United States v. Arnold Friedman, 837 F.2d 48 (2d Cir. 1988). · Go Syfert
United States v. Arnold Friedman, 837 F.2d 48 (2d Cir. 1988). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
55 citation events (44 in the last 25 years) across 17 distinct courts.
Strongest positive: United States v. Watkins (ca2, 2019-10-03)
Treatment trajectory · 1989 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1989 2007 2026
Top citers, strongest first. 30 distinct citers. How cited ↗
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Watkins
2d Cir. · 2019 · confidence medium
The Bail Reform Act The Bail Reform Act allows federal courts to detain an arrestee pending trial if, during an adversary hearing, the Government demonstrates by clear and convincing evidence that no release conditions “will reasonably assure . . . the safety of any other person and the community.”16 First, however, the Government must establish by a preponderance of the evidence that it is entitled to a detention hearing.17 Pursuant to § 3142(f), the Government is entitled to a pretrial detention hearing if: (1) the charged offense falls within any of the five subcategories set forth in …
examined Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Paulino (4×) also: Cited "see", Cited "see, e.g."
S.D. Ill. · 2018 · confidence medium
And, it is well-established that a greater showing than "commission of a serious crime and the fact of a potentially long sentence [is necessary] to support a finding of risk of flight." Friedman , 837 F.2d at 50 (surveying cases).
examined Cited as authority (rule) United States v. O'Neill (3×) also: Cited "see"
W.D.N.Y. · 2015 · confidence medium
It must first determine by a preponderance of the evidence that the defendant either has been charged with one of the crimes enumerated in Section 3142(f)(1) or that the defendant presents a risk of flight or obstruction of justice.” Friedman, 837 F.2d at 49 (citations omitted).
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Delgado
N.D. Iowa · 2013 · confidence medium
United States v. Friedman, 837 F.2d 48, 49 (2d Cir.1988).
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Khaleel
N.D. Iowa · 2011 · confidence medium
United States v. Friedman, 837 F.2d 48, 49 (2d Cir.1988).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Ervin
M.D. Ala. · 2011 · confidence medium
United States v. Byrd, 969 F.2d 106, 109 (5th Cir.1992); see also United States v. Ploof, 851 F.2d 7, 11 (1st Cir.1988) (relating same procedure); United States v. Friedman, 837 F.2d 48, 49 (2d Cir.1988) (same).
examined Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Madoff (4×)
S.D.N.Y. · 2009 · confidence medium
“First, the court must determine whether the Government has established ‘by a preponderance of the evidence that [Madoff] ... presents a risk of flight or obstruction of justice.’ ” United States v. Khashoggi 717 F.Supp. 1048, 1049 (S.D.N.Y.1989) (quoting United States v. Friedman, 837 F.2d 48, 49 (2d Cir.1988)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Chavez-Rivas
E.D. Wis. · 2008 · confidence medium
E.g., United States v. Byrd, 969 F.2d 106, 110 (5th Cir.1992) (citing United States v. Ploof, 851 F.2d 7, 11 (1st Cir.1988); United States v. Himler, 797 F.2d 156, 160 (3rd Cir.1986)) (holding that the Act limits “detention to cases that involve one of the six circumstances listed in (f)”); United States v. Friedman, 837 F.2d 48, 49 (2d Cir.1988) (holding that “the Bail Reform Act does not permit detention on the basis of dangerousness in the absence of risk of flight, obstruction of justice or an indictment for the offenses enumerated” in § 3142(f)(1)); United States v. DeBeir, 16 F.…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Megahed
M.D. Fla. · 2007 · confidence medium
See also United States v. Byrd, 969 F.2d 106, 109-10 (5th Cir.1992); United States v. Friedman, 837 F.2d 48, 49 (2d Cir.1988); United States v. Twine, 344 F.3d 987, 987 (9th Cir.2003); United States v. DeBeir, 16 F.Supp.2d 592, 594-95 (D.Md.1998) (“[The Act] allows dangerousness to justify detention only for those individuals who fall within the carefully delineated categories set forth in § 3142(f)(1), rather than those who pose a risk of flight or risk of obstruction of justice under (f)(2).”) In short, Salerno, Ploof, DeBeir, and similar cases seem attached to the premise that detentio…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Sabhnani
2d Cir. · 2007 · confidence medium
While we have not been inclined to find that such circumstances, by themselves, suffice to support detention, see United States v. Friedman, 837 F.2d 48, 50 (2d Cir. 1988) (noting that more than commission of serious crime and minor victim or a controlled substance, firearm, explosive, or destructive device; (2) the weight of the evidence against the person; (3) the history and characteristics of the person, including – (A) the person’s character, physical and mental condition, family ties, employment, financial resources, length of residence in the community, community ties, past conduct,…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Sabhnani
2d Cir. · 2007 · confidence medium
While we have not been inclined to find that such circumstances, by themselves, suffice to support detention, see United States v. Friedman, 837 F.2d 48, 50 (2d Cir.1988) (noting that more than commission of serious crime and potential long sentence is required to detain defendant as risk of flight), a second factor strengthens the case for detention: defendants’ ample means to finance flight.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Reiner
E.D.N.Y · 2006 · confidence medium
Discussion Upon review of a release order, the Court must determine whether the government has demonstrated by “clear and convincing evidence” that no condition or combination of conditions will reasonably assure the safety of any other person and the community, United States v. Mercedes, 254 F.3d 433, 436 (2d Cir.2001), and whether the government has established “by a preponderance of the evidence ... that the defendant ... presents a risk of flight.” See United States v. Friedman, 837 F.2d 48, 49 (2d Cir.1988).
