautionary
  • Simons v. Bellinger, 643 F.2d 774 (D.C. Cir. 1980).published Cited "but see"
    But see Atkins v. Lanning, 556 F.2d 485, 488 (10th Cir. 1977) Other recent cases indicate that prosecutorial conduct with respect to particular persons and wrongs is not always considered advocatory and thereby protected by absolute immuni…
  • Simons v. Bellinger, 643 F.2d 774 (D.C. Cir. 1980).published Cited "but see"
    But see Atkins v. Lanning, 556 F.2d 485, 488 (10th Cir. 1977).
  • Best v. Virgil Smith, No. 4:19-cv-02252 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 14, 2020).
    (As to the district attorney’s investigators, it would hardly seem reasonable to exculpate 24 the district attorney and to not immunize his underlings.)
  • Stanley v. Gallegos, 852 F.3d 1210 (10th Cir. 2017).published 2 cites
    Similarly, in a case involving an alleged false arrest, this court acknowledged that a prosecutor has both a “quasi-judicial capacity” and an “investigative or police-related role.” Atkins v. Lanning, 556 F.2d 485, 488 (10th Cir. 1977) (in…
  • Coburn v. Nordeen, 206 F. Supp. 2d 1119 (D. Kan. 2002).published
    Imbler v. Pachtman, 424 U.S. 409, 427 , 96 S.Ct. 984 , 47 L.Ed.2d 128 (1976); Atkins v. Lanning, 556 F.2d 485, 488 (10th Cir.1977). 11 .
  • Robert F. Davis v. James Grusemeyer, Raymond Gurak, Donald Yingling, David v. Brody, & Charles E. Waldron, 996 F.2d 617 (3d Cir. 1993).published
    See Gobel v. Maricopa County, 867 F.2d 1201 , 1203 n. 5 (9th Cir.1989); Keating v. Martin, 638 F.2d 1121, 1122 (8th Cir.1980) (per curiam); Atkins v. Canning, 556 F.2d 485, 488-89 (10th Cir.1977). 32 It may be conceivable that in certain c…
  • Randall Edward Rex v. John P. Teeples, Donald E. Johnson, Jr., & Edward Rupert, Defendants, 753 F.2d 840 (10th Cir. 1985).published 2 cites
    In Atkins v. Banning, 556 F.2d 485, 488 (10th Cir.1977), this court distinguished between the prosecutor’s quasi-judicial role warranting absolute immunity, and his “po lice-related” work not accorded such immunity.
  • Hauptmann v. Wilentz, 570 F. Supp. 351 (D.N.J. 1983).published
    See, e.g., Freeman v. Hittle, 708 F.2d 442 (9th Cir.1983); Taylor v. Kavanagh, 640 F.2d 450, 452 (2d Cir.1981); Marrera v. City of Hialeah, 625 F.2d 499, 507 (5th Cir.1980), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 913 , 101 S.Ct. 1353 , 67 L.Ed.2d 337 (198…
  • George Freeman, Individually & on Behalf of the Sanctuary, a Universal Life Church Monastery v. Leroy Hittle, I.H. Redersen, Kazuo Watanbe, 708 F.2d 442 (9th Cir. 1983).published
    Atkins v. Lanning, 556 F.2d 485, 488-89 (10th Cir.1977); see also O’Connor v. State of Nevada, 686 F.2d 749, 750 (9th Cir.1982).
  • Martinez v. Winner, 548 F. Supp. 278 (D. Colo. 1982).published 2 cites
    Even assuming that malicious prosecution can state a claim under the Civil Rights Acts, cf. Atkins v. Lanning, 556 F.2d 485, 488 (10th Cir. 1977), the complaint does not allege even the bare elements of a malicious prosecution cause of act…
Show 9 more citing cases
