At page 570 disparate treatment for engaging in similar misconduct. It also concluded that her discharge was not in retaliation for her participation in protected labor… · 49 citing cases
- Quintero v. State of Texas - Health & Human Servs. Comm'n, No. 3:20-cv-00251 (W.D. Tex. Aug. 25, 2022).Essentially, the plaintiff must show that “the misconduct for which she was discharged was nearly identical to that engaged in by . . . [another] employee whom [the employer] retained.” Davin v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., 678 F.2d 567, 570 (5t…
- Off. of the Attorney Gen. of Texas v. Laura G. Rodriguez, No. 17-0970 (Tex. June 12, 2020).Accordingly, we reverse and render judgment that Rodriguez take nothing on her Whistleblower Act claim. ________________________________ Jane N. Bland Justice OPINION DELIVERED: June 12, 2020 engaged in by a male employee whom [the company…
- Gale Walker v. Robert Smith, No. 19-60313 (5th Cir. Feb. 6, 2020).Wal- Mart Stores (No. 471), 891 F.2d at 1180 (emphasis added) (quoting Davin v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., 678 F.2d 567, 570 (5th Cir. 1982)).
- Vicky McKenna v. Baylor Coll. of Med., No. 01-15-00090-CV (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Aug. 4, 2015). Nussbaum, 940 S.W. 2d 350, 352 (Tex. App. - San Antonio 1997, no writ) ................................................................. 34 City ofHouston v. First City, 827 S.W. 2d 462, 473 (Tex. App. - Houston [1 st Dist.] 1992, writ den…
- King v. Ferguson Enter., Inc., 971 F. Supp. 2d 1200 (N.D. Ga. 2013).Bd. of Educ., 684 F.2d 769 , 773 (11th Cir.1982); Davin v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., 678 F.2d 567, 570 (5th Cir. Unit B 1982); see also cases cited in note 17.
- Burch v. P.J. Cheese, Inc., 935 F. Supp. 2d 1259 (N.D. Ala. 2013).Alternatively, a plaintiff may demonstrate a prima facie case of discriminatory discharge by showing “that he is a member of a protected class, that he was qualified for the job from which he was fired, and ‘that the misconduct for which […
- Harris v. First Am. Nat'l Bancshares, Inc., 484 F. App'x 902 (5th Cir. 2012).Ctr., 245 F.3d 507, 512-513 (5th Cir.2001); Davin v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., 678 F.2d 567, 570 (5th Cir. Unit B 1982).
- Andazola v. Logan's Roadhouse, Inc., 871 F. Supp. 2d 1186 (N.D. Ala. 2012).That is the formulation which will be applied here; and, in doing so, the only element requiring discussion is the third: whether defendant treated similarly-situated male employees more favorably. 100 Some binding authorities have allowed…
- Siddiqui v. AutoZone West, Inc., 731 F. Supp. 2d 639 (N.D. Tex. 2010).See, e.g., Little v. Republic Refining Co., 924 F.2d 93, 97 (5th Cir.1991); Smith v. Wal-Mart Stores, 891 F.2d 1177, 1180 (5th Cir.1990) (per curiam) (quoting Davin v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., 678 F.2d 567, 570 (5th Cir. Unit B 1982)). 21 .
