At page 425 Determining if allergy substantially limits major life activities28 citing casesdefinition of disability in both ACRA and ADA is the same in all relevant respects, and the Eighth Circuit believes that the Arkansas Supreme Court would consider analogous federal ADA decisions in deciding the issues in case
- Cea v. Cobb-Vantress, Inc., No. 5:19-cv-05024 (W.D. Ark. Aug. 13, 2019).Ctr., 164 F.3d 423, 425-26 (8th Cir.1999) The Eighth Circuit has previously held that “[s]tatutory disability requires permanent or long-term limitations” and an “asserted inability to work while recovering from surgery is simply not evide…
- J.D. by Doherty v. Colonial Williamsburg Found., 925 F.3d 663 (4th Cir. 2019).published(finding plaintiff’s allergies did not constitute a disability because she could avoid peanut products)
- Hustvet v. Allina Health Sys., 283 F. Supp. 3d 734 (D. Me. 2017).published(finding that a peanut allergy did not render the plaintiff disabled)
- Lopez-Cruz v. Instituto De Gastroenterologia De P.R, 960 F. Supp. 2d 367 (D.P.R. 2013).publishedCtr., 164 F.3d 423, 425 (8th Cir.1999); Miles-Hickman v. David Powers Homes, Inc., 589 F.Supp.2d 849, 861 (S.D.Tex.2008)(collecting cases); Gits v. Minn. Min. & Mfg.
- Pace v. State, 5 A.3d 1121 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 2010).publishedSee generally Heather Martone, Note and Comment, 2.2 Million Children Left Behind: Food Allergies in American Schools —A Study of the Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Management Act, 18 J. of Law & Policy 775, 777 (2010) ("There is currently n…
- Taylor v. City of Fridley, 659 F. Supp. 2d 1029 (D. Minn. 2009).publishedUnder Land v. Baptist Medical Center, such a limited allergic reaction does not substantially limit a person’s major life activities for purposes of the ADA. 164 F.3d 423, 425 (8th Cir.1999); see also Heilweil v. Mount Sinai Hosp., 32 F.3d…
- Pandey v. Bio-Med. Applications of Minnesota, Inc., 651 F. Supp. 2d 969 (D. Minn. 2009).publishedCtr., 164 F.3d 423, 425 (8th Cir.1999); see also Gutridge v. Clure, 153 F.3d 898 , 901 (8th Cir.1998) (“[S]imply being hospitalized [does not] establish a record of an impairment under the ADA.”).
- Miles-Hickman v. David Powers Homes, Inc., 589 F. Supp. 2d 849 (S.D. Tex. 2008).published(holding that plaintiffs severe allergic reaction to peanuts did not substantially limit the major life activity of breathing when the plaintiffs ability to breathe was “generally unrestricted” when not exposed to peanuts)
- Krikelis v. Vassar Coll., 581 F. Supp. 2d 476 (S.D.N.Y. 2008).published(affirming summary judgment on basis that child with potentially life-threatening peanut allergy was not severely-limited in life activity, although consequences of failing to control food intake for nut contamination co…)
- Husinga v. Fed.-Mogul Ignition Co., 519 F. Supp. 2d 929 (S.D. Iowa 2007).published Ctr., 164 F.3d 423, 424 (8th Cir.1999) (“We also agree that eating and breathing are major life activities within the contemplation of the ADA.”); see also Fraser v. Goodale, 342 F.3d 1032, 1040 (9th Cir.2003) (“[W]e agree that [eating] is…
Show 14 more citing cases
- Miller v. Wells Dairy, Inc., 252 F. Supp. 2d 799 (N.D. Iowa 2003).published (holding that attending day care is not a major life activity)
- Barnes v. Nw. Iowa Health Ctr., 238 F. Supp. 2d 1053 (N.D. Iowa 2002).published(holding that attending day care is not a major life activity)
- Dose v. Buena Vista Univ., 229 F. Supp. 2d 910 (N.D. Iowa 2002).published Ctr., 164 F.3d 423, 424 (8th Cir.1999) (holding that breathing is a major life activity within the contemplation of the ADA); see also E.E.O.C. v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., 249 F.3d 557, 562 (6th Cir.2001) (“A person is ‘disabled’ under t…
- Simonson v. Trinity Reg'l Health Sys., 221 F. Supp. 2d 982 (N.D. Iowa 2002).published(concluding plaintiffs allergy did not substantially limit her ability to eat or breathe — major life activities)
- Sam Duty v. Norton-Alcoa, No. 01-1478 (8th Cir. June 18, 2002).published(holding that it is necessary to “consider analogous federal ADA decisions” when interpreting disability claims under the ACRA because “[t]he definition of disability -11- in both the ACRA and the ADA are in all relevant…)
- Sam Duty v. Norton-Alcoa Proppants, 293 F.3d 481 (8th Cir. 2002).published (holding that it is necessary to "consider analogous federal ADA decisions" when interpreting disability claims under the ACRA because "[t]he definition of disability in both the ACRA and the ADA are in all relevant resp…)
- Michael D. Maziarka v. Mills Fleet Farm, Inc., 245 F.3d 675 (8th Cir. 2001).published Ctr., 164 F.3d 423, 425 (8th Cir. 1999), and thus a conclusion that a certain condition, or a particular manifestation of a condition, does not substantially limit a particular plaintiff does not foreclose a determination that another indi…
- John Lawson, Sr. v. Csx Transp., Inc., 245 F.3d 916 (7th Cir. 2001).published Ctr., 164 F.3d 423, 424 (8th Cir. 1999) (same); Erjavac v. Holy Family Health Plus, 13 F. Supp.2d 737, 746-47 (N.D.
