A preliminary injunction is an extraordinary remedy granted only when a movant proves that the circumstances clearly demand it through a balancing of factors.
An employee of a local government entity challenged a policy requiring the disclosure of real estate holdings by certain employees and their immediate families, alleging violations of the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments. The court considered whether to grant a preliminary injunction to prohibit the employer from mandating such disclosures. Applying the standard for preliminary injunctions, the court determined that the plaintiff failed to show a likelihood of success on the merits because personal financial and real estate interests are not fundamental interests protected by a constitutional right to privacy. Furthermore, the court found the plaintiff suffered no irreparable harm because temporary loss of income is compensable by monetary damages.
At page 573 Standard for granting preliminary injunction and its effect651 citing cases“a preliminary injunction is an extraordinary remedy which should be granted only if the movant carries his or her burden of proving that the circumstances clearly demand it.”
- Walker, No. 2:26-cv-00648 (S.D. Ohio July 31, 2026).(A preliminary injunction is an extraordinary remedy which should be granted only if the movant carries his or her burden of proving that the circumstances clearly demand it.)
- Lepp v. Mallett, No. 5:25-cv-10214 (E.D. Mich. Apr. 22, 2025). (A preliminary injunction is an extraordinary remedy which should be granted only if the movant carries his or her burden of proving that the circumstances clearly demand it.)
- Dutton v. Shaffer, No. 3:23-cv-00039 (E.D. Ky. Jan. 17, 2025). (A preliminary injunction is an extraordinary remedy which should be granted only if the movant carries his or her burden of proving that the circumstances clearly demand it.)
- Dearborn Mid-West Co., LLC v. FM Sylvan, Inc., No. 2:22-cv-12114 (E.D. Mich. Nov. 4, 2022). (A preliminary injunction is an extraordinary remedy which should be granted only if the movant carries his or her burden of proving that the circumstances clearly demand it.)
- D.H. v. Williamson Cnty. Bd. of Educ., No. 3:22-cv-00570 (M.D. Tenn. Nov. 2, 2022).(A preliminary injunction is an extraordinary remedy which should be granted only if the movant carries his or her burden of proving that the circumstances clearly demand it.)
- Sublett v. Pucket, No. 5:22-cv-00074 (E.D. Ky. Apr. 20, 2022).(A preliminary injunction is an extraordinary remedy which should be granted only if the movant carries his or her burden of proving that the circumstances clearly demand it.)
- Total Quality Logistics, LLC v. Traffic Tech, Inc., No. 1:21-cv-00714 (S.D. Ohio Feb. 22, 2022).(Judge Martin's ruling has no res judicata effect because it does not constitute a final adjudication of the merits of an issue.)
- Chandrasekaran v. Wolf, No. 3:20-cv-13247 (E.D. Mich. Mar. 25, 2021). (A preliminary injunction is an extraordinary remedy which should be granted only if the movant carries his or her burden of proving that the circumstances clearly demand it.)
- Small Sponsors Working Grp. v. U. S. Sec'y of State, No. 1:19-cv-02600 (W.D. Tenn. May 20, 2020).(A preliminary injunction is an extraordinary remedy which should be granted only if the movant carries his or her burden of proving that the circumstances clearly demand it.)
- Jones v. Caruso, 569 F.3d 258 (6th Cir. 2009).published (A preliminary injunction is an extraordinary remedy which should be granted only if the movant carries his or her burden of proving that the circumstances clearly demand it.)
Show 197 more citing cases
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- Madaris, No. 1:26-cv-00264 (S.D. Ohio Aug. 26, 2026).“A preliminary injunction is an extraordinary remedy,” and it is one that “should be granted only if the movant carries his or her burden of proving that the circumstances clearly demand it.” Overstreet v. Lexington-Fayette Urban County Go…
- L.Y., No. 1:26-cv-00378 (S.D. Ohio Aug. 26, 2026).Gov’t, 305 F.3d 566, 573 (6th Cir. 2002).
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- United States of Am. v. Int'l Union, United Auto., Aerospace, & Agric. Implement Workers of Am., No. 2:20-cv-13293 (E.D. Mich. July 28, 2026).
- Davis, No. 2:26-cv-00029 (S.D. Ohio July 28, 2026).
- Comfort Sys. USA (Kentucky), Inc. v. AHM Bowling Green LLC d/b/a All Hours Mech. et al., No. 1:26-cv-00094 (W.D. Ky. Aug. 14, 2026).
- Kiner, No. 2:25-cv-02987 (W.D. Tenn. July 15, 2026).
- Cool, No. 2:25-cv-01504 (S.D. Ohio Aug. 6, 2026).
- Fat Boy’s Pizza Franchise, LLC; Savvy Sliders Franchise, LLC; Savvy Sliders Co., LLC; & Deep South IP, LLC v. FBP Covington, LLC; Fat Boy’s Pizza, LLC; FBP Express Harvey, LLC; FBP BR1, LLC; FBP Express Kenner, LLC; FBP of Am., LLC; & Corchiani Investments, Inc., No. 2:26-cv-12814 (E.D. Mich. Aug. 13, 2026).
- Lawson, No. 2:26-cv-10757 (E.D. Mich. Aug. 18, 2026).
- McClain, No. 3:25-cv-00557 (M.D. Tenn. July 24, 2026).
- Warner v. Chambers-Smith, No. 2:24-cv-01565 (S.D. Ohio July 10, 2025).
- Greenberg v. Martin, No. 3:24-cv-01430 (M.D. Tenn. July 21, 2025).
- Monaco, No. 2:25-cv-00378 (S.D. Ohio Oct. 17, 2025).
At page 578 Considering arguments raised for the first time on appeal and irreparable harm240 citing cases“a plaintiff's harm from the denial of a preliminary injunction is irreparable if it is not fully compensable by monetary damages.”
- Kaback, No. 2:25-cv-01454 (S.D. Ohio Sept. 1, 2026).(An argument raised for the first time in a reply brief will not be considered by this Court.)
- Isham, No. 3:26-cv-00473 (M.D. Tenn. May 20, 2026). (plaintiff’s harm [] is irreparable if it is not fully compensable by monetary damages.)
- Wegner v. Tenet Physician Resources, No. 2:25-cv-02389 (W.D. Tenn. May 5, 2025).(A plaintiff’s harm from the denial of a preliminary injunction is irreparable if it is not fully compensable by monetary damages.)
- Dehority v. Chamberlain, No. 2:25-cv-02383 (W.D. Tenn. Apr. 29, 2025). (A plaintiff’s harm from the denial of a preliminary injunction is irreparable if it is not fully compensable by monetary damages.)
- McConnell v. United States Dep't of Agric., No. 4:23-cv-00024 (E.D. Tenn. Sept. 13, 2023). ([I]t is unlikely that [Plaintiff] will be able to demonstrate that he has a cognizable constitutional claim. Thus, his argument that he is entitled to a presumption of irreparable harm based on the alleged constitution…)
- Jogelly Turcios-Flores v. Merrick B. Garland, 67 F.4th 347 (6th Cir. 2023).published(An argument raised for the first time in a reply brief will not be considered by this Court.)
- Dearborn Mid-West Co., LLC v. FM Sylvan, Inc., No. 2:22-cv-12114 (E.D. Mich. Nov. 4, 2022). Council, 555 U.S. 7, 24 (2008); see also Overstreet v. Lexington–Fayette Urban County Gov’t, 305 F.3d 566, 573 (6th Cir. 2002) (“A preliminary injunction is an extraordinary remedy which should be granted only if the movant carries his or…
- Freedom Franchise Sys., LLC v. Choto Boat Club, LLC, No. 3:22-cv-00135 (E.D. Tenn. Apr. 15, 2022).(A plaintiff’s harm from the denial of a preliminary injunction is irreparable if it is not fully compensable by monetary damages.)