- Mission Consol. Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Garcia, 314 S.W.3d 548 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2010).Ctr., 245 F.3d 507, 512-13 (5th Cir.2001) (citing Shackelford v. Deloitte & Touche, LLP, 190 F.3d 398, 404 (5th Cir.1999); Rutherford v. Harris County, Tex., 197 F.3d 173, 184 (5th Cir. 1999); Davin v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., 678 F.2d 567,…
Show 39 more citing cases
- Mission Consol. Sch. Dist. v. Gloria Garcia, No. 13-09-00458-CV (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi May 27, 2010).Ctr., 245 F.3d 507, 512-13 (5th Cir. 2001) (citing Shackelford v. Deloitte & Touche, LLP, 190 F.3d 398, 404 (5th Cir. 1999); Rutherford v. Harris County, Tex., 197 F.3d 173, 184 (5th Cir. 1999); Davin v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., 678 F.2d 567…
- Collins-Pearcy v. Mediterranean Shipping Co. (USA), 698 F. Supp. 2d 730 (S.D. Tex. 2010).To satisfy his burden, a plaintiff, in a termination case, for instance, must demonstrate “ ‘that the misconduct for which she was discharged was nearly identical to that engaged in by a employee [outside the protected class] whom the comp…
- Roger Willis v. Nucor Corp., No. 10-07-00148-CV (Tex. App.—Waco Dec. 31, 2008).Co., 427 U.S. 273 , 283 n.11, 96 S.Ct. 2574 , 49 L.Ed.2d 493 (1976), the Fifth Circuit has held that to prove discrimination based on disparate discipline, the plaintiff must usually show “that the misconduct for which [he] was discharged…
- Willis v. Nucor Corp., 282 S.W.3d 536 (Tex. App.—Waco 2008).Co., 427 U.S. 273 , 283 n. 11, 96 S.Ct. 2574 , 49 L.Ed.2d 493 (1976), the Fifth Circuit has held that to prove discrimination based on disparate discipline, the plaintiff must usually show “that the misconduct for which [he] was discharged…
- John Phillips v. Aaron Rents, Inc., 262 F. App'x 202 (11th Cir. 2008).As discussed in the context of race and sex discrimination, a prima facie case of discriminatory discharge based on age may also be established if the plaintiff shows that “the misconduct for which [he] was discharged was nearly identical…
- Dortch v. Mem'l Herman Healthcare Sys.-Sw., 525 F. Supp. 2d 849 (S.D. Tex. 2007).To satisfy his burden, Dortch must demonstrate “ ‘that the mis *863 conduct for which [he] was discharged was nearly identical to that engaged in by a [female] employee whom the company retained.’ ” Smith v. Wal-Mart Stores, 891 F.2d 1177,…
- Preston v. Texas Dep't of Fam. & Prot. Servs., 222 F. App'x 353 (5th Cir. 2007).Davin v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., 678 F.2d 567, 570 (5th Cir.1982). .
- Preston v. TX Dept Fam & Prtc, No. 06-20752 (5th Cir. Feb. 7, 2007).B 19 Davin v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., 678 F.2d 567, 570 (5th Cir. 1982). 20 See Freeman v. Tex. Dep’t of Criminal Justice, 369 F.3d 854, 860 (5th Cir. 2004) (“[T]he nonmovant cannot satisfy [her] burden with conclusory allegations, unsubsta…
- Ysleta Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Monarrez, 177 S.W.3d 915 (Tex. 2005).Co., 427 U.S. 273 , 283 n. 11, 96 S.Ct. 2574 , 49 L.Ed.2d 493 (1976), the Fifth Circuit has held that to prove discrimination based on disparate discipline, the plaintiff must usually show “that the misconduct for which [he] was discharged…
- Perez v. Texas Dep't of Crim. Just., Institutional Div., 395 F.3d 206 (5th Cir. 2004).To this end Smith’s burden is to show ‘that the misconduct for which she was discharged was nearly identical to that engaged in by a male employee whom [the company] retained.’ ” Id. (quoting Davin v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., 678 F.2d 567, 5…
- Wallace v. Methodist Hosp Sys, No. 00-20255 (5th Cir. Nov. 14, 2001).B We have held that in order for a plaintiff to show disparate treatment, she must demonstrate “that the misconduct for which she was discharged was nearly identical to that engaged in by a[n] -11- employee [not within her protected class]…
- Veronica A. Wallace v. The Methodist Hosp. Sys., 271 F.3d 212 (5th Cir. 2001).We address each of these contentions in turn, finding none of them availing. *221 B We have held that in order for a plaintiff to show disparate treatment, she must demonstrate “that the misconduct for which she was discharged was nearly i…
- Okoye v. Univ. of Texas Houston Health Sci. Ctr., 245 F.3d 507 (5th Cir. 2001). However, because the burden of persuasion “ ‘remains at all times with the plaintiff,’ ” the plaintiff is “afforded the opportunity [to demonstrate that an issue of material fact exists and] that the legitimate reasons offered by the defen…
- Holston v. Sports Auth., Inc., 136 F. Supp. 2d 1319 (N.D. Ga. 2000). See, e.g., Maniccia v. Brown, 171 F.3d 1364, 1368 (11th Cir.1999) (“We require that the quantity and quality of the comparator’s misconduct be nearly identical to prevent courts from second-guessing employers’ reasonable business decisions…
- Martin v. Kroger Co., 65 F. Supp. 2d 516 (S.D. Tex. 1999).Hence, she must demonstrate that the ‘[white [or male] employees were treated differently under circumstances nearly identical to [hers].” Mayberry, 55 F.3d at 1090; see Little, 924 F.2d at 97; Smith v. Wal-Mart Stores, 891 F.2d 1177, 1180…
- Mississippi Dep't of Human Servs. v. Baum, 730 So. 2d 58 (Miss. 1998).Co., 924 F.2d 93, 97 (5th Cir.1991); Smith v. Wal-Mart Stores, 891 F.2d 1177, 1180 (5th Cir.1990); Davin v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., 678 F.2d 567, 570 (5th Cir.1982).
