United States v. Juan Martin Garcia, 19 F.3d 1123 (6th Cir. 1994). · Go Syfert
United States v. Juan Martin Garcia, 19 F.3d 1123 (6th Cir. 1994). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
40 citation events (30 in the last 25 years) across 6 distinct courts.
Strongest positive: Valadovinos v. Williams (ilnd, 2023-11-29)
Treatment trajectory · 1995 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1995 2010 2026
Top citers, strongest first. 33 distinct citers. How cited ↗
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Valadovinos v. Williams (2×) also: Cited "see"
N.D. Ill. · 2023 · confidence medium
(Dkt. 14 at 15) (citing United States v. Garcia, 19 F.3d 1123, 1126 (6th Cir. 1994) (“newly discovered evidence” is evidence that was discovered after trial and could not have been previously discovered with due diligence; is material and non- cumulative; and would likely produce a different result on retrial); United States v. Reed, 887 F.2d 1398, 1404 (11th Cir. 1989) (same)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Lisa Burgess
6th Cir. · 2023 · confidence medium
See United States v. Schultz, 14 F.3d 1093, 1099 (6th Cir. 1994) (“[M]ere buying and selling, without other evidence, is not sufficient to show that a defendant is a leader, organizer, manager, or supervisor.”); U.S. v. Garcia, 19 F.3d 1123, 1125 (6th Cir. 1994) (holding that there was insufficient evidence that the defendant, who was a distributor of drugs, was a leader or organizer because there was insufficient evidence to connect him to the lower tier of drug sellers); see also United States v. Kamper, 748 F.3d 728, 748 (6th Cir. 2014) (“To qualify for this enhancement, a defendant m…
cited Cited as authority (rule) Nacarino v. Chobani, LLC
N.D. Cal. · 2021 · confidence medium
Inc., 765 19 F.3d 1123, 1135 (9th Cir. 2014).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Julian v. TTE Technology, Inc.
N.D. Cal. · 2020 · confidence medium
Inc., 765 19 F.3d 1123, 1135 (9th Cir. 2014).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Jonathan Rivera (2×) also: Cited "see"
6th Cir. · 2018 · confidence medium
However, that term appears to be a singular 1 Rivera cites United States v. Odom, 13 F.3d 949, 960-61 (6th Cir. 1994) and United States v. Garcia, 19 F.3d 1123, 1125 (6th Cir. 1994) in support of reversal, on the theory that the government did not provide sufficient evidence that he “directed” each of the relevant subordinates.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Ahmed Brika v. United States
6th Cir. · 2013 · confidence medium
In order to be entitled to a new trial, a defendant must produce new evidence that could not have been discovered earlier with due diligence, that is material and not merely cumulative or impeaching, and that would likely result in an acquittal. *527 Id.; United States v. Garcia, 19 F.3d 1123, 1126 (6th Cir.1994).
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Vidale Walker
6th Cir. · 2010 · confidence medium
“The standard applied [by the district court] to sentencing factors is preponderance of the evidence.” Jeross, 521 F.3d at 579 (citing United States v. Garcia, 19 F.3d 1123, 1125 (6th Cir.1994)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Munoz
6th Cir. · 2010 · confidence medium
See, e.g., United States v. Holy-cross, 333 Fed.Appx. 81, 84 (6th Cir.2009); United States v. Allen, 254 Fed.Appx. 475, 476-78 (6th Cir.2007); Bass, 460 F.3d at 838 ; United States v. Garcia, 19 F.3d 1123, 1126 (6th Cir.1994). 11 Finally, we note that the overarching Rule 33 standard is what the “interest of *376 justice ... requires,” and that the Stride-land test was specifically minted to determine whether “counsel’s conduct so undermined the proper functioning of the adversarial process that the trial cannot be relied on as having produced a just result.” 466 U.S. at 686 , 104 S.…
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Elliott
6th Cir. · 2009 · confidence medium
Also, “[t]he standard applied to sentencing factors is preponderance of the evidence.” Id. (quoting United States v. Garcia, 19 F.3d 1123, 1125 (6th Cir.1994)).
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Elliot
6th Cir. · 2009 · confidence medium
Also, “[t]he standard applied to sentencing factors is preponderance of the evidence.” Id. (quoting United States v. Garcia, 19 F.3d 1123, 1125 (6th Cir.1994)).
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Elliot
6th Cir. · 2009 · confidence medium
Also, “[t]he standard applied to sentencing factors is preponderance of the evidence.” Id. (quoting United States v. Garcia, 19 F.3d 1123, 1125 (6th Cir.1994)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Jeross (2×)
6th Cir. · 2008 · confidence medium
"The standard applied to sentencing factors is preponderance of the evidence." United States v. Garcia, 19 F.3d 1123, 1125 (6th Cir.1994).
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Jeross
6th Cir. · 2008 · confidence medium
“The standard applied to sentencing factors is preponderance of the evidence.” United States v. Garcia, 19 F.3d 1123, 1125 (6th Cir. 1994).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Zimmerman
6th Cir. · 2005 · confidence medium
To justify ordering a new trial based the discovery of new evidence, “the defendant must show that: (1) the new evidence was discovered after trial; (2) the evidence could not have been discovered with due diligence; (3) the evidence is material and not merely cumulative or impeaching; and (4) the evidence would likely produce an acquittal.” United States v. Garcia, 19 F.3d 1123, 1126 (6th Cir.1994) (citing United States v. Hawkins, 969 F.2d 169, 175 (6th Cir.1992)).