- Bentonville Sch. Dist. Dr. Debbie Jones, Superintendent, in Her Off. Capacity Eric White, Sch. Bd. President, in His Off. Capacity Matt Burgess, Bd. Member, in His Off. Capacity Kelly Carlson, Bd. Member, in His Off. Capacity Brent Leas, Bd. Member, in His Off. Capacity Willie Cowgur, Bd. Member, in His Off. Capacity Joe Quinn, Bd. Member, in His Off. Capacity & Jennifer Faddis, Bd. Member, in Her Off. Capacity v. Matt Sitton, Matthew Bennett, & Elizabeth Bennett, 2022 Ark. 80, 643 S.W.3d 763.published(denial of an injunction will cause irreparable harm if the claim is based upon a violation of the plaintiff's constitutional rights)
- GSL Holdings, LLC v. Lyon Twp., No. 2:21-cv-11664 (E.D. Mich. Oct. 1, 2021). (A plaintiff’s harm from the denial of a preliminary injunction is irreparable if it is not fully compensable by monetary damages.)
Show 188 more citing cases
- Wilson v. Peckham, Inc., No. 1:20-cv-00565, 2021 WL 3168616 (W.D. Mich. July 26, 2021).(An argument raised for the first time in a reply brief will not be considered by this Court.)
- Salem v. Michigan State Univ., No. 1:19-cv-00220 (W.D. Mich. Apr. 13, 2021).(An argument raised for the first time in a reply brief will not be considered by this Court.)
- Planned Parenthood of Tennessee & North Mississippi v. Slatery, 523 F. Supp. 3d 985 (M.D. Tenn. 2021).published(A plaintiff's harm from the denial of a preliminary injunction is irreparable if it is not fully compensable by monetary damages.)
- Planned Parenthood of Tennessee & North Mississippi v. Slatery, No. 3:20-cv-00740 (M.D. Tenn. Sept. 29, 2020).(A plaintiff's harm from the denial of a preliminary injunction is irreparable if it is not fully compensable by monetary damages.)
- Rover Pipeline LLC v. Kanzigg, No. 2:17-cv-00105 (S.D. Ohio June 30, 2020).(A plaintiff’s harm from denial of a preliminary injunction is irreparable if it is not fully compensable by monetary damages.)
- Horace Dunlap v. United States, No. 18-5233 (6th Cir. Aug. 13, 2019).unpublished(‘It is well-settled that this court will not consider arguments raised for the first time on appeal unless our failure to consider the issue will result in a plain miscarriage of justice.’)
- Jones v. Perry, 215 F. Supp. 3d 563 (E.D. Ky. 2016).published(Courts have also held that a plaintiff can demonstrate that a denial of an injunction will cause irreparable harm if the claim is based upon a violation of the plaintiffs constitutional rights.)
- Pfahler v. Natl Latex Prods., No. 06-3678 (6th Cir. Dec. 14, 2007).published(It is well-settled that this court will not consider arguments raised for the first time on appeal unless our failure to consider the issue will result in a plain miscarriage of justice.)
- Aaron v. Target Corp., 269 F. Supp. 2d 1162 (E.D. Mo. 2003).published(denial of an injunction will cause irreparable harm if the claim is based upon a violation of the plaintiffs constitutional rights)
- Frost v. Univ. of Louisville, 392 F. Supp. 3d 793 (W.D. Ky. 2019).published“courts have also held that a plaintiff can demonstrate that a denial of an injunction will cause irreparable harm if the claim is based upon a violation of the plaintiff's constitutional rights.”
- Lupu, No. 1:25-cv-00232 (W.D. Mich. Sept. 21, 2026).Gov’t, 305 F.3d 566, 578 (6th Cir. 2002).
- Patience Fofo Allotey v. Todd Blanche, No. 25-4022 (6th Cir. Sept. 21, 2026).unpublishedGov’t, 305 F.3d 566, 578 (6th Cir. 2002).
- Hatcher, No. 3:25-cv-00731 (W.D. Ky. Sept. 15, 2026).Gov’t, 305 F.3d 566, 578 (6th Cir. 2002) (citing Basicomputer Corp. v. Scott, 973 F.2d 507, 511 (6th Cir. 1992)).
- Whobrey, No. 2:26-cv-02946 (W.D. Tenn. Sept. 11, 2026). Gov’t, 305 F.3d 566, 578 (6th Cir. 2002) (citation omitted); see EOG Res., Inc., 134 F.4th at 884 (“‘Irreparable’ means ‘not fully compensable by monetary damages.’” (citation omitted)).
- Censke, No. 2:25-cv-00232 (W.D. Mich. Sept. 3, 2026). Gov’t, 305 F.3d 566, 573 (6th Cir. 2002); Stenberg v. Cheker Oil Co., 573 F.2d 921, 925 (6th Cir. 1978).
- Tosca Sharanne Owens Trust v. Ford Motor Credit Co., LLC, No. 4:26-cv-01939 (N.D. Ohio Aug. 19, 2026).Gov’t, 305 F.3d 566, 578 (6th Cir. 2002)) (“Irreparable” means “not fully compensable by monetary damages.”).
- DG Smoky, LLC v. Aunt Bug's Cabin Rentals, LLC, No. 3:24-cv-00364, 2024 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 207969 (E.D. Tenn. Oct. 4, 2024).
- DCJM, LP v. Aunt Bug's Cabin Rentals, LLC, No. 3:24-cv-00354 (E.D. Tenn. Oct. 4, 2024).
- Dietz v. Germantown Mun. Sch. Dist., No. 2:24-cv-02865 (W.D. Tenn. Apr. 22, 2025).
- AAA Auto Glass, Inc v. Arrow Auto Glass Operating Co., LLC, No. 3:24-cv-00400 (E.D. Tenn. Sept. 30, 2025).
- Courtney, No. 4:25-cv-00989 (N.D. Ohio Oct. 20, 2025).
- United States of Am. v. Brandon Ross Williams & Refund HQ, LLC, No. 3:24-cv-00075 (E.D. Ky. Jan. 29, 2026).
- Tyson, No. 2:25-cv-03029 (W.D. Tenn. Feb. 2, 2026).
- Page, No. 3:26-cv-00038 (E.D. Tenn. Mar. 19, 2026).
- Triple R Farms, LLC v. United States Dep't of Labor, et al., No. 5:26-cv-00087 (E.D. Ky. June 13, 2026).
- City of Painesville, Ohio v. Browning-Ferris Indus. of Ohio, Inc., No. 1:26-cv-01433 (N.D. Ohio July 16, 2026).