- Richards v. Seariver Mar. Fin. Holdings, Inc., 59 F. Supp. 2d 616 (S.D. Tex. 1998).In the Fifth Circuit, “similarly situated” in Title VII cases requires that the circumstances of *635 the disparate treatment be “nearly identical.” Mayberry v. Vought Aircraft, 55 F.3d 1086, 1090 (5th Cir.1995) (citing Davin v. Delta Air…
- Shuford v. Alabama State Bd. of Educ., 978 F. Supp. 1008 (M.D. Ala. 1997).Jones does not define what constitutes “similar misconduct.” In Nix v. WLCY Radio/Rahall Communications, 738 F.2d 1181, 1185 (1984) (quoting Davin v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., 678 F.2d 567, 570 (5th Cir. Unit B 1982)), the Eleventh Circuit st…
- Welch v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., 978 F. Supp. 1133 (N.D. Ga. 1997).Nix v. WLCY Radio/Rahall Communications, 738 F.2d 1181, 1186 (11th Cir.) (quoting Davin v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., 678 F.2d 567, 570 (5th Cir.1982)), reh’g denied, 747 F.2d 710 (11th Cir.1984).
- Brown v. Stone Container Corp., 967 F. Supp. 1297 (S.D. Ga. 1997).While McDonnell Douglas provides the general framework for establishing a prima facie ease, when the claim for discrimination is based on differential application of work or disciplinary rules, 11 a slightly different version of the prima…
- Mississippi Dep't of Human Servs. v. Raymond M. Baum, No. 97-CC-00126-SCT (Miss. Dec. 16, 1996).Co., 924 F.2d 93, 97 (5th Cir. 1991); Smith v. Wal-Mart Stores, 891 F.2d 1177, 1180 (5th Cir. 1990); Davin v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., 678 F.2d 567, 570 (5th Cir. 1982).
- Fenton v. Pritchard Corp., 926 F. Supp. 1437 (D. Kan. 1996).Fenton was fired by Pritchard for misconduct, i.e., slapping a female employee after having been given two notices to leave her alone and demonstrating other violent tendencies. [A] plaintiff fired for misconduct makes out a prima facie ca…
- Parikh v. United Artists Theatre Circuit, Inc., 934 F. Supp. 760 (S.D. Miss. 1996).Hamilton v. Grocers Supply Co., Inc., 986 F.2d 97, 99 (5th Cir.1991); Little v. Republic Refining Co., Ltd., 924 F.2d 93, 97 (5th Cir. 1991); Smith v. Wal-Mart Stores, 891 F.2d 1177, 1180 (5th Cir.1990); Davin v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., 678…
- Patton v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., 910 F. Supp. 1250 (S.D. Tex. 1995).See Little, 924 F.2d at 97 ; Smith v. Wal-Mart Stores, 891 F.2d 1177, 1180 (5th Cir.1990); Dav in v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., 678 F.2d 567, 570 (5th Cir. [Unit B] 1982); Switzer, 850 F.Supp. at 547 .