At page 487 district attorney absolutely immune from suit for naming wrong person in arrest warrant8 citing cases1 citing court put it this way
  • Knowlton v. Shaw, 708 F. Supp. 2d 69 (D. Me. 2010).published
    Schrob, 948 F.2d at 1417 (stating that “[ajbsolute immunity applies if the action at issue was taken in furtherance of prosecutorial duties even though the prosecutor inadvertently injures an innocent person”); Atkins v. Lanning, 556 F.2d…
  • Townes v. City of Tulsa, 96 F. App'x 656 (10th Cir. 2004).unpublished
    See id. (malicious prosecution); Atkins v. Lanning, 556 F.2d 485, 487 (10th Cir.1977) (false imprisonment); J.C.
  • Druckenmiller v. United States, 548 F. Supp. 193 (E.D. Pa. 1982).published
    See, Turner v. Raynes, 611 F.2d 92, 93 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 900 , 101 S.Ct. 269 , 66 L.Ed.2d 129 (1980) (sheriff need not determine “ultimate legal validity” of warrant before serving it); Atkins v. Lanning, 556 F.2d 485, 487…
  • Sharon M. Johnson v. Officer J. Miller, Officer Bruce Sutcliff & First Nat'l Bank of Chicago, 680 F.2d 39 (1st Cir. 1982).published
    We resist the temptation to reach this conclusion by the casuistic route of deeming a warrant to be valid on its face even if it contains discrepancies (such as the misspelling of the arrested person’s name in Atkins v. Banning, 556 F.2d 4…
  • Munday v. Johnson, 257 F. App'x 126 (10th Cir. 2007).unpublished
    See Atkins v. Lanning, 556 F.2d 485, 487 (10th Cir.1977).
  • No. 90-6051, 948 F.2d 1402 (3d Cir. 1991).published
    See Atkins v. Lanning, 556 F.2d 485, 487-88 (10th Cir.1977) (per curiam) (district attorney absolutely immune from suit for naming wrong person in arrest warrant).
  • Schrob v. Catterson, 948 F.2d 1402 (3d Cir. 1991).published
    See Atkins v. Lanning, 556 F.2d 485, 487-88 (10th Cir.1977) (per curiam) (district attorney absolutely immune from suit for naming wrong person in arrest warrant).
  • Bernard H. Ehrlich v. Rudolph W. Giuliani Mary T. Shannon, 910 F.2d 1220 (4th Cir. 1990).published
    (district attorney absolutely immune from suit for naming wrong person in arrest warrant)
At page 485 “the district attorney unfortunately caught appellant in the general dragnet,”0 citing cases1 citing court quotes it
    Other citing cases2 with no pin cite or quoted language on record
    Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
    Timothy Daryl ATKINS, Plaintiff-Appellant,
    v.
    John Gibson LANNING, Kenneth D. Fouts and Randall Craig Ruark, Defendants-Appellees
    76-1694.
    Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit.
    Jun 8, 1977.
    Published opinion
    556 F.2d 485
    1977 U.S. App. LEXIS 13039
    Michael L. Fought, Bartlesville, for appellant., Larry Derryberry, Atty. Gen., Paul Crowe, Asst. Atty. Gen., and John G. Lanning, Dist. Atty., David W. Lee, Asst. Dist. Atty., filed a memorandum in support of summary action for appellees.
    Seth, McWilliams, Pickett.
    Cited by 105 opinions  |  Published
    PER CURIAM.