- Kristy Downing v. Life Time Fitness, Inc., No. 11-1699 (6th Cir. May 18, 2012).unpublished
- Jessie McDonald v. Paul Summers, 471 F. App'x 494 (6th Cir. 2012).unpublished
- Tri-CountyWholesale Distributors, Inc. v. Wine Grp., Inc., 565 F. App'x 477 (6th Cir. 2012).unpublished
- City of Columbus v. Hotels.com, L.P., 693 F.3d 642 (6th Cir. 2012).published
- Greg Jolivette v. Jon Husted, 694 F.3d 760 (6th Cir. 2012).published
- John Welch v. Michael Brown, 551 F. App'x 804 (6th Cir. 2014).unpublished
- United States v. Kevin Davis, 751 F.3d 769 (6th Cir. 2014).published
- Kevin Simms v. Bayer Healthcare, LLC, 752 F.3d 1065 (6th Cir. 2014).published
- Stolle Mach. Co., LLC v. Ram Precision Indus., 605 F. App'x 473 (6th Cir. 2015).unpublished
- Diane Wells v. Craig & Landreth Cars, Inc., 474 F. App'x 445 (6th Cir. 2012).unpublished
- Kristy Downing v. Life Time Fitness, Inc., 483 F. App'x 12 (6th Cir. 2012).unpublished
- Shean Satgunam v. Michigan State Univ., 556 F. App'x 456 (6th Cir. 2014).unpublished
- Owens v. Fed. Nat'l Mortg. Ass'n, 628 F. App'x 430 (6th Cir. 2015).unpublished
- Haines v. Fed. Motor Carrier Saf. Admin., 814 F.3d 417 (6th Cir. 2016).published
- Darrell Holland, Jr. v. FCA US LLC, 656 F. App'x 232 (6th Cir. 2016).unpublished
- Talmer Bank & Trust v. Grand Beach Real Est. Inv., 660 F. App'x 439 (6th Cir. 2016).unpublished
- United States v. Craig Hunnicutt, Jr., 664 F. App'x 521 (6th Cir. 2016).unpublished
- United States v. Richard Meade, 677 F. App'x 959 (6th Cir. 2017).unpublished
- Peter Bormuth v. Cnty. of Jackson, 849 F.3d 266 (6th Cir. 2017).published
- Sandusky Wellness Ctr., LLC v. ASD Specialty Healthcare, Inc., 863 F.3d 460 (6th Cir. 2017).published
- Est. of Filek v. Nat'l Union Fire Ins. Co., 704 F. App'x 557 (6th Cir. 2017).unpublished
- Peter Bormuth v. Cnty. of Jackson, 870 F.3d 494 (6th Cir. 2017).published
- John Doe v. Univ. of Cincinnati, 872 F.3d 393 (6th Cir. 2017).published
- Jose Nieto-Chavez v. Jefferson B. Sessions, III, No. 17-3169 (6th Cir. Oct. 23, 2018).unpublished
- United States v. Ricky Bennefield, No. 18-5898 (6th Cir. June 18, 2019).unpublished
- St. Luke's Hosp. v. ProMedica Health Sys, Inc., 8 F.4th 479 (6th Cir. 2021).published
- Memphis Ctr. for Reprod. Health v. Herbert Slatery, III, 14 F.4th 409 (6th Cir. 2021).published
- Commonwealth of Ky. v. Joseph R. Biden, No. 21-6147 (6th Cir. Jan. 5, 2022).published
- Theresa Hoogland v. City of Maryville, Tenn., No. 21-5863, 2022 WL 1773416 (6th Cir. June 1, 2022).unpublished
- Cole v. City of Memphis, 108 F. Supp. 3d 593 (W.D. Tenn. 2015).published
- Williams-Sonoma Direct, Inc. v. Arhaus, LLC, 109 F. Supp. 3d 1009 (W.D. Tenn. 2015).published
- Apex Tool Grp., LLC v. Wessels, 119 F. Supp. 3d 599 (E.D. Mich. 2015).published
- Miller v. Davis, 123 F. Supp. 3d 924 (E.D. Ky. 2015).published
- Doe v. Ohio State Univ., 136 F. Supp. 3d 854 (S.D. Ohio 2016).published
- Sodexo Mgmt., Inc. v. Detroit Pub. Schs., 200 F. Supp. 3d 679 (E.D. Mich. 2016).published
- Thomas Burrell v. Tipton Cnty. Election Comm'n, No. 22-5867 (6th Cir. Oct. 18, 2022).unpublished
- Nollner v. S. Baptist Convention, Inc., 628 F. App'x 944 (6th Cir. 2015).unpublished
- Rush v. City of Lansing, 644 F. App'x 415 (6th Cir. 2016).unpublished
- Serv. Employees Int'l Union v. Husted, 887 F. Supp. 2d 761 (S.D. Ohio 2012).published
- Senior Executives Ass'n v. United States, 891 F. Supp. 2d 745 (D. Md. 2012).published
- Lieberman v. Husted, 900 F. Supp. 2d 767 (S.D. Ohio 2012).published
- Tri Cnty. Wholesale Distributors, Inc. v. Labatt USA Operating Co., 978 F. Supp. 2d 860 (S.D. Ohio 2013).published
- Earl Booth v. Heidi Washington, No. 22-2082 (6th Cir. Sept. 14, 2023).unpublished
- Lyle Heyward v. Heather Cooper, 88 F.4th 648 (6th Cir. 2023).published
- Singapore Ministry of Health v. Farrera-Brochez, No. 5:19-cv-00051 (E.D. Ky. Nov. 25, 2019).
- Int'l Bhd. of Teamsters Local 651 v. Philbeck, 464 F. Supp. 3d 863 (E.D. Ky. 2020).published
- McHutchison, Inc. v. Eason Horticultural Resources, Inc., No. 2:21-cv-00065 (E.D. Ky. June 22, 2021).
- Kentucky v. Yellen, 563 F. Supp. 3d 647 (E.D. Ky. 2021).published
- Coleman v. Winbigler, 615 F. Supp. 3d 563 (E.D. Ky. 2022).published
- BMO Harris Bank N.A. v. V & C Transp., INC, No. 2:22-cv-00053 (E.D. Ky. Oct. 24, 2022).
- Coreas v. Bounds, No. 8:20-cv-00780, 2020 WL 1663133 (D. Md. Apr. 3, 2020).
- Malam v. Rebecca Adducci, No. 5:20-cv-10829 (E.D. Mich. Apr. 5, 2020).
- Malam v. Rebecca Adducci, No. 5:20-cv-10829 (E.D. Mich. Apr. 6, 2020).
- Malam v. Rebecca Adducci, 455 F. Supp. 3d 384 (E.D. Mich. 2020).published
- Diehl v. Advanced Corr. Health Care, No. 3:20-cv-11127 (E.D. Mich. May 15, 2020).
- Cameron v. Bouchard, 462 F. Supp. 3d 746 (E.D. Mich. 2020).
- Malam v. Rebecca Adducci, 469 F. Supp. 3d 767 (E.D. Mich. 2020).published
- Diaz-Calderon v. BARR, No. 2:20-cv-11235 (E.D. Mich. Sept. 22, 2020).
- Romano v. Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan, No. 2:21-cv-12966 (E.D. Mich. Jan. 3, 2022).
- Reed v. Presque Isle Cnty., 594 F. Supp. 3d 884 (E.D. Mich. 2022).published
- Mockeridge v. Harvey, No. 1:21-cv-12896 (E.D. Mich. Apr. 18, 2022).
- HealthCall of Detroit, Inc. v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., No. 2:22-cv-10797, 2022 WL 3153780 (E.D. Mich. Aug. 8, 2022).
- Serv. First Logistics, Inc. v. A-One Pallet, Inc., No. 2:19-cv-12616 (E.D. Mich. Aug. 17, 2022).
- Miner v. Ogemaw Cnty. Road Comm'n, No. 1:21-cv-11192 (E.D. Mich. Dec. 22, 2022).
- Novak v. Federspiel, 649 F. Supp. 3d 562 (E.D. Mich. 2023).published
- PMP - Romulus, Inc. v. Valyrian Mach., LLC, No. 2:23-cv-10822 (E.D. Mich. Oct. 30, 2023).
- Mack & Van Dyke Mini Mart, LLC v. Detroit, City of, No. 2:24-cv-10260 (E.D. Mich. Feb. 12, 2024).
- Weddle v. DeWitt, Charter Twp. of, No. 1:23-cv-00714, 2024 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 19394 (W.D. Mich. Feb. 5, 2024).
- Corp. Lodging Consultants, Inc. v. Szafarski, No. 1:21-cv-01611, 2021 WL 3709914 (N.D. Ohio Aug. 20, 2021).