- Robert MAYBERRY, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. VOUGHT AIRCRAFT Co., Defendant-Appellee, 55 F.3d 1086 (5th Cir. 1995).Co., 924 F.2d 93, 97 (5th Cir.1991); Smith v. Wal-Mart Stores, 891 F.2d 1177, 1180 (5th Cir.1990); Davin v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., 678 F.2d 567, 570-71 (5th Cir. Unit B 1982).
- Mayberry v. Vought Aircraft Co., No. 94-10825 (5th Cir. June 28, 1995).Co., 924 F.2d 93, 97 (5th Cir.1991); Smith v. Wal-Mart Stores, 891 F.2d 1177, 1180 (5th Cir.1990); Davin v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., 678 F.2d 567, 570-71 (5th Cir. Unit B 1982).
- Grooms v. Wiregrass Elec. Coop., Inc., 877 F. Supp. 602 (M.D. Ala. 1995).Davin v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., 678 F.2d 567, 570 (5th Cir. Unit B 1982) (brackets supplied).
- Oliver v. Russell Corp., 874 F. Supp. 367 (M.D. Ala. 1994).Plaintiff, in claiming that he was unfairly transferred for misconduct, must establish the following: (1) that he belongs to a protected class; (2) that he was qualified for the position of roving tender; (3) that he was transferred from t…
- Cabiness v. YKK (USA), INC., 859 F. Supp. 582 (M.D. Ga. 1994).Jones v. Gerwens, 874 F.2d 1534 (11th Cir.1989) (plaintiff, in addition to showing that she is a member of a protected class, must show either (a) that she did not violate the work rule, or (b) that she engaged in misconduct similar to tha…
- Melnyk v. Adria Labs., 799 F. Supp. 301 (W.D.N.Y. 1992).In Davin v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., 678 F.2d 567, 570 (5th Cir.1982), the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals recognized that in cases involving the discharge of a female employee for misconduct, an inference of sex discrimination is established…
- Payne v. Frank, 735 F. Supp. 719 (E.D. Mich. 1990).Evans v. Interstate Brands Corp., 557 F.Supp. 562, 564 (N.D.Ga.1983) (citing Davin v. Delta Airlines, Inc., 678 F.2d 567, 570 (5th Cir. Unit B 1982); EEOC v. Brown & Root, Inc., 688 F.2d 338, 340 (5th Cir. 1982); Rohde v. K.O.
- Sherry A. SMITH, Plaintiff-Appellant, Kenneth H. Molberg, Et Al., Appellants, v. WAL-MART STORES (NO. 471), Defendant-Appellee, 891 F.2d 1177 (5th Cir. 1990).To this end Smith’s burden is to show “that the misconduct for which she was discharged was nearly identical to that engaged in by a male employee whom [the company] retained.” Davin v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., 678 F.2d 567, 570 (5th Cir. Un…
- Ernest HAWKINS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. the CECO Corp., Defendant-Appellant, 883 F.2d 977 (11th Cir. 1989).Nix, 738 F.2d at 1185 ; Davin v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., 678 F.2d 567, 570 (5th Cir.1982).
- Jones v. Gerwens ex rel. City of Fort Lauderdale Police Dep't, 874 F.2d 1534 (11th Cir. 1989).Cf. Nix v. WLCY Radio/Rahall Communications, 738 F.2d 1181, 1185 (11th Cir.1984) ("a plaintiff fired for misconduct makes out a prima facie case of discriminatory discharge if he shows that he was qualified for the job from which he was fi…
- 50 Fair empl.prac.cas. 163, 50 Empl. Prac. Dec. P 39,089 Willie Jones v. Joseph Gerwens, as Chief of Police of the City of Fort Lauderdale Police Dep't, & City of Fort Lauderdale Police Dep't, 874 F.2d 1534 (11th Cir. 1989).Cf. Nix v. WLCY Radio/Rahall Communications, 738 F.2d 1181, 1185 (11th Cir.1984) ("a plaintiff fired for misconduct makes out a prima facie case of discriminatory discharge if he shows that he was qualified for the job from which he was fi…
- Ross v. William Beaumont Hosp., 678 F. Supp. 655 (E.D. Mich. 1988).Davin v. Delta Airlines, Inc., 678 F.2d 567, 570 (5th Cir.1982).