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Holmes
S.D. Fla. · 2005 · confidence medium
In Giordano , the Court also cited to United States v. Friedman, 837 F.2d 48, 49 (2d Cir.1988).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Giordano (2×)
S.D. Fla. · 2005 · confidence medium
E.g., Salerno, 481 U.S. at 747 , 107 S.Ct. 2095 ; Himler, 797 F.2d at 160 ; United States v. Ploof, 851 F.2d 7, 10 (1st Cir.1988); United States v. Friedman, 837 F.2d 48, 49 (2d Cir.1988); United States v. Byrd, 969 F.2d 106, 109 (5th Cir.1992).
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Gotti
S.D.N.Y. · 2005 · confidence medium
United States v. Friedman, 837 F.2d 48, 49 (2d Cir.1988). 20 .
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Awadallah
S.D.N.Y. · 2001 · confidence medium
When considering an application for pretrial detention, the court must first determine whether the government has established “by a preponderance of the evidence ... that the defendant ... presents a risk of flight.” United States v. Friedman, 837 F.2d 48, 49 (2d Cir.1988).
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Carswell
N.D.N.Y. · 2001 · confidence medium
United States v. Friedman, 837 F.2d 48, 49 (2d Cir.1988).
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Campbell
W.D.N.Y. · 1998 · confidence medium
United States v. Friedman, 837 F.2d 48, 49 (2d Cir.1988).
examined Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Carter (3×)
W.D.N.Y. · 1998 · confidence medium
Thus, “[t]he Bail Reform Act limits the circumstances under which a district court may order pretrial detention.” United States v. Friedman, 837 F.2d 48, 49 (2d Cir.1988).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Kani Xulam A/K/A Steven Barry Citron A/K/A Sereno Citron (2×)
D.C. Cir. · 1996 · signal: cf. · confidence medium
Cf. United States v. Friedman, 837 F.2d 48, 49-50 (2d Cir.1988) (vacating pretrial detention order on grounds that government had not established risk of flight; although charges for sending and receiving child pornography were serious, chance of flight was reduced by absence of prior criminal record, lack of known ability to flee, employment, and family and community ties); United States v. Hinder, 797 F.2d 156 , 161— 62 (3d Cir.1986) (reversing pretrial detention order because government did not show risk of flight by preponderance of evidence; even though defendant was clearly capable of …
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Khashoggi
S.D.N.Y. · 1989 · confidence medium
First, the court must determine whether the Government has established “by a preponderance of the evidence that the defendant either has been charged with one of the crimes enumerated in Section 3142(f)(1) or that the defendant presents a risk of flight or obstruction of justice.” United States v. Friedman, 837 F.2d 48, 49 (2d Cir.1988).
discussed Cited "see" United States v. Ali
D.D.C. · 2013 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Friedman, 837 F.2d 48, 50 (2d Cir.1988) (requiring “more than evidence of the commission of a serious crime and the fact of a potentially long sentence to support a finding of risk of flight”); see also Eischeid, 315 F.Supp.2d at 1036-37 .
cited Cited "see" United States v. Powers
W.D. Va. · 2004 · signal: accord · confidence high
Accord U.S. v. Friedman, 837 F.2d 48, 49 (2d Cir.1988); U.S. v. Byrd, 969 F.2d 106 (5th Cir.1992).
discussed Cited "see" United States v. Goba (2×) also: Cited "see, e.g."
W.D.N.Y. · 2003 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Friedman, 837 F.2d 48, 49 (2d Cir.1988) (per curiam).
cited Cited "see" United States v. Say
D. Mass. · 2002 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Friedman, 837 F.2d 48, 49 (2d Cir.1988).
cited Cited "see" United States v. Pierce
D. Mass. · 2000 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Friedman, 837 F.2d 48, 49 (2d Cir.1988).
cited Cited "see" United States v. Nai Fook Li
D. Mass. · 1996 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Friedman, 837 F.2d 48, 49 (2d Cir.1988).
cited Cited "see" United States v. Donald Austin
10th Cir. · 1991 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Friedman, 837 F.2d 48, 49 (2d Cir.1988). 12 The record 2 reflects several pertinent considerations supporting the conclusion that Defendant is a flight risk.
discussed Cited "see" United States v. Levine
N.D. Ind. · 1991 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Friedman, 837 F.2d 48 (2nd Cir.1988); United States v. Orta, 760 F.2d 887 (8th Cir.1985); United States v. Motamedi, 767 F.2d 1403 (9th Cir.1985); United States v. O’Brien, 895 F.2d 810 (1st Cir.1990).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." United States v. Fernandez
N.D.N.Y. · 2001 · signal: see also · confidence medium
The government’s right to a detention hearing, however, has been carefully circumscribed by Congress, and exists in certain specifically enumerated circumstances, including when 1) the case involves a crime of violence; 2) the case involves an offense punishable by life imprisonment or death; 3) the crime charged is a drug related offense with a maximum term of imprisonment of ten years or more; 4) the defendant is charged with a felony after having been convicted of two or more prior qualifying offenses (ie., crimes of violence, punishable by up to life imprisonment or death, or drug relate…
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
UNITED STATES of America, Appellee,
v.
Arnold FRIEDMAN, Defendant-Appellant
749, Docket 87-1538.
Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit.
Jan 8, 1988.
837 F.2d 48
Jerry D. Bernstein, New York City, for defendant-appellant., Kevin O’Regan, Asst. U.S. Atty. for the Eastern District of New York, Brooklyn, N.Y. (Andrew J. Maloney, U.S. Atty. for the Eastern District of New York, Brooklyn, N.Y., John Gleeson, Asst. U.S. Atty., of counsel), for appellee.
Van Graafeiland, Winter, Altimari.
Cited by 33 opinions  |  Published
PER CURIAM:

Arnold Friedman appeals from Judge Costantino’s order of pretrial detention. In a three-count indictment, Friedman was charged with sending and receiving child pornography via the mails in violation of 18[*49] U.S.C. § 2252 (Supp. IV 1986). Because Judge Costantino’s implied finding that Friedman posed a risk of flight was clearly erroneous, we reverse and remand.

The three-count federal indictment against Friedman was filed on November 13,1987. In Count One, he is charged with having received a single pornographic magazine in 1984, and in Counts Two and Three, he is charged with having mailed, and subsequently having had returned to him, another pornographic magazine depicting homosexual acts between an adult and child, all violations of 18 U.S.C. § 2252. The latter mailings were, unbeknownst to Friedman, between Friedman and a United States Postal Inspector. Each count carries a maximum of ten years in prison.

On November 25,1987, Friedman, a computer teacher, was charged with multiple state offenses alleging that he had sodomized and sexually assaulted a number of his male students between the ages of eight and twelve. In state court proceedings, Friedman was granted bail in the amount of $250,000 cash, a sum he apparently can post by pledging his family home. Subsequently, Judge Costantino ruled that the evidence of Friedman’s sexual abuse of children, his collection of pornography, the seriousness of his federal charges and the erosion of support for him in the community justified detention prior to trial. Pursuant to Judge Costantino’s order, Friedman has been placed in segregation in the Metropolitan Correction Center.