- Guy Amir v. St. Louis Univ., 184 F.3d 1017 (8th Cir. 1999).published Ctr., 164 F.3d 423, 424 (8th Cir.1999); 42 U.S.C. § 12102 (2)(A-C).
- Rita Y. Greer v. Emerson Elec. Co., a Foreign Corp., 185 F.3d 917 (8th Cir. 1999).published(definition of disability in both ACRA and ADA is the same in all relevant respects, and the Eighth Circuit believes that the Arkansas Supreme Court would consider analogous federal ADA decisions in deciding the *921 iss…)
- Guy Amir v. St. Louis Univ., No. 98-2894 (8th Cir. July 26, 1999).published Ctr., 164 F.3d 423, 424 (8th Cir. 1999); 42 U.S.C. § 12102 (2)(A-C).
- Webner v. Titan Distrib., Inc., 101 F. Supp. 2d 1215 (N.D. Iowa 2000).publishedHaving a record of disability means that one “has a history of, or has been misclassified as having, a mental or physical impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities.” 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2 (k); see Land v. Baptist…
- Wheaton v. Ogden Newspapers, Inc., 66 F. Supp. 2d 1053 (N.D. Iowa 1999).publishedHaving a record of disability means that one “has a history of, or has been misclassified as having, a mental or physical impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities.” 29 C.F.R. § 1680.2 (k); see Land v. Baptist…
- David Weber v. Strippit, Inc. Idex Corp. James Blackstone, 186 F.3d 907 (8th Cir. 1999).published (holding that an individual is not actually disabled where, despite a severe allergic reaction to foods containing peanuts or peanut by-products, she can consume other foods and her physical ability to eat is not in any…)
At page 424 Determining if allergy substantially limits major life activity18 citing casespeanut allergy did not substantially impair major life activity because breathing was only restricted during allergic reactions
- Clark v. Sarpy Cnty., 453 F. Supp. 3d 1273 (D. Neb. 2020).publishedCtr., 164 F.3d 423, 424-25 (8th Cir. 1999); McLorn v. Cmty. Health Servs., 456 F. Supp. 2d 991, 995-97 (S.D.
- Kapche v. Holder, 677 F.3d 454 (D.C. Cir. 2012).publishedCtr., 164 F.3d 423, 424 (8th Cir.1999); Forest City Daly Hous., Inc. v. Town of N. Hempstead, 175 F.3d 144 , 151 (2d Cir.1999). 7 .
- Shangri-La Ltd. P'ship v. Meade, 955 A.2d 834 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 2008).published (peanut allergy did not substantially impair major life activity because breathing was only restricted during allergic reactions)
- Desmond v. Mukasey, 530 F.3d 944 (D.C. Cir. 2008).published(breathing and eating)
- Robinson, Beverly v. Discover Finan Serv, 269 F. App'x 603 (7th Cir. 2008).unpublishedCtr., 164 F.3d 423, 424-25 (8th Cir.1999), and that a condition which reduced a plaintiffs lung capacity by 50% was not evidence of a substantial impairment, see Robinson v. Global Marine Drilling Co., 101 F.3d 35 , 37 n. 2 (5th Cir.1996).
- Husinga v. Fed.-Mogul Ignition Co., 519 F. Supp. 2d 929 (S.D. Iowa 2007).published (We also agree that eating and breathing are major life activities within the contemplation of the ADA.)