- Swanigan v. W. Airlines, Inc., 396 N.W.2d 607 (Minn. Ct. App. 1986).Davin v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., 678 F.2d 567, 570 (5th Cir.1982); see Danz v. Jones, 263 N.W.2d 395, 399 (Minn.1978).
- Wise v. Mead Corp., 614 F. Supp. 1131 (M.D. Ga. 1985).Nix, 738 F.2d at 1186 ; Davin v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., 678 F.2d 567, 570 (5th Cir.1982) (Unit B).
- Equal Emp. Opportunity Comm'n v. Halls Motor Transit Co., 609 F. Supp. 852 (W.D. Pa. 1985).See also Nix v. WLCY Radio/RA Hall Communications, 738 F.2d 1181, 1185 (11th Cir.1984) (prima facie case of discriminatory discharge made out where 1) plaintiff is a member of protected class; 2) plaintiff was qualified for job; and 3) mis…
v.
DELTA AIR LINES, INC., Defendant-Appellee
Peggy Ruth Davin brought this action in the district court against her former employer, Delta Air Lines, Inc., claiming that Delta improperly terminated her because of her sex and her participation in a federally protected labor activity. Following a trial, in which the district court utilized an advisory jury, see Fed.R.Civ.P. 39(c), the court concluded that Davin failed to make out a prima facie case of sex discrimination and that she was not discharged for engaging in protected labor activity. Accordingly, judgment was entered for Delta. Davin appeals, challenging both of these conclusions and seeking a new trial. We affirm.
I.
Peggy Ruth Davin began her career with Delta in 1955 as a reservations agent in Cincinnati, Ohio. She was then twenty-five. Davin transferred to Delta’s reservations office at Travis Field in Savannah, Georgia, in 1956 and stayed there until her discharge in November 1978. During the last eleven years of her employment, Davin was a customer service agent at Delta’s ticket counter; she sold tickets, checked in passengers and their baggage and handled customer problems and complaints.
Davin never got along with her fellow employees. She complained constantly, spread vicious rumors against those she did not like, and let it be known that she could cause them trouble through her connections in the company or through her husband, a captain in the local police department. Because Delta’s employees at Travis Field were afraid to complain about Davin, the company’s records prior to 1978 indicated that her performance was more than satisfactory.
Management first learned of Davin’s disruptive behavior in March 1978. In that month C. A. Thompson, Delta’s assistant vice president for stations, went to Savannah to investigate charges made by twelve Travis Field customer service agents, including Davin, that the conduct of one of their supervisors, Tom Vaiden, detracted from the working environment at the ticket counter. These employees contended, among other things, that Vaiden was stealing liquor from Delta’s hospitality room, was continually absent from his work station and was showing favoritism to one or two customer service agents, all of which disrupted their work. After a thorough investigation, Thompson concluded that the charges were either unfounded or the result of misunderstandings on the part of some of the complainants. However, Thompson felt that the filing of the charges seriously impaired Vaiden’s ability to perform his supervisory job, so he transferred Vaiden to the operating section of Delta’s Travis Field station.
During his investigation of the charges against Vaiden, Thompson received several reports of Davin’s poor reputation among Delta’s staff at Travis Field. One of Da-vin’s coworkers told Thompson that Davin had created such an unpleasant atmosphere that she wanted to transfer to another Delta office. Thompson related this information to William Nordmark, Delta’s regional manager of stations in Atlanta, and directed Nordmark to monitor Davin’s performance closely.
Davin’s disruptive conduct continued unabated during the ensuing seven months. On November 8, Davin violated Delta’s procedures by selling first class tickets to two passengers holding coach class reservations, though she knew that the first class section was full. Two passengers holding valid first class tickets were consequently given coach seats, and they complained. When Danny Spell, Delta’s lead customer service agent, discovered what Davin had done, he reported the incident to the shift supervisor, Henry Jackson, who called Davin into his office to discuss it. During the discussion that followed Davin said that if she had done anything wrong it was getting caught. She also spoke disparagingly of Danny Spell for reporting the incident. Jackson made a memorandum of this meeting and sent it to[*569] Delta’s station manager at Travis Field, Gary Moore.