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Sims
6th Cir. · 2002 · confidence medium
See USSG § 3B1.1, comment, (n.4); United States v. Jackson, 25 F.3d 327, 331 (6th Cir.1994); United States v. Garcia, 19 F.3d 1123, 1125 (6th Cir.1994).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Robert Mick
6th Cir. · 2001 · confidence medium
The district court did not err when it enhanced Mick’s offense level for playing a major role in the money-laundering offenses Section 3B1.1 of the Sentencing Guidelines permits an increase in the offense level if “the defendant was an organizer, leader, manager, or supervisor in any criminal activity.” In United States v. Garcia, 19 F.3d 1123, 1125 (6th Cir.1994), this court detailed the considerations that a district court should take into account when deciding whether to enhance a sentence pursuant to § 3B1.1.
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Parker
6th Cir. · 2001 · confidence medium
United States v. Garcia, 19 F.3d 1123, 1125 (6th Cir.1994).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States of America, Plaintiff-Appellee/cross-Appellant v. Raymond Miller, Defendant-Appellant/cross-Appellee. United States of America v. Troy Miller, United States of America v. Linda Byrnes
6th Cir. · 1998 · confidence medium
The determination of whether a defendant played a particular role in the offense is a factual determination. 18 U.S.C. § 3742 (e); United States v. Garcia, 19 F.3d 1123, 1125 (6th Cir.1994); United States v. Ospina, 18 F.3d 1332, 1336 (6th Cir.1994).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Miller
6th Cir. · 1998 · confidence medium
The determination of whether a defendant played a particular role in the offense is a factual determination. 18 U.S.C. § 3742 (e); United States v. Garcia, 19 F.3d 1123, 1125 (6th Cir.1994); United States v. Ospina, 18 F.3d 1332, 1336 (6th Cir.1994).
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Greene
E.D. Mich. · 1997 · confidence medium
United States v. Garcia, 19 F.3d 1123, 1126 (6th Cir.1994).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Carl Randall Pippin, Jr. (95-6341) Mark L. Grissinger (95-6342) and Marc Kevin Runyan (95-6343)
6th Cir. · 1997 · confidence medium
United States v. Garcia, 19 F.3d 1123, 1126 (6th Cir.1994) (citing United States v. Seago, 930 F.2d 482, 489 (6th Cir.1991)). 12 Aside from his ineffective assistance of counsel theory, Runyan also argues that a new trial is appropriate because facts in the affidavits constitute new evidence.
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. James Darrell Holt
6th Cir. · 1996 · confidence medium
United States v. Garcia, 19 F.3d 1123, 1126 (6th Cir.1994), citing Taylor v. United States, 985 F.2d 844 (6th Cir.1993).
cited Cited "see" United States v. Kenton Taylor
6th Cir. · 2017 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Garcia, 19 F.3d 1123, 1126 (6th Cir. 1994).
cited Cited "see" United States v. Wade
6th Cir. · 2004 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Garcia, 19 F.3d 1123, 1126 (6th Cir.1994); Seago, 930 F.2d at 489-90 .
discussed Cited "see" United States v. Haas (2×)
6th Cir. · 2002 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Garcia, 19 F.3d 1123, 1126 (6th Cir.1994).
cited Cited "see" United States v. Gomez
6th Cir. · 2002 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Garcia, 19 F.3d 1123, 1125 (6th Cir.1994) (listing seven factors to be considered in determining whether the § 3B1.1 enhancement applies).
cited Cited "see" United States v. Cooney
6th Cir. · 2002 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Garcia, 19 F.3d 1123, 1125 (6th Cir.1994).
cited Cited "see" United States v. Elijah Jones
6th Cir. · 1996 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Garcia, 19 F.3d 1123, 1126 (6th Cir.1994). 7 Accordingly, we hereby affirm the district court's judgment.
cited Cited "see" United States v. Aaron Brown
6th Cir. · 1996 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Garcia, 19 F.3d 1123, 1126 (6th Cir.1994). 6 Accordingly, we hereby affirm the district court's judgment.
cited Cited "see" United States v. Charles Lee Carver
6th Cir. · 1995 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Garcia, 19 F.3d 1123, 1126 (6th Cir.1994).
cited Cited "see, e.g." United States v. Sergeant SCOTT K. STOKES
A.C.C.A. · 2007 · signal: see also · confidence medium
See also United States v. Garcia, 19 F.3d 1123, 1126 (6th Cir.1994); United States v. Wilson, 894 F.2d 1245, 1252 (11th Cir.1990); United States v. Meyers, 484 F.2d 113, 116 (3d Cir.1973).
cited Cited "see, e.g." United States v. Wade
6th Cir. · 2004 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence medium
See, e.g., United States v. Garcia, 19 F.3d 1123, 1126 (6th Cir.1994).
cited Cited "see, e.g." United States v. Anderson
6th Cir. · 2003 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence medium
See, e.g., United States v. Garcia, 19 F.3d 1123, 1126 (6th Cir.1994).
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
Juan Martin GARCIA, Defendant-Appellant
93-1378.
Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit.
Apr 26, 1994.
19 F.3d 1123
Donald A. Davis, Asst. U.S. Atty. (argued), B. Rene Shekmer (briefed), Grand Rapids, MI, for plaintiff-appellee., Elliott T. Price, Elliott T. Price Law Office, Chicago, IL (argued and briefed), for defendant-appellant.
Merritt, Suhrheinrich, Siler.
Cited by 38 opinions  |  Published
SILER, Circuit Judge.