- Maras v. Mayfield City Sch. Dist. Bd. of Educ., No. 1:21-cv-01711 (N.D. Ohio Sept. 13, 2021).
- PFG Ventures, L.P. v. Brandon C. Kennedy, No. 1:22-cv-01177 (N.D. Ohio July 22, 2022).
- Oko v. City of Cleveland, No. 1:21-cv-02222 (N.D. Ohio July 8, 2022).
- Ogletree v. Cleveland State Univ., 647 F. Supp. 3d 602 (N.D. Ohio 2022).published
- Johnson v. City of Cleveland, No. 1:23-cv-02193 (N.D. Ohio Nov. 17, 2023).
- Preterm-Cleveland v. Ohio Attorney Gen., No. 1:19-cv-00360 (S.D. Ohio Apr. 23, 2020).
- Stevens v. City of Columbus, Ohio, No. 2:20-cv-01230 (S.D. Ohio July 7, 2020).
- Kohler v. City Of Cincinnati, No. 1:20-cv-00889, 2021 WL 761630 (S.D. Ohio Feb. 27, 2021).
- Viola v. Yost, No. 2:21-cv-03088 (S.D. Ohio Aug. 17, 2021).
- CNG Fin. Corp. v. Brichler, No. 1:21-cv-00460 (S.D. Ohio Sept. 14, 2021).
- HBA Motors, LLC v. Brigante, No. 1:21-cv-00624 (S.D. Ohio Oct. 7, 2021).
- Harsman v. Cincinnati Child.'s Hopital Med. Ctr., No. 1:21-cv-00597, 2021 WL 4504245 (S.D. Ohio Sept. 30, 2021).
- Hooper v. Trimble Bd. of Educ., No. 2:21-cv-02749 (S.D. Ohio Dec. 13, 2021).
- QFS Transp., LLC v. Huguely, No. 1:21-cv-00769 (S.D. Ohio Feb. 9, 2022).
- QFS Transp., LLC v. Murphy, No. 1:21-cv-00770 (S.D. Ohio Feb. 4, 2022).
- Student Resource Ctr. v. E. Gateway Cmty. Coll., No. 2:22-cv-02653 (S.D. Ohio July 11, 2022).
- Int'l Petroleum Prods. & Additives Co., Inc. v. PXL Chemicals BV, No. 1:20-cv-00586, 2022 WL 4537974 (S.D. Ohio Sept. 28, 2022).
- Sharper Impressions Painting Co. v. Thiede, No. 2:21-cv-02245 (S.D. Ohio Feb. 9, 2023).
- Golden Eagle Resources II, LLC v. Rice Drilling D, LLC, No. 2:22-cv-02374 (S.D. Ohio Feb. 10, 2023).
- Hogan v. Cleveland Ave Restaurant, Inc., No. 2:15-cv-02883 (S.D. Ohio Mar. 28, 2023).
- NetChoice, LLC v. Yost, 716 F. Supp. 3d 539 (S.D. Ohio 2024).published
- EOG Resources, Inc. v. Lucky Land Mgmt., LLC, No. 2:23-cv-04232 (S.D. Ohio Feb. 23, 2024).
- Blair, Jr. v. Nationwide Ins. Co. of Am., No. 1:21-cv-00059 (E.D. Tenn. May 5, 2021).
- Bandy v. Roberts, No. 1:19-cv-00164 (E.D. Tenn. Aug. 11, 2022).
- Speer v. Ucor LLC, No. 3:21-cv-00368, 2022 WL 3971036 (E.D. Tenn. Aug. 31, 2022).
- Tennessee v. United States Dep't of Educ., 615 F. Supp. 3d 807 (E.D. Tenn. 2022).published
- Plumbers & Pipefitters Local 102 v. Consol. Nuclear Sec., LLC, No. 3:24-cv-00121 (E.D. Tenn. Mar. 25, 2024).
- Covenant Life Int'l, Inc. v. City of Norris, Tennessee, No. 3:23-cv-00334 (E.D. Tenn. May 1, 2024).
- State of Tennessee v. Becerra, 739 F. Supp. 3d 467 (E.D. Tenn. 2024).published
- Bristol Reg'l Women's Ctr., P.C. v. Slatery, No. 3:15-cv-00705 (M.D. Tenn. Apr. 17, 2020).
- Memphis Ctr. for Reproductive Health v. Slatery, No. 3:20-cv-00501, 2020 WL 4274198 (M.D. Tenn. July 24, 2020).
- Girl Scouts of Middle Tennessee, Inc. v. Girl Scouts of the United States of Am., No. 3:21-cv-00433 (M.D. Tenn. Oct. 20, 2021).
- Friedmann v. Parker, 573 F. Supp. 3d 1221 (M.D. Tenn. 2021).published
- Amerispec, L.L.C. v. Sutko Real Est. Servs., Inc., No. 2:20-cv-02365 (W.D. Tenn. July 10, 2020).
- Harris v. Hutson, No. 2:21-cv-02717 (W.D. Tenn. Dec. 21, 2021).
- VRC Companies, LLC v. Rodriguez, No. 2:22-cv-02461 (W.D. Tenn. Sept. 28, 2022).
- Mid-Am. Apt. Communities, Inc. v. DOE-1, No. 2:23-cv-02186 (W.D. Tenn. Mar. 19, 2024).
- Shapiro v. Woodberry, No. 18-04356 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. July 16, 2020).
- Ashley Franklin v. Franklin Cnty., Ky., 115 F.4th 461 (6th Cir. 2024).published
- State of Tennessee v. Xavier Becerra, 117 F.4th 348 (6th Cir. 2024).published
- Material Handling Sys., Inc. v. Cabrera, 572 F. Supp. 3d 375 (W.D. Ky. 2021).published
- Gospel Light Mennonite Church Med. Aid Plan v. New Mexico Off. of the Superintendent of Ins., No. 1:23-cv-00276 (D.N.M. Oct. 12, 2023).
- Plastics NYC LLC v. Plastics Boutique LLC, No. 1:23-cv-02291 (N.D. Ohio Aug. 25, 2024).
- Candid Ventures LLC v. Nestlings, Inc., No. 1:24-cv-00528 (S.D. Ohio Sept. 30, 2024).
- M.B. v. Lee (jrg1), No. 3:21-cv-00317 (E.D. Tenn. Oct. 12, 2021).
- Solo v. Ball Homes LLC, No. 3:24-cv-00294 (E.D. Tenn. July 10, 2024).
- Klopp v. Kentucky Educ. Prof'l Standards Bd., No. 3:23-cv-00036 (E.D. Ky. Dec. 18, 2024).
- Grace E. Moore Great-Grandchildren Trust of 2006 v. Gulfport Appalachia, LLC, No. 2:24-cv-02231 (S.D. Ohio Dec. 27, 2024).
- Churchill Downs Tech. Initiatives Co. v. Michigan Gaming Control Bd., 767 F. Supp. 3d 556 (W.D. Mich. 2025).published
- Osuna Sanchez v. Nat'l Collegiate Athletic Ass'n, No. 3:25-cv-00062 (E.D. Tenn. Mar. 3, 2025).
- State of Tennessee v. Xavier Becerra, 131 F.4th 350 (6th Cir. 2025).published
- Microstar Logistics LLC v. Cavalier Distrib. Co., Inc., No. 1:24-cv-00647 (S.D. Ohio Mar. 14, 2025).
- TA Operating LLC v. Boja, No. 5:24-cv-01783 (N.D. Ohio Mar. 18, 2025).
- Brown-Austin v. Chambers-Smith, No. 1:24-cv-00397 (S.D. Ohio Mar. 21, 2025).
- Chase v. Morgan, No. 1:24-cv-00265 (E.D. Tenn. Mar. 26, 2025).