On November 20, a Delta employee told Danny Spell that Davin had said she would get Spell fired for reporting the overbooking incident; Spell communicated this information to Moore. Moore immediately placed Davin on six months probation and informed Nordmark of his action. Nord-mark considered Davin’s threat against Spell a serious matter and launched a thorough investigation of Davin’s job performance. He ultimately concluded that Davin’s threat against Spell was a typical, although more serious, example of Davin’s conduct over the preceding seven years and that Davin should be discharged. He so advised his supervisor, C. A. Thompson, who made the decision to fire Davin.
On November 29,1978, Delta advised Da-vin that it was discharging her because of the deleterious impact her conduct had had on its Travis Field staff, her overbooking of first-class passengers on the November 8 flight and her retaliation against Danny Spell for reporting that incident to her superiors.
In December 1978, Davin filed charges with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) and the Secretary of Labor alleging that Delta was guilty of sex and age discrimination in two respects: first, by failing to promote her from the customer service agent position she held for eleven years and, then, by terminating her employment when she reached 48 years of age. In April 1979, both EEOC and the Secretary rejected these charges and issued right-to-sue letters. Davin thereafter commenced this action seeking reinstatement, back pay and damages.
Davin’s complaint repeated the allegations she had made in the administrative proceedings before EEOC and the Secretary of Labor: that Delta had discriminated against her on account of her sex, in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a) (1976) (Title VII), and because of her age, in violation of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, 29 U.S.C. § 623(a) (1976). Davin also alleged that Delta violated section 2 (Fourth) of the Railway Labor Act, 45 U.S.C. § 152 (Fourth) (1976), [1] by discharging her for participating in the charges made against Tom Vaiden. Finally, Davin alleged in a pendent state law claim that Delta had defamed her character. After the parties joined issue, a jury was impaneled to try Davin’s claims of age discrimination and defamation of character and to advise the court, pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 39(c), on the claims of sex discrimination and protected labor activity. [2] Both sides presented evidence, and the jury found for Delta on all issues. Judgment was entered pursuant to the jury’s verdicts on the age discrimination and defamation claims.
The jury’s advisory verdicts concerning the sex discrimination and protected labor activity claims were adopted by the court and incorporated in its findings of fact. The court found that Delta terminated Da-vin solely because she impaired the job performance of Danny Spell and several other Delta employees by creating the impression that she could get them fired. The court further found that Davin’s participation in the complaints against Tom Vaiden played no part in Delta’s decision. In its conclusions of law, the court held that Davin had failed to make out a prima facie case of sex discrimination because she had not proved that she and a male employee had received[*570] disparate treatment for engaging in similar misconduct. It also concluded that her discharge was not in retaliation for her participation in protected labor activities.
II.
In this appeal Davin questions only the district court’s conclusions that she was not terminated because of her sex, in violation of Title VII, or because she complained to management about Tom Vaiden’s conduct on the job, an activity protected by the Railway Labor Act. She first contends that the court applied the wrong legal standard to her Railway Labor Act claim.
According to Davin, the court considered only whether Delta’s reasons for discharging her were legitimate and, upon finding that they were, concluded that Davin had failed to prove her claim. Davin contends that a finding of a legitimate reason for discharge is not enough, standing alone, to defeat a claim under section 2 (Fourth) of the Railway Labor Act; the question is, rather, whether the employer’s motive for discharge is valid. In this instance, according to Davin, Delta’s motive was to retaliate against her for complaining to management about the working conditions created by Tom Vaiden’s on-the-job conduct.
To our knowledge the type of claim that Davin brought under section 2 (Fourth) for reinstatement, back pay and damages has not been made before this or any other court. Section 2 (Fourth) does not explicitly authorize such a claim, see note 1, supra, and nothing in our jurisprudence, save the district court’s rulings below, suggests that the section implies one. Davin presents no authority, therefore, as to the elements that constitute a section 2 (Fourth) cause of action or what the employer must show to escape liability once the employee makes out a prima facie ease. For sake of argument, however, we will assume that Davin established a prima facie case and that it was then Delta’s burden to prove that its motive for terminating Davin was lawful.