- Mclorn v. Cmty. Health Servs., 456 F. Supp. 2d 991 (S.D. Ill. 2006).published(peanut allergy did not substantially impair major life activity because breathing was only restricted during allergic reactions)
- Kammueller v. Loomis, Fargo & Co., 285 F. Supp. 2d 1200 (D. Minn. 2003).published (eating is a major life activity)
- Fraser v. Goodale, 342 F.3d 1032 (9th Cir. 2003).published Ctr., 164 F.3d 423, 424 (8th Cir.1999) (peanut allergy).
- Waldrip v. Gen. Elec. Co., 325 F.3d 652 (5th Cir. 2003).publishedCtr., 164 F.3d 423, 424 (8th Cir.1999). 4 .
Show 6 more citing cases
- Miller v. Wells Dairy, Inc., 252 F. Supp. 2d 799 (N.D. Iowa 2003).published Ctr., 164 F.3d 423, 425 (8th Cir.1999) (holding that attending day care is not a major life activity); Colwell v. Suffolk County Police Dep’t, 158 F.3d 635, 643 (2d Cir.1998) (holding that gardening, golfing and shopping are not major life…
- Dose v. Buena Vista Univ., 229 F. Supp. 2d 910 (N.D. Iowa 2002).published (holding that breathing is a major life activity within the contemplation of the ADA)
- John Lawson, Sr. v. Csx Transp., Inc., 245 F.3d 916 (7th Cir. 2001).published Ctr., 164 F.3d 423, 424 (8th Cir. 1999) (same); Erjavac v. Holy Family Health Plus, 13 F. Supp.2d 737, 746-47 (N.D.
- Lawson v. CSX Transp., Inc., 101 F. Supp. 2d 1089 (S.D. Ind. 1999).published Ctr., 164 F.3d 423, 424-25 (8th Cir.1999); Erjavac, 13 F.Supp.2d at 746-47; Dikcis v. Indopco Inc., 1998 WL 13323 , at *4 (N.D.Ill.
- Guy Amir v. St. Louis Univ., 184 F.3d 1017 (8th Cir. 1999).published Ctr., 164 F.3d 423, 424 (8th Cir.1999); 42 U.S.C. § 12102 (2)(A-C).
- Guy Amir v. St. Louis Univ., No. 98-2894 (8th Cir. July 26, 1999).published Ctr., 164 F.3d 423, 424 (8th Cir. 1999); 42 U.S.C. § 12102 (2)(A-C).
At page 423 “has a history of, or has been misclassified as having, a mental or physical impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities.”0 citing cases
v.
BAPTIST MEDICAL CENTER, Appellee
Reporter's Syllabus editorial summary, not part of the Court's opinion
Sherri A. McDonough, Little Rock, AR (L. Oneal Sutter, on the brief), for Appellant.
Byron Freeland, Little Rock, AK (John K. Baker, on the brief), for Appelee.
Before RICHARD S. ARNOLD, FAGG, and HALL,* Circuit Judges.
FAGG, Circuit Judge.
Lead Opinion
After Megan Land broke out in splotches and hives while at Baptist Medical Center’s (Baptist) day care, Megan’s doctor determined Megan is allergic to peanuts and peanut derivatives. Because of her allergy, Megan must avoid foods containing peanuts and them derivatives and, if exposed, must receive medication to combat any resulting limitation on her ability to breathe. After Megan suffered a second allergic reaction at day care, Baptist refused to provide day care services to Megan. Megan’s mother, Marie Land, then filed this lawsuit under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and the Arkansas Civil Rights Act (ACRA). See 42 U.S.C. § 12182(a) and (b)(1)(E) (1994); Ark. Code Ann. § 16-123-107 (Michie Supp.1995). The district court granted summary judgment for Baptist, and Land appeals. Having reviewed the district court’s decision de novo and having viewed the record in Land’s favor, we conclude the record presents no genuine issue of material fact and Baptist is entitled to summary judgment as a matter of law. See Aucutt v. Six Flags Over Mid-America, Inc., 85 F.3d 1311, 1315 (8th Cir.1996).
Initially, Land contends the district court committed error in deciding Megan was not disabled under the ADA. The ADA defines “disability” as either “a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more of the major life activities of [an] individual,” “a record of such an impairment,” or “being regarded as having such an impairment.” See 42 U.S.C. § 12102(2)(A-C). Land claims Megan is disabled under any of these definitions, so we address each definition in turn.