    This is an appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Oklahoma by which the district court denied appellant’s claims brought pursuant to 42 U.S.C. §§ 1983 and 1985(3). Atkins v. Lanning, 415 F.Supp. 186 (N.D.Okl.1976).

    Timothy Daryl Atkins claims that his civil rights were violated by four conspirators: the Washington County, Oklahoma District Attorney, a Bartlesville police officer, and two investigators on the District Attorney’s staff. There is no doubt that Atkins was mistakenly arrested. The only question is whether he has stated a cause of action cognizable under the Civil Rights Act.

    In the course of investigating and initiating proceedings against a large ring of marijuana distributors in Bartlesville, Oklahoma, the district attorney unfortunately caught appellant in the general dragnet. The warrant under which Atkins was arrested was concededly valid on its face, although it named one Timothy Adkins as opposed to Atkins (the person arrested following appellant’s release was Edward Adkins). Some thirty-three days elapsed (with Atkins either in jail or in the state mental hospital) before the preliminary hearing, when it was established that Atkins was in fact the wrong person.

    The district judge carefully considered the various claims, taking appellant’s statements of fact as true, following which he granted appellees’ motion for summary judgment. Specifically the district court found that appellant had abandoned his claim against the arresting officer, that the district attorney was immune under Imbler v. Pachtman, 424 U.S. 409, 96 S.Ct. 984, 47 L.Ed.2d 128 (1976), and that as to the investigators on the district attorney’s staff there was no showing of either malice or knowledge that probable cause for the arrest of the appellant was lacking. We affirm the judgment of the district court.

    Appellant has conceded that the warrant was regular on its face and there is no claim that the arrest was effected in other than a proper manner. Hence the arresting officer is entitled to the qualified immunity defense of a good faith belief that his behavior was proper. See Scheuer v. Rhodes, 416 U.S. 232, 94 S.Ct. 1683, 40 L.Ed.2d 90 (1974); Pierson v. Ray, 386 U.S. 547, 87 S.Ct. 1213, 18 L.Ed.2d 288 (1967); Smith v. Losee, 485 F.2d 334 (10th Cir. 1973). A police officer who arrests someone with probable cause or a valid warrant is not liable for false arrest simply because the innocence of the suspect is later established. Perry v. Jones, 506 F.2d 778 (5th Cir. 1975).

    [*488] As to the liability of the district attorney, the Supreme Court in Imbler, supra, clarified any doubts regarding the absolute immunity of a state prosecutor acting within the scope of his jurisdiction. At page 421 of 424 U.S., at page 990 of 96 S.Ct., recognizing that malicious prosecution suits may follow dismissal of the state’s case, the Supreme Court stated:

    “The function of a prosecutor that most often invites common-law tort action is his decision to initiate a prosecution, as this may lead to a suit for malicious prosecution if the State’s case misfires.” And at pages 427-428, 96 S.Ct. at pages

    993-994:

    “We conclude that the considerations outlined above dictate the same absolute immunity under § 1983 that the prosecutor enjoys at common law. To be sure, this immunity does leave the genuinely wronged defendant without civil redress against a prosecutor whose malicious or dishonest action deprives him of liberty. But the alternative of qualifying a prosecutor’s immunity would disserve the broader public interest. It would prevent the vigorous and fearless performance of the prosecutor’s duty that is essential to the proper functioning of the criminal justice system. (Footnotes omitted.)”

    The only question then is whether the prosecutor was acting not in his quasi-judicial capacity but in his investigative or “police-related” role. See, e.g., Hampton v. City of Chicago, 484 F.2d 602 (7th Cir. 1973), cert. denied 415 U.S. 917, 94 S.Ct. 1413, 39 L.Ed.2d 471 (1974). The facts of this case clearly demonstrate that the function being performed by the district attorney was that of preparing and presenting a case, or in other words, those judicial functions for which absolute immunity is granted. Apton v. Wilson, 165 U.S.App.D.C. 22, 506 F.2d 83 (1974). Some leeway is needed to perform the function of assembling the state’s case. Weathers v. Ebert, 505 F.2d 514 (4th Cir. 1974).

    While it is true that some investigative work is necessarily a prerequisite to the preparation of a prosecuting attorney’s case, this does not automatically change the nature of his function to resemble that of a police officer. In the case at bar the district attorney did not act as any type of “arresting officer.” Weathers, supra. Case law indicates that the denial of immunity to a state prosecutor would doubtless require a gross abuse of the prosecutorial function, such as deliberately concealing evidence proving a defendant’s innocence. Hilliard v. Williams, 465 F.2d 1212 (6th Cir. 1972); Hampton, supra. We also note that it appears uncontested that half the delay in obtaining Atkins’ release was caused by his own attorney, who secured the postponement of the preliminary hearing from September 8th to September 22nd.