- Dutton v. Shaffer, 779 F. Supp. 3d 924 (E.D. Ky. 2025).published
- EOG Resources, Inc. v. Lucky Land Mgmt., LLC, 134 F.4th 868 (6th Cir. 2025).published
- Fluresh, LLC v. Grand Rapids, City of, No. 1:25-cv-00252 (W.D. Mich. Apr. 16, 2025).
- Brown v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., No. 2:25-cv-02323 (W.D. Tenn. Apr. 17, 2025).
- BMO Bank N.A. v. Noble Transp. LLC, No. 3:24-cv-00142 (M.D. Tenn. May 20, 2025).
- Karim Codrington v. Jay Dolak, 142 F.4th 884 (6th Cir. 2025).published
- Int'l Union of Painters & Allied Trades v. Warren Smith, 148 F.4th 365 (6th Cir. 2025).published
- Salem v. Tipton Cnty. Bd. of Educ., No. 2:25-cv-02442 (W.D. Tenn. Aug. 5, 2025).
- Belanger, No. 1:25-cv-00727 (S.D. Ohio Oct. 16, 2025).
- Charles Bozzo v. Jennifer Nanasy, 159 F.4th 1111 (6th Cir. 2025).published
- Jones, No. 2:24-cv-11224 (E.D. Mich. Nov. 5, 2025).
- Izquierdo, No. 4:25-cv-02361 (N.D. Ohio Nov. 5, 2025).
- Shangrila P'ship v. Helena Maria Lemos, No. 25-1495 (6th Cir. Nov. 20, 2025).unpublished
- Izquierdo, No. 4:25-cv-02361 (N.D. Ohio Nov. 19, 2025).
At page 579 Assessing irreparable harm from job loss and income withholding27 citing casesThe fact that an individual may lose his income for some extended period of time does not result in irreparable harm, as income wrongly withheld may be recovered through monetary damages in the form of back pay.
- Davis, No. 1:25-cv-00624 (S.D. Ohio Dec. 10, 2025).(The fact that an individual may lose his income for some extended period of time does not result in irreparable harm, as income wrongly withheld may be recovered through monetary damages in the form of back pay.)
- McConnell v. United States Dep't of Agric., No. 4:23-cv-00024 (E.D. Tenn. Sept. 13, 2023). “[W]hile the public clearly has interest in vindicating constitutional rights, it is unlikely that [the plaintiff] can demonstrate that any constitutional rights are implicated.”
- Simmons v. Colonial Life & Accident Ins. Co., No. 2:20-cv-12750 (E.D. Mich. Dec. 30, 2020).([t]he fact that an individual may lose his income for some extended period of time does not result in irreparable harm, as income wrongly withheld may be recovered through monetary damages in the form of back pay.)
- Whobrey, No. 2:26-cv-02946 (W.D. Tenn. Sept. 11, 2026). Gov’t, 305 F.3d 566, 578 (6th Cir. 2002) (citation omitted); see EOG Res., Inc., 134 F.4th at 884 (“‘Irreparable’ means ‘not fully compensable by monetary damages.’” (citation omitted)).
- Farnham v. Campari Am., LLC, No. 5:25-cv-00275, 2025 WL 2423328 (E.D. Ky. Aug. 21, 2025).
- Lothamer Tax Resolution, Inc. v. Kimmel, No. 1:25-cv-00579 (W.D. Mich. Aug. 6, 2025).
- Betsa, No. 1:25-cv-02478 (N.D. Ohio Jan. 7, 2026).
- Plumbers & Pipefitters Local 102 v. Consol. Nuclear Sec., LLC, No. 3:24-cv-00121 (E.D. Tenn. Mar. 25, 2024).
- EOG Resources, Inc. v. Lucky Land Mgmt., LLC, 134 F.4th 868 (6th Cir. 2025).published
- Salem v. Tipton Cnty. Bd. of Educ., No. 2:25-cv-02442 (W.D. Tenn. Aug. 5, 2025).
Show 17 more citing cases
- Price v. Paintsville Tourism Comm'n, 261 S.W.3d 482 (Ky. 2008).published
- Kenneth Rhinehart v. Debra Scutt, 509 F. App'x 510 (6th Cir. 2013).unpublished
- Conn v. Deskins, 199 F. Supp. 3d 1172 (E.D. Ky. 2016).published
- NDSL, Inc. v. Patnoude, 914 F. Supp. 2d 885 (W.D. Mich. 2012).published
At page 572 Treating temporary injunction as preliminary injunction12 citing casesfinding the district court treated a motion for a “temporary injunction” as one for a preliminary injunction
- Kimberly Johnson v. Kentucky Dep't of Educ., et al., No. 3:23-cv-00049 (E.D. Ky. Aug. 21, 2026).Gov’t., 305 F.3d 566, 572 (6th Cir. 2002)).
- Schisler v. State, 907 A.2d 175 (Md. 2006).published
- Michigan Chamber of Com. v. Land, 725 F. Supp. 2d 665 (W.D. Mich. 2010).published
- A&W X-press, Inc. v. FCA US, LLC, No. 21-1805, 2022 WL 2759872 (6th Cir. July 14, 2022).unpublished
- Total Quality Logistics, LLC v. Traffic Tech, Inc., No. 22-3377 (6th Cir. Feb. 6, 2023).unpublished
- Mary Sexton v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., No. 23-5981, 2024 WL 1994918 (6th Cir. May 6, 2024).unpublished
- Danville Christian Academy, Inc. v. Beshear, 503 F. Supp. 3d 516 (E.D. Ky. 2020).published
- Total Quality Logistics, LLC v. Traffic Tech, Inc., No. 1:21-cv-00714 (S.D. Ohio Apr. 14, 2022).
- Shawn Phillip Rhoades v. Savannah River Nuclear Solutions LLC, No. 1:21-cv-03391 (D.S.C. Dec. 28, 2021).
- J. L. v. Williamson Cnty. Bd. of Educ., No. 23-5704 (6th Cir. Aug. 2, 2024).unpublished
Show 2 more citing cases
- Jones, No. 3:25-cv-02693 (N.D. Ohio Feb. 19, 2026).
- Kimberly Johnson v. Kentucky Dep't of Educ., et al., No. 3:23-cv-00049 (E.D. Ky. June 17, 2026).
At page 575 Determining privacy interest in personal finances11 citing casesdeclining to recognize a privacy interest of constitutional dimension “in one’s personal finances and real estate holdings
- Young v. City of Logan, No. 2:25-cv-00698 (S.D. Ohio Aug. 28, 2025).
- Jenkins v. Rock Hill Local Sch. Dist., 513 F.3d 580 (6th Cir. 2008).published
- Lambert v. Hartman, 517 F.3d 433 (6th Cir. 2008).published
- Jerry Moore, Sr. v. Wesbanco Bank, Inc., 612 F. App'x 816 (6th Cir. 2015).unpublished
- Mulkey v. Rock Hill Loc Sch., No. 06-4551 (6th Cir. Jan. 17, 2008).published
- Patrick Murtha v. Rossford Exempted Vill., No. 21-3449 (6th Cir. Oct. 25, 2021).unpublished
- State ex rel. WBNS TV, Inc. v. Dues, 101 Ohio St. 3d 406 (2004).published
- Adeeko v. Chattanooga Metro. Airport Auth., No. 1:19-cv-00113 (E.D. Tenn. Mar. 24, 2020).
- Allstate Ins. Co. v. Lint Chiropractic PC, No. 2:23-cv-10904 (E.D. Mich. Nov. 15, 2024).
- Kelley v. Onekama Consol. Schs., No. 1:23-cv-00270 (W.D. Mich. May 15, 2025).