First, Land claims Megan’s allergy is a physical impairment that substantially limits her major life activities of eating and breathing. For purposes of the ADA, a physical impairment is defined as a physiological disorder affecting body systems such as digestion and respiration, see 28 C.F.R. § 36.104(1)® (1998) (definition of disability), and we agree that Megan’s allergy fits within this definition. We also agree that eating and breathing are major life activities within the contemplation of the ADA. See id. § 36.104(2) (definition of disability) (major life activities are fundamental functions such as “earing for one’s self, performing manual tasks, walking, seeing, hearing, speaking, breathing, learning, and working”); Bragdon v. Abbott, — U.S. -, -, 118 S.Ct. 2196, 2205, 141 L.Ed.2d 540 (1998) (major life activities include those “central to the life process itself’). The pivotal question thus becomes whether Megan’s allergy substantially limits her ability to eat or breathe, and we conclude that it does not. A major life activity is substantially limited if an individual is unable to “perform a basic function that the average person in the general population can perform” or is significantly restricted in “the[*425] condition, manner, or duration under which [she] can perform a particular major life activity as compared to an average person in the general population.” Snow v. Ridgeview Med. Ctr., 128 F.3d 1201, 1206 (8th Cir.1997); see 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(j)(1) (1998). Whether a major life activity is substantially limited is an individualized and fact-specific inquiry. See Colwell v. Suffolk County Police Dep’t, 158 F.3d 635, 643 (2d Cir.1998). In this case, Megan’s allergy is not substantially limiting because, as her doctor stated, Megan’s allergy impacts her life only “a little bit.” Although Megan cannot eat foods containing peanuts or their derivatives, the record does not suggest that Megan suffers an allergic reaction when she consumes any other kind of food or that her physical ability to eat is in any way restricted. Additionally, the record shows Megan’s ability to breathe is generally unrestricted, except for the limitations she experienced during her two allergic reactions. See Zirpel v. Toshiba Am. Info. Sys., Inc., 111 F.3d 80, 81 (8th Cir.1997) (although speaking and breathing were hampered during actual panic attack, disorder did not substantially limit plaintiffs major life activities where attacks were infrequent and very manageable); Robinson v. Global Marine Drilling Co., 101 F.3d 35, 37 (5th Cir.1996), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 117 S.Ct. 1820, 137 L.Ed.2d 1028 (1997) (several instances of asbestosis-related shortness of breath did not substantially limit major life activity of breathing). Thus, although Megan’s allergic reaction to peanut-laden foods affects her eating and breathing, her allergy does not substantially or materially limit these major life activities within the .definition of disability under the ADA. See Snow, 128 F.3d at 1207.
Next, Land contends Megan is disabled under the ADA because her two allergic reactions at day care created a record of a substantially limiting physical impairment. We disagree. While Megan’s allergic reactions “are evidence of a history of an impairment, they are not evidence of a history of a disability.” Robinson, 101 F.3d at 37 (emphasis omitted); see Colwell, 158 F.3d at 645. As we have already stated, Megan’s-peanut-related allergy does not substantially limit her abilities to eat and breathe.
Finally, Land asserts Megan is disabled under the ADA because Baptist regarded Megan as substantially limited in her ability to attend day care. Again, we disagree. In our view, major life activities do not include those activities like day care attendance that, although important to a particular plaintiff, are not significant within the contemplation of the ADA. See id. at 642-43 (gardening, golfing, and shopping are insufficiently fundamental to be major life activities). Even if we assume day care attendance is a major life activity, there is no evidence in the record that Baptist regarded Megan’s allergy as substantially limiting her ability to attend day care. Quite to the contrary, Baptist viewed Megan as a normal, healthy, active toddler who was only unable to attend day care at Baptist because the large number of children compared to the number of staff there prevented Baptist from ensuring Megan would not come into contact with foods containing peanuts or peanut derivatives. The fact that Baptist believed its staff was spread too thin to monitor Megan’s dietary limitations does not permit the inference that Baptist regarded Megan as incapable of eating a broad range of foods or of attending other day cares better able to monitor Megan’s food intake. See id. at 647. Because Megan does not fit within the meaning of any of the ADA’s definitions of disability, the district court properly granted summary judgment to Baptist on both Megan’s ADA claim and Land’s claim that Baptist discriminated against Land because of her association with a disabled individual.