The Bail Reform Act limits the circumstances under which a district court may order pretrial detention. See United States v. Salerno, — U.S. -, 107 S.Ct. 2095, 2102, 95 L.Ed.2d 697 (1987). A motion seeking such detention is permitted only when the charge is for certain enumerated crimes, 18 U.S.C. § 3142(f)(1) (crimes of violence, offenses for which the sentence is life imprisonment or death, serious drug offenses, or felonies committed by certain repeat offenders), or when there is a serious risk that the defendant will flee, or obstruct or attempt to obstruct justice. Id. § 3142(f)(2).

After a motion for detention has been filed, the district court must undertake a two-step inquiry. See United States v. Shakur, 817 F.2d 189, 194 (2d Cir.1987). It must first determine by a preponderance of the evidence, see United States v. Jackson, 823 F.2d 4, 5 (2d Cir.1987), that the defendant either has been charged with one of the crimes enumerated in Section 3142(f)(1) or that the defendant presents a risk of flight or obstruction of justice. Once this determination has been made, the court turns to whether any condition or combinations of conditions of release will protect the safety of the community and reasonably assure the defendant’s appearance at trial. United States v. Berrios-Berrios, 791 F.2d 246, 250 (2d Cir.), cert. dismissed, — U.S. -, 107 S.Ct. 562, 93 L.Ed.2d 568 (1986).

In this case, the government concedes that Friedman was not charged with a crime of violence within the meaning of 18 U.S.C. § 3142(f)(1)(A), or any of the other crimes enumerated in Section 3142(f)(1). The government instead relies on the district court’s “findings” that Friedman should be detained as a serious risk of flight. Title 18, U.S.C. § 3142(i) requires that when pretrial detention is ordered, “the judicial officer shall —(1) include written findings of fact and a written statement of the reasons for the detention; ...” (emphasis added). Judge Costantino’s order contains only implicit findings relating to risk of flight but concludes that “no release conditions will reasonably assure the safety of any other person or the community if defendant is not detained.”

However, the Bail Reform Act does not permit detention on the basis of dangerousness in the absence of risk of flight, obstruction of justice or an indictment for the offenses enumerated above. The government contends that Friedman presents a serious risk of flight because of the nature of the charges against him, the strength of the government’s case, the long sentence of incarceration he may receive, his age and the obloquy that he faces in his community. Yet, it is undisputed that Friedman is a life-long New York resident, that he has no prior criminal record, that he has no passport or known ability to evade[*50] surveillance, that he has worked gainfully in the New York area for twenty-five years prior to his arrest, and that he is married and has three children, all of whom live in the New York area. Moreover, Friedman apparently took no steps to leave the jurisdiction after federal agents executed a search warrant at his home on November 3, 1987 and after he was arrested at home on state charges three weeks later. Finally, bail has been set for Friedman on the state charges, which are far more serious than those charged in this case.

In other cases concerning risk of flight, we have required more than evidence of the commission of a serious crime and the fact of a potentially long sentence to support a finding of risk of flight. In United States v. Jackson, for example, the defendant, who was arrested on a narcotics charge that gave rise to a presumption of flight under 18 U.S.C. § 3142(e), had used a number of aliases, had lived from hotel to hotel, had shown skill in avoiding surveillance, and had hidden assets. 823 F.2d at 6-7. Similarly, in United States v. Coonan, 826 F.2d 1180, 1186 (2d Cir.1987), where the defendant had been a fugitive for close to four months on the very charges for which he was incarcerated and his fugitive status had ended by capture, a serious risk of flight was shown. See also Shakur, 817 F.2d at 191 (defendant on FBI’s list of “Ten Most Wanted Fugitives”).

Accordingly, we hold that the district court’s finding with regard to Friedman’s risk of flight was clearly erroneous. We also reject the government’s claim that this case involved a serious risk that Friedman would obstruct justice as the district court has made no finding whatsoever on this issue. We remand so that the district court can set conditions for Friedman’s release under 18 U.S.C. § 3142(c). On remand, the government is also free to introduce purportedly new evidence in its possession of Friedman’s risk of flight or of obstruction of justice.

Vacated and remanded.