At page 574 Limiting constitutional right to privacy claims5 citing casesSince DeSanti , this Court has not strayed from its holding, and continues to evaluate privacy claims based on whether the interest sought to be protected is a fundamental interest or an interest implicit in the concept of ordered liberty.
- Lee v. City of Columbus, Ohio, 644 F. Supp. 2d 1000 (S.D. Ohio 2009).published(Since DeSanti , this Court has not strayed from its holding, and continues to evaluate privacy claims based on whether the interest sought to be protected is a fundamental interest or an interest implicit in the concep…)
- Lee v. City of Columbus, Ohio, 636 F.3d 245 (6th Cir. 2011).published
- Wilson v. Collins, 517 F.3d 421 (6th Cir. 2008).published
- McGinnis v. United States Air Force, 266 F. Supp. 2d 748 (S.D. Ohio 2003).published
v.
LEXINGTON-FAYETTE URBAN COUNTY GOVERNMENT, Defendant-Appellee
OPINION
MARBLEY, District Judge.Plaintiff-Appellant, Philip D. Overstreet, appeals the district court’s order denying his motion for a “temporary injunction” [1] to prohibit his employer, a governmental entity, from mandating public disclosure of real estate holdings by certain department employees and their family members. Mr. Overstreet assigns error to the district court’s ruling denying the motion for a temporary injunction based on that court’s finding that Mr. Overstreet is unlikely to succeed on the merits of his case. This Court’s appellate jurisdiction is proper under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(a)(1).
Based on the following analysis, the Court AFFIRMS the ruling of the district court.
I. BACKGROUND
A. Factual Background
Plaintiff-Appellant, Philip D. Overstreet, is employed by Defendant Appellee, the Lexington Fayette Urban County Government (“LFUCG”), in its Division of Engineering. Mr. Overstreet describes his job duties as primarily consisting of plotting map coordinates as a computer operator.
On October 16, 2000, the LFUCG issued a Real Property Disclosure Policy (“Policy”). The stated purposes of the Policy were to promote public confidence in the integrity of the local government in Fay-ette County, Kentucky, and to avoid the perception of a conflict between government employees’ private interests and their public duties. Specifically, the Policy stated that its purposes were, inter alia: [*570] The Policy applies to employees in the LFUCG’s Divisions of Code Enforcement, Building Inspection, Planning, Engineering, and the LFUCG’s Fire Prevention Bureau, and their immediate families. The term “immediate families” is defined to include the employee’s “spouse, un-emancipated child residing in [the] household, or a person claimed by [the employee or the employee’s spouse] as a dependent for tax purposes.” The Policy prohibits employees in certain divisions, such as Code Enforcement, from owning real property in Fayette County, other than property in which those employees reside. The Policy permits ownership of real property by employees in other divisions, such as the Division of Engineering, but requires employees who do own real property to disclose certain information about their ownership.
[*569] ... to prevent actual or perceived conflicts by officers and employees of the [LFUCG], ... to insure that housing in Fayette County is safe, sanitary, and habitable ... and to unify the existing policies and procedures dealing with conflicts of interest of inspectors in the Division of Code Enforcement, Division of Building Inspection, and the Fire Prevention Bureau.
[*570] Pursuant to the Policy, employees who are allowed to own real property but are required to disclose information about such property must complete a form entitled, “Disclosure of Real Property and Business Interests” (“Disclosure Form”). Section I of the Disclosure Form requires the employee to list the addresses and owners of record for all real estate in Fayette County in which the employee or a member of his immediate family has an interest. The employee is also required to list the names of other individuals who have an interest in the property, and to indicate the type of property. Section II of the form requires the employee to list the names and addresses of any business [2] owning property in Fayette County in which the employee or a member of his immediate family has an ownership interest that exceeds the lesser of ten percent or five thousand dollars in value. The employee must specify the type of business and provide a general description of the business, and also must list the names of customers who do business with the employee’s division. Section III of the form requires the employee to list the names, addresses, and owners of record for all property that the employee or a member of his immediate family manages or of which he oversees the management or maintenance in Fayette County. The employee is also required to list the addresses and owners of record for any businesses that manage or oversee the management or maintenance of any real property in Fayette County in which the employee or a member of his immediate family has an ownership interest as described in Section II. Finally, the Disclosure Form states that if the employee or a member of his immediate family acquires, obtains, inherits, is gifted, or is otherwise conveyed an interest in real property in Fayette County, or an ownership interest in a business that owns real estate in Fayette County, or starts to manage or maintain property or acquires an ownership interest in such a business, the employee must report the change in status to the LFUCG within twenty working days.
In late October 2000, the LFUCG presented the Disclosure Form to Mr. Over-street with specific instructions that the form was to be filed by November 1, 2000. Rather than complete the form, Mr. Over-street submitted a Notarized Disclosure Statement, which read:
To the extent that this information is on record at the Fayette County Clerk’s Office and the PVA Office, the requested information is public record and can be[*571] obtained through those offices. Any information as it pertains to my immediate family is an invasion of their privacy and requires me to verify what they own, something I cannot do. To the extent that this information is also available through the offices of the Fayette County Clerk and the PVA Office, said information is public record.
On November 22, 2000, the LFUCG issued a written reprimand to Mr. Over-street for insubordination, and advised him that the failure to submit a properly completed Disclosure Form by 5:00 p.m. on November 29, 2000 would result in a suspension without pay. Following the issuance of the reprimand, Mr. Overstreet and his counsel requested that the LFUCG grant an extension of the deadline until it provided Mr. Overstreet with the legal basis for its entitlement to the information requested in the Disclosure Form. The LFUCG did not respond to this request, and Mr. Overstreet failed to submit the Disclosure Form on or before November 29, 2000. Based upon his failure to submit the required form, the LFUCG suspended Mr. Overstreet without pay for seven days, and advised him that his failure to submit the form by December 11, 2000 would result in the filing of administrative charges seeking his dismissal.
B. Procedural History
On November 29, 2000, Mr. Overstreet filed a Complaint with the district court in the Eastern District of Kentucky alleging the following claims: (1) a violation of the Third, Fourth, Fifth, Ninth, and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution based on an infringement of Mr. Overstreet’s right to privacy; (2) a violation of the Fourth Amendment based on an unreasonable search; (3) a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment based on the fact that the Real Estate Disclosure policy is impermissibly vague; (4) a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment based on an infringement of Mr. Overstreet’s right to substantive due process; and (5) a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment based on an infringement of Mr. Over-street’s right to equal protection. He filed his Complaint on behalf of himself and all former, current, and future officers and employees of the LFUCG Divisions of Code Enforcement, Building Inspection, Planning, Engineering, and the Fire Prevention Bureau, and their immediate families. On that same day, Mr. Overstreet also filed a Motion for a Temporary Injunction, which the district court treated as a Motion for a Temporary Restraining Order.
The district court held a hearing on Mr; Overstreet’s motion on November 30, 2000. On December 1, 2000, the district court entered an order denying Mr. Overstreet’s Motion for a Temporary Injunction. Mr. Overstreet filed a Notice of Appeal from that order on December 5, 2000. At the same time, he also filed a Motion for Temporary Injunction Pending Appeal, both with the district court and with this Court. On December 8, 2000, both courts ruled on the motion. The district court denied Mr. Overstreet’s Motion for a Temporary Injunction Pending Appeal. This Court, per Chief Judge Martin, however, granted Mr. Overstreet’s Motion in part, and enjoined Defendant Appellee from initiating administrative charges for Mr. Overstreet’s dismissal in response to his refusal to complete, sign, and submit the Disclosure Form, pending this appeal.