Additionally, Land contends the district court committed error in deciding Megan was not disabled within the meaning of the ACRA. The Arkansas Supreme Court has not yet decided whether a food allergy is a disability under the ACRA, and so we “must decide ‘what the [Arkansas Supreme Court] would probably hold were it called upon to decide the issue.’ ” Lenhardt v. Basic Inst. of Tech., Inc., 55 F.3d 377, 379 (8th Cir.1995) (quoting Hazen v. Pasley, 768 F.2d 226, 228 (8th Cir.1985)). The definition of disability in both the ACRA and the ADA are in all relevant respects the same, com[*426] pare Ark.Code Ann. § 16-123-102(3) with 42 U.S.C. § 12102(2)(A), and we believe the Arkansas Supreme Court would consider analogous federal ADA decisions in deciding the issue confronting us in this case, Lenhardt, 55 F.3d at 380.
We thus affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment on the ACRA claim for the same reasons we affirm summary judgment on the ADA claim
Dissent
dissenting.
I respectfully dissent. We are required to draw all reasonable inferences in Ms. Land’s favor. It is my view that Dr. Wheeler’s deposition raises a genuine issue of material fact as to whether Megan’s peanut allergy substantially limits a major life activity. Dr. Wheeler, who saw Megan after she developed swelling of the eyes, discoloration, hives, and itching following exposure to peanut butter, testified that his examination of Megan suggested that she is “exquisitely sensitive” to peanuts and peanut products. He testified that her reaction to peanuts could range from a mild ease of hives to death. He also testified that the recommended treatment is strict avoidance of peanuts and peanut products, and to have available at all times an epinephrine injection in the event that Megan is accidentally exposed to peanuts and has a severe allergic reaction.
On the basis of Dr. Wheeler’s testimony, I believe an inference may reasonably be drawn that Megan is substantially limited in her ability to eat. She (or her care-giver) “must read every label of every product that is purchased from a store and ... she must be very careful whenever she is at a party or a restaurant.” App. Br. at 8. So long as Megan avoids peanuts and peanut products, she can lead the normal, active life of a-toddler. If she ingests a peanut product, however, and has a severe reaction that is not promptly treated, she may go into ana-phylactic shock or, worse, die. The risk, therefore, that Megan may accidentally ingest peanuts (a risk that may be slight, if labels are accurate and those responsible for her care are vigilant) must be understood in light of the potential for serious injury.
An interpretive rule issued by the Department of Agriculture supports this position. The rule, Meal Substitutions for Medical or Other Special Dietary Reasons, Food and Nutrition Service Instruction 783-2, Rev. 2 (Oct. 14,1994), was designed to guide schools and other institutions when deciding whether meal substitutions for handicapped persons are required in certain food programs administered by the Department. The rule interprets, for persons with food allergies, the meaning of the word “handicapped,” as it is used in the Department’s regulations implementing the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. See 7 C.F.R. § 15b.1 et seq. (1998). The rule, which was issued by the Director of the Child Nutrition Division, provides that:
Generally, participants with food allergies or intolerances, or obese participants are not “handicapped persons”, as defined in 7 C.F.R. 15b.3(i), and school food authorities, institutions and sponsors are not required to make substitutions for them. However, when in the physician’s assessment food allergies may result in severe, life-threatening reactions (anaphylactic reactions) or the obesity is severe enough to substantially limit a major life activity, the participant then meets the definition of “handicapped person”, and the food service personnel must malee the substitutions prescribed by the physician.
FNS Instruction 783-2, Rev. 2, at p. 4 (emphasis added). Implementation of the Rehabilitation Act “was not delegated to a single agency,” as the Supreme Court noted recently. Bragdon v. Abbott, — U.S. -, -, 118 S.Ct. 2196, 2207, 141 L.Ed.2d 540 (1998). Indeed, “the well-reasoned views of the agencies implementing a statute ‘constitute a body of experience and informed judgment to which courts and litigants may properly resort for guidance.’ ” Id. (quoting Skidmore v. Swift & Co., 323 U.S. 134, 149-40, 65 S.Ct. 161, 89 L.Ed. 124 (1944)).
I believe the Agriculture Department’s description of a person as handicapped who has been assessed by a physician as having a food allergy that may result in “severe, life-threatening reactions,” coupled with Dr. Wheeler’s testimony, raises a question of fact that is properly decided by a jury. The[*427] historical facts presented by the plaintiff in this case are “subject to more than one interpretation,” and, accordingly, “[t]he trier of fact at trial should decide which interpretation is more persuasive.” St. Louis County Bank v. United States, 674 F.2d 1207, 1211 (8th Cir.1982).