Defendant Juan Martin Garcia appeals his conviction for drug conspiracy and sentence of 240 months imprisonment followed by five years of supervised release. The issues he raises are whether: (1) his sentence should have been enhanced because he was a leader or organizer; and (2) he was deprived of the effective assistance of counsel due to a conflict of interest. For reasons stated herein, we REMAND in part and AFFIRM in part.

[*1125] Background

Garcia was convicted of conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute and to distribute cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 846 and 841(a)(1). The base offense level for the cocaine conspiracy was 34 pursuant to USSG § 2D1.1. The court then enhanced Garcia’s base offense level by four levels pursuant to USSG § 3Bl.l(a), as Garcia was found to be a leader or organizer of the cocaine conspiracy involving more than five participants. The total offense level, therefore, was 38, which, with a criminal history category of I, resulted in a sentencing range of 235 to 293 months in prison. Garcia received a sentence of 240 months.

Two months after the defendant was convicted, he filed a motion for new trial, claiming that he had been denied effective assistance of counsel because of an alleged conflict of interest. The defendant claimed that an alleged co-counsel, William Swano (who was not trial counsel for the defendant), had a conflict of interest arising from his alleged representation of a government witness, Alex Christoff. The defendant claimed that his trial counsel, Michael Goggin, had a conflict of interest based upon an alleged co-counsel relationship with suspended attorney William Swano. Swano had previously represented Alex Christoff and was under indictment and cooperating with the U.S. Attorney’s Office on an unrelated matter.

The district court found that defendant’s motion was untimely and found no “newly discovered” evidence. However, the court also addressed the merits of the defendant’s motion. The court found no lawyer-client relationship between the defendant and William Swano, but, even assuming there was such a relationship, it determined that the defendant failed to show an actual conflict of interest. Finally, the court went on to assume that a conflict existed and found that such conflict did not cause ineffective performance by defendant’s trial counsel.

I.

Garcia contends that the district court’s determination that he was an organizer or leader under USSG § 3B1.1 was clearly erroneous. It is undisputed that the conspiracy involved more than five individuals or was otherwise extensive.