II. PRELI1VHNARY ISSUES
A. Jurisdiction
Mr. Overstreet filed a motion for a “temporary injunction” with the district court. Because the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure do not recognize the existence[*572] of a “temporary injunction,” the district court treated the motion as a motion for a temporary restraining order.
A district court’s denial of a motion for a temporary restraining order generally is not appealable. Wilson v. Wilkinson, 28 Fed.Appx. 465, 465, 2002 WL 123580, at *1 (6th Cir. Jan.28, 2002) (citing Office of Pers. Mgmt. v. Am. Fed’n of Gov’t Employees, AFL-CIO, 473 U.S. 1301, 1304-06, 105 S.Ct. 3467, 87 L.Ed.2d 603 (1985) and Bd. of Governors of Fed. Reserve Sys. v. DLG Fin. Corp., 29 F.3d 993, 1000 (5th Cir.1994)). Such a ruling is appealable, however, if it is tantamount to a ruling on a preliminary injunction. Id. at 466 (citing Manbourne, Inc. v. Conrad, 796 F.2d 884, 887 n. 3 (7th Cir.1986)).
This Court finds that Plaintiff Appellant’s Motion for a Temporary Injunction is tantamount to a motion for a preliminary injunction. Although the district court treated the motion as one for a temporary restraining order, both parties have treated the motion, and the district court’s ruling thereon, as a motion for a preliminary injunction. Indeed, in their respective pleadings, the parties set forth, and base their arguments upon, the elements that must be shown for a court to grant a preliminary injunction. Furthermore, the district court treated Plaintiff Appellant’s Motion for Temporary Injunction Pending Appeal, styled in essentially the same manner as the original motion, as a motion for a preliminary injunction pending appeal.
Therefore, the Court construes Plaintiff Appellant’s Motion for a Temporary Injunction and the district court’s ruling thereon as a motion for a preliminary injunction, properly postured for review by this Court.
B. Motion for a Temporary Injunction Pending Appeal
On December 5, 2000, Plaintiff Appellant filed a Motion for a Temporary Injunction Pending Appeal with this Court. On December 8, 2000, this Court, per Chief Judge Martin, granted that motion in part, and enjoined Defendant Appellee from initiating administrative charges for Mr. Overstreet’s dismissal in response to his refusal to complete, sign, and submit the Disclosure Form, pending this appeal. [3] Mr. Overstreet now contends that this panel should simply extend the life of the December 8, 2000 order because Chief Judge Martin has already ruled on the merits of Plaintiff Appellant’s claims.
This Court has the power to grant an injunction pending appeal to prevent irreparable harm to the party requesting such relief during the pendency of the appeal. Eastern Greyhound Lines v. Fusco, 310 F.2d 632, 634 (6th Cir.1962) (concluding that the authority to grant an injunction pending appeal is a “necessary incident” to the Court’s power to issue writs to protect appellate jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1651) (citation omitted). In granting such an injunction, the Court is to engage in the same analysis that it does in reviewing the grant or denial of a motion for a preliminary injunction. Walker v. Lockhart, 678 F.2d 68, 70 (8th Cir.1982) (reasoning that the same analysis is appropriate because, in seeking both motions, the movant is requesting that the court issue an order to maintain the status quo until the court rules on the merits of the case).
[*573] Although, under Walker, Mr. Overstreet is correct that Chief Judge Martin’s order was, at least implicitly, based on the conclusion that he had met the requirements for the issuance of a preliminary injunction, this panel is, nonetheless, not bound to extend the life of that order. To the contrary, Chief Judge Martin’s order, by its own terms, expires upon the disposition of this appeal from the district court’s December 1, 2000 denial of Plaintiff Appellant’s motion for a temporary injunction. See Fed. Trade Comm’n v. Food Town Stores, Inc., 547 F.2d 247, 249 (4th Cir.1977) (“The injunction pending the appeal expires by its own terms upon disposition of the appeal.”). Furthermore, Chief Judge Martin’s ruling has no res judicata effect because it does not constitute a final adjudication of the merits of an issue. Id. The purpose of that order was to maintain the status quo only until this panel ruled upon Plaintiff Appellant’s appeal from the district court’s order.
III. STANDARD OF REVIEW
The grant or denial of a preliminary injunction is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Michigan Bell Tel. Co. v. Engler, 257 F.3d 587, 592 (6th Cir.2001) (citations omitted). Accordingly, the district court’s findings of fact will stand unless found to be clearly erroneous, but its legal conclusions are reviewed de novo. Id. (citations omitted).
In determining whether to issue a preliminary injunction, the Court must examine four factors: (1) whether the movant has shown a strong likelihood of success on the merits; (2) whether the movant will suffer irreparable harm if the injunction is not issued; (3) whether the issuance of the injunction would cause substantial harm to others; and (4) whether the public interest would be served by issuing the injunction. Leary v. Daes-chner, 228 F.3d 729, 736 (6th Cir.2000) (citing McPherson v. Michigan High Sch. Athletic Ass’n, 119 F.3d 453, 459 (6th Cir.1997) (en banc)). These factors are not prerequisites, but are factors that are to be balanced against each other. United Food & Commercial Workers Union, Local 1099 v. Southwest Ohio Reg’l Transit Auth., 163 F.3d 341, 347 (6th Cir.1998) (citation omitted). A preliminary injunction is an extraordinary remedy which should be granted only if the movant carries his or her burden of proving that the circumstances clearly demand it. Leary, 228 F.3d at 739 (citations omitted).
IV. DISCUSSION
A. Likelihood of Success on the Merits
In denying Plaintiff Appellant’s Motion for a Temporary Injunction, the district court concluded that Mr. Overstreet is unlikely to succeed on the merits of his case. The court based its conclusion on the fact that it could discern no constitutional violation from Defendant Appellee’s Real Property Policy and Disclosure Form. Mr. Overstreet now argues that the district court erred as a matter of law in its finding that the Policy and the. Disclosure Form are not likely to be found to violate the United States Constitution. Although Mr. Overstreet’s Complaint asserted that the Policy violates as many as five provisions of the Constitution, on appeal, he argues only that the Policy constitutes an invasion of his privacy and an unreasonable search under the Fourth Amendment to the Constitution.
1. Right to Privacy
The Supreme Court has recognized that some of its cases may indicate the existence of an individual privacy interest in avoiding disclosure of personal matters.[*574] Whalen v. Roe, 429 U.S. 589, 97 S.Ct. 869, 51 L.Ed.2d 64 (1977). The Whalen Court observed that “the cases sometimes characterized as protecting ‘privacy’ have ... involved ... the individual interest in avoiding disclosure of personal matters.” Id. at 598-99, 97 S.Ct. 869; see Nixon v. Adm’r of Gen. Servs., 433 U.S. 425, 457, 97 S.Ct. 2777, 53 L.Ed.2d 867 (1977) (citing Whalen and finding that public officials may have a privacy interest in avoiding disclosure of personal matters that are unrelated to the acts they perform in their official capacities).
This Court has been loath to view either Whalen or Nixon as having created a constitutional privacy right that protects against the disclosure of personal information. To the contrary, this Court has read those cases quite narrowly. Indeed, in J.P. v. DeSanti, 653 F.2d 1080 (6th Cir.1981), we stated:
Absent a clear indication from the Supreme Court we will not construe isolated statements in Whalen and Nixon more broadly than their context allows to recognize a general constitutional right to have disclosure of private information measured against the need for disclosure.
[W]e note that of the cases cited holding that there is a constitutional right to nondisclosure of private information, none cites a constitutional provision in support of its holding. It is understandable, though rare, to fail to cite a supporting provision of the Constitution when one is dealing with such well-established rights as those in the first or fourth amendments. It is quite a telling failure when the constitutional right at issue is not well-established.