    With respect to the district attorney’s staff, the law is somewhat less clear; Judge Cook found that pursuant to the limitations on executive immunity as expressed in Scheuer v. Rhodes, supra, that the absolute immunity covering the district attorney did not extend to the investigators on his staff and that it was therefore necessary to consider appellant’s claim against them on the merits. In Scheuer the Supreme Court also held 416 U.S. at page 242, 94 S.Ct. at page 1689:

    “Implicit in the idea that officials have some immunity — absolute or qualified— for their acts, is a recognition they may err. The concept of immunity assumes this and goes on to assume that it is • better to risk some error and some injury from such error than not to decide at all.”

    The situation here is precisely that: the district attorney neglected to verify that the proper person was named in the indictment. In Waits v. McGowan, 516 F.2d 203 (3rd Cir. 1975), the court of appeals held at page 207:

    “An investigator directly employed by the district attorney to do a particular investigative job related to the prosecution of an accused is not the equivalent of the ordinary police officer, who is empowered by the state to initiate discretionary acts depriving others of their rights and whose many activities in the prevention of crime and enforcement of law need not be related to the judicial process.”

    [*489] As to the district attorney’s investigators, it would hardly seem reasonable to exculpate the district attorney and to not immunize his underlings. See Guerro v. Mulhearn, 498 F.2d 1249 (1st Cir. 1974); Lewis v. Brautigam, 227 F.2d 124 (5th Cir. 1955). The eases cited by the district court involve police officers or police investigators; Scheuer, supra, involved the executive branch of government, not the judicial branch. The situation is different where the district attorney’s staff (who are inextricably tied to the quasi-judicial process of initiating, preparing, and presenting a case) have made an error than it is when the police have carelessly or falsely arrested or injured someone.

    The Supreme Court has clearly held that the Fourteenth Amendment does not extend a constitutional right to be free from injury whenever the state may be characterized as a tortfeasor because such reading of the due process clause would make of the Fourteenth Amendment a font of tort law to be superimposed upon whatever systems may already be administered by the state. Paul v. Davis, 424 U.S. 693, 96 S.Ct. 1155,47 L.Ed.2d 405 (1976). The Court in Davis also rejected “any attempt to derive from the congressional civil rights statutes a body of general federal tort law”. See also Oakley v. City of Pasadena, 535 F.2d 503 (9th Cir. 1976).

    However, even if the investigators are not covered by the quasi-judicial immunity shielding the prosecutor, appellant has failed to demonstrate a violation of his federal constitutional rights. Simply because under state common law the slightest interference with personal liberty might constitute a false imprisonment, it does not follow that all such invasions, however trivial or frivolous, serve to activate remedies under the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The Civil Rights Act was not enacted in order to discipline local law enforcement officials. Wells v. Ward, 470 F.2d 1185 (10th Cir. 1972); Stringer v. Dilger, 313 F.2d 536 (10th Cir. 1963). In other words, a federal constitutional question must exist not in form but in substance not merely an assertion but in essence and effect. See Freeman v. Flake, 448 F.2d 258 (10th Cir. 1971) and cases cited therein. Obviously not every official impropriety gives rise to a finding that due process has been denied. See Street v. Surdyka, 492 F.2d 368, 371 (4th Cir. 1974).

    Finally, the conspiracy issue (42 U.S.C. § 1985(3)), although less than clearly expressed by appellant, is adequately disposed of by the district court. Atkins, supra, pp. 187-188. There must be some racial or class based invidiously discriminatory animus behind conspirators’ actions, i.e., the conspiracy must aim at a deprivation of the equal enjoyment of rights secured by the law to all in order to state a claim under § 1985. See Griffin v. Breckenridge, 403 U.S. 88, 102, 91 S.Ct. 1790, 29 L.Ed.2d 338; Lesser v. Braniff Airways, Inc., 518 F.2d 538 (7th Cir. 1975); see also Hahn v. Sargent, 523 F.2d 461 (1st Cir. 1975).

    When this case was docketed in this court, the parties were notified that the appeal would be decided on the original record without oral argument. The parties were invited to submit memoranda in support of their respective positions. Only appellees have done so. We have thoroughly reviewed the files and records in this case and are convinced that the opinion of the district court should be affirmed.

    The mandate shall issue forthwith.