Whether Garcia was “ ‘an organizer, leader, manager or supervisor’ is a question of fact reviewable under the clearly erroneous standard, giving due regard to the trial court’s assessment of the credibility of the witness.” United States v. Barrett, 890 F.2d 855, 867 (6th Cir.1989) (citing United States v. Barreto, 871 F.2d 511, 512 (5th Cir.1989)). Garcia argues that the testimony of the government witnesses was heavily impeached. The district court stated, however, that “it appears rather clear that the jury must have attached significance to those witnesses in order to have returned the guilty verdict.”

Factors a court should consider in determining whether this section applies include: (1) the exercise of decision-making authority; (2) the nature of participation in the commission of the offense; (3) the recruitment of accomplices; (4) the claimed right to a larger share of the fruits of the crime; (5) the degree of participation in planning or organizing the offense; (6) the nature and scope of the illegal activity; and (7) the degree of control and authority exercised over others. USSG § 3B1.1, comment, (n.3). The standard applied to sentencing factors is preponderance of the evidence. United States v. Castro, 908 F.2d 85, 90 (6th Cir.1990).

The evidence indicated that Alex Christoff received cocaine from defendant which Christoff then distributed to others for further distribution. However, there was no connection between Garcia and the third tier of sellers. Therefore, insufficient evidence exists to show that Garcia was a leader or organizer under the sentencing guidelines. Thus, we remand this issue to the district court to make more extensive findings and to redetermine whether Garcia is a leader or organizer under either § 3Bl.l(a) or played any role under any other subpart of § 3B1.1. Otherwise, the offense level would be at 34.

II.

Defendant further argues that the district court wrongly denied his motion for a new trial. Specifically, he contends that the district court erred by: (1) finding that the motion was untimely; (2) holding that the[*1126] defendant’s “new evidence” was not material; and (3) holding that Swano was not the defendant’s attorney.

Rule 33 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure establishes a seven-day period for the filing of a motion for a new trial. The only ground entertained after seven days is that of newly discovered evidence. In his motion, defendant cites- ineffective assistance of counsel due to a conflict of interest as the grounds for a new trial. Evidence of ineffective' assistance of counsel “is not newly discovered evidence for purposes of a motion for new trial where the facts supporting the claim were within the defendant’s knowledge at the time of the trial.” United States v. Seago, 930 F.2d 482, 489 (6th Cir.1991). The facts supporting the claim were within defendant’s knowledge at the time of trial. Therefore, the district court correctly determined that Garcia’s motion for a new trial was untimely.

To be granted a new trial due to newly discovered evidence, the defendant must show that: (1) the new evidence was discovered after trial; (2) the evidence could not have been discovered with due diligence; (3) the evidence is material and not merely cumulative or impeaching; and (4) the evidence would likely produce an acquittal. United States v. Hawkins, 969 F.2d 169, 175 (6th Cir.1992), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 113 S.Ct. 1021, 122 L.Ed.2d 168 (1993). Garcia fails to address the third prong of this test. Instead, he argues that the trial court should have applied the test “somewhat differently” in this case. There is no evidence in the record supporting Garcia’s contention that the trial court incorrectly applied the test or improperly relied on United States v. Stevens, 978 F.2d 565 (10th Cir.1992).

Garcia's argument concerning ineffective assistance of counsel is also deficient. It is well settled that in order to prevail on a motion for new trial based upon ineffective assistance of counsel, the defendant must show that: (1) counsel’s performance was deficient; and (2) it prejudiced the defense in •a manner which deprived the defendant of a fair trial. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 2064, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984). Garcia fails to present any evidence concerning either of the two prongs of this test. Instead, he once again claims that the court below applied the test incorrectly by being too “rigid.”

Garcia claims that his counsel was ineffective due to a conflict of interest. This conflict' allegedly arises because Swano was under investigation by the United States Attorney’s Office for bribing a judge. • Garcia was under investigation and prosecuted by a separate United States Attorney’s Office for conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute and to -distribute cocaine. There is no evidence -that an actual conflict of interest existed between Garcia and Swano or that Swano ever made an appearance on behalf of Garcia. Garcia’s counsel of record and Swa-no both denied Swano’s representation of Garcia in this case. Defendant has the burden of “demonstrating that counsel’s activity represented conflicting interests and that an actual conflict of interest adversely affected his lawyer’s performance.” Taylor v. United States, 985 F.2d 844 (6th Cir.1993). As no such conflict has been shown, this argument must fail.

The conviction is AFFIRMED, but this matter is REMANDED for reconsideration of the sentence consistent with this opinion.