Davin’s contention that the court failed to consider whether Delta had met this burden is utterly without merit. The court carefully examined the evidence to ascertain whether Delta discharged Davin because she joined other employees in complaining of the effect of Vaiden’s conduct on their working conditions. It concluded that Davin’s discharge was wholly unconnected with that complaint. Since the evidence in support of this finding of fact was overwhelming, we shall not disturb it. The district court’s disposition of Davin’s Railway Labor Act claim was proper.
We now consider Davin’s claim that the court erred in concluding that she failed to prove one of the elements necessary to establish a prima facie case of sex discrimination, disparate treatment on account of sex. Under McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802, 93 S.Ct. 1817, 1824, 36 L.Ed.2d 668 (1973), and its progeny, Davin was required to prove that: (1) she is a woman; (2) she was qualified to be a customer service agent; (3) she was discharged; and (4) after her discharge, Delta either hired a man to replace her or retained a man who had engaged in conduct similar to that for which Davin was terminated. See McDonald v. Santa Fe Trail Transportation Co., 427 U.S. 273, 96 S.Ct. 2574, 49 L.Ed.2d 493 (1976); Rohde v. K. O. Steel Castings, Inc., 649 F.2d 317, 322 (5th Cir. 1981); Whiting v. Jackson State University, 616 F.2d 116, 121 (5th Cir. 1980); Turner v. Texas Instruments, Inc., 555 F.2d 1251, 1255 (5th Cir. 1977).
It is undisputed that Davin proved the first three of these elements. As to the fourth, Davin failed to prove that she was replaced; her burden, therefore, was to establish that the misconduct for which she was discharged was nearly identical to that engaged in by a male employee whom Delta retained. To satisfy this burden she cited the case of Tom Vaiden. Davin contends that Vaiden also threatened to have a coemployee fired.
The threat Davin refers to occurred in March 1978 when C. A. Thompson was in Savannah to investigate the charges that Davin and her fellow employees had lodged against Vaiden. When Vaiden learned of[*571] the purpose of Thompson’s visit, he called Paul Donnelly, one of the customer service agents, to his office and told him that the customer service agents should go ahead and have their “little meeting,” but after-wards he would “settle up with them.” Donnelly related this remark to station manager Moore, but nothing came of that report. Thompson’s investigation, as we have stated, revealed that the charges against Vaiden were principally the result of misunderstandings; nevertheless Vaiden was transferred to another duty station because his continued presence at the ticket counter would have been disruptive to the working environment.
In Davin’s view, Vaiden’s misconduct was identical to hers and should have resulted in the same disciplinary action. Since it did not, Davin concludes, she made out her prima facie case. See Rohde v. K. O. Steel Castings, 649 F.2d 317 (disparate treatment proved when female employee was discharged for engaging in fight with a male employee who was retained); Turner v. Texas Instruments, 555 F.2d at 1255 (prima facie case made out by the discharge of Turner, a black, for a timeclock infraction and the retention of a white employee after an identical violation).
Davin’s disparate treatment argument ignores the district court’s finding that Vai-den’s “misconduct” was not so similar to Davin’s that Delta was obligated to treat the two equally. The court did not consider Vaiden’s remark to Donnelly a threat, since it neither placed Donnelly in fear nor altered his behavior in any way. Davin, on the other hand, made a true threat against Spell. In addition, she had engendered fear in the employees at the ticket counter for at least seven years. With these findings, which are well supported by the record, the court was authorized to conclude that Davin had not shown disparate treatment at the hands of Delta and therefore had failed to prove a prima facie case of sex discrimination. [3]
The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
. Davin alleged in her complaint that section 2 (Fourth) of the Railway Labor Act, 45 U.S.C. § 152 (Fourth), creates by implication a private cause of action for reinstatement, back pay and damages in favor of any employee whose employment is terminated for engaging in concerted activity to improve conditions of employment. Delta moved to dismiss Davin’s Railway Labor Act claim on the ground that the Act did not imply such a cause of action. The district court denied Delta’s motion. In this appeal, Delta has not questioned this ruling; we therefore do not consider it. We simply assume, without deciding, that section 2 (Fourth) implies the cause of action Davin has pleaded.
. Midway through the trial, Davin withdrew her contention that Delta’s failure to promote her was unlawful.
. We therefore need not address Davin’s argument that Delta’s reason for terminating her was pretextual.