For all the foregoing reasons, we conclude that the Constitution does not encompass a general right to nondisclosure of private information.
Id. at 1089-90. The DeSanti court ultimately held that the constitutional right to privacy is restricted to protecting “those personal rights that can be deemed ‘fundamental’ or ‘implicit in the concept of ordered liberty.’ ” Id. at 1090 (citations omitted). Since DeSanti, this Court has not strayed from its holding, and continues to evaluate privacy claims based on whether the interest sought to be protected is a fundamental interest or an interest implicit in the concept of ordered liberty. See, e.g., Cutshall v. Sundquist, 193 F.3d 466, 480-81 (6th Cir.1999) (finding that a state law, which required sex offenders to register with law enforcement agencies and allowed law enforcement officials to release registry information to the public, did not violate the sex offender’s constitutional right to privacy because no fundamental interest was implicated); Kallstrom v. City of Columbus, 136 F.3d 1055, 1062 (6th Cir.1998) (concluding that the privacy interest of undercover police officers in the personal information contained in their personnel records — the interest in preserving their lives and the lives of their families — implicated a fundamental liberty interest). When an individual’s interest in the nondisclosure of personal information is of a constitutional dimension, the Court must balance the individual’s interest in nondisclosure against the public’s interest in the invasion of privacy. Kallstrom, 136 F.3d at 1061 (citing DeSanti 653 F.2d at 1091).
Mr. Overstreet alleges, first, that the LFUCG has infringed his right to privacy because the Policy constitutes a demand for the disclosure of family living arrangements, which he claims is prohibited because of the privacy interests at stake. See Moore v. City of East Cleveland, 431 U.S. 494, 97 S.Ct. 1932, 52 L.Ed.2d 531 (1977). Second, he contends that the intrusion on his privacy interest is not justi[*575] fied because, unlike other public officials, Mr. Overstreet is not in a position to influence the planning, zoning, or housing in Fayette County by virtue of his employment. Finally, Mr. Overstreet argues that any legitimate interest the government may have in obtaining information regarding his real estate holdings is outweighed by the fact that the LFUCG intends to make the provided information a matter of public record.
The Court finds that the district court correctly concluded that Plaintiff Appellant is unlikely to succeed on his right to privacy claim. Because this Court has determined that the constitutional right to privacy is protected only when the interest at stake involves a fundamental interest, or an interest that is implicit in the concept of ordered liberty, the Court’s analysis must begin with a determination of whether Mr. Overstreet’s privacy interest in his financial affairs is such an interest. The Supreme Court has found that “fundamental” interests include the privacy interest one has in matters relating to marriage, procreation, contraception, family relationships, child rearing, and education. See Paul v. Davis, 424 U.S. 693, 713, 96 S.Ct. 1155, 47 L.Ed.2d 405 (1976). The privacy interest one may have in one’s personal finances and real estate holdings is far afield from such intimate concerns. See Hahn v. Star Bank, 190 F.3d 708, 715 (6th Cir.1999) (finding that production of plaintiffs’ loan file to third parties is “far afield” from the fundamental interests protected by the right to privacy). Therefore, Mr. Overstreet’s claim that the LFUCG infringed his right to privacy is likely to fail on the merits. [4]
Even if the facts did implicate a fundamental interest, the Court would nonetheless conclude that Plaintiff Appellant’s right to privacy claim will likely fail because any protected privacy interest that he might have will probably be outweighed by the public interest in the disclosure of his personal information. In Barry v. New York, 712 F.2d 1554 (2d Cir.1983), the Second Circuit concluded that the mandatory disclosure of financial information by government employees and their spouses, which was then made available to the public, implicated the constitutional right to privacy, but that such right was not infringed because the mandatory disclosure was justified by a substantial, possibly compelling, state interest. Id. at 1559-60 (emphasizing the government’s interests in deterring corruption and conflicts of interest among city officers and employees, and enhancing public confidence in the integrity of government). As the Second Circuit did in Barry, this Court recognizes the substantial public interest in preventing corruption in local government and ensuring that no conflict of interest exists between the personal lives and public duties of government employees. Significantly, despite Mr. Overstreet’s contention that he has no significant influence on zoning or other real estate issues through his work, employees in the Engineering Division are sometimes privy to information regarding the LFUCG’s interest in acquiring certain real estate. Thus, a conflict of interest could arise simply by virtue of his employment within that division. The Court, therefore, finds that the district court properly concluded that any privacy interest that government employees such as Mr. Overstreet may have in their financial affairs is likely to be outweighed by the public interests that are at stake.
[*576] The Court notes that Plaintiff Appellant’s reliance on Moore v. City of East Cleveland is misplaced. In Moore, a plurality of the Supreme Court struck down a city ordinance that limited the occupancy of dwelling units to single families, and defined “family” quite narrowly, such that extended families could not live together. Moore, 431 U.S. at 495-96, 97 S.Ct. 1932. In striking down the ordinance, the Court discussed the long-recognized privacy interest one has in matters relating to family, including choices regarding family living arrangements, and concluded that “when the government intrudes on choices concerning family living arrangements, this Court must examine carefully the importance of the governmental interests advanced and the extent to which they are served by the challenged regulation.” Id. at 499, 97 S.Ct. 1932. Thus, Mr. Over-street is incorrect in his assertion that, under Moore, the government is completely prohibited from inquiring into one’s family living arrangements. To the contrary, while there may be a privacy right that protects one’s right to determine one’s family living arrangements, that right does not protect such arrangements from being disclosed.
Therefore, this Court finds that the district court did not err in its legal conclusion that Plaintiff Appellant is unlikely to succeed on the merits of his claim that the LFUCG Real Property Policy and Disclosure Form violate his constitutional right to privacy.
2. Fourth Amendment-Unreasonable Search
Mr. Overstreet argues that the LFUCG’s Disclosure Policy constitutes an unreasonable search and an invasion of his privacy in violation of the Fourth Amendment and Section 10 of the Kentucky Constitution. [5]
The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides:
The right of the people to be secure in their person, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized.
U.S. Const, amend. IV. Under the Fourth Amendment, a “search” occurs “when an expectation of privacy that society is prepared to consider reasonable is infringed.” United States v. Jacobsen, 466 U.S. 109, 113, 104 S.Ct. 1652, 80 L.Ed.2d 85 (1984). “Searches and seizures by government employers or supervisors of the private property of their employees ... are subject to the restraints of the Fourth Amendment.” O’Connor v. Ortega, 480 U.S. 709, 715, 107 S.Ct. 1492, 94 L.Ed.2d 714 (1987).
The Court finds that the district court correctly concluded that Plaintiff Appellant is unlikely to succeed on the merits of this claim. Although searches and seizures conducted by government employers are subject to the strictures of the Fourth Amendment, the district court is likely to[*577] find, after a trial on the merits, that the Fourth Amendment does not apply under these particular circumstances because Mr. Overstreet has no reasonable expectation of privacy in the information sought by the LFUCG. In Barry v. City of New York, 712 F.2d 1554 (2d Cir.1983), the Second Circuit considered the constitutionality of a financial disclosure statute adopted by the City of New York that applied to most elected and appointed officials, candidates for City office, and all civil service employees who earned an annual salary of $30,000 or above. Id. at 1556. Pursuant to the statute, covered employees and their spouses were required to provide extensive information about their personal finances, including, inter alia, “the identity of professional organizations from which the employee or a spouse derives $1,000 or more in income diming the preceding year; the source of capital gains of $1,000 or more, other than from the sale of a residence; the source of gifts or honoraria of $500 or more; indebtedness in excess of $500 that is outstanding for 90 days or more; and the nature of investments worth $20,000 or more.” Id. at 1557. Discussing the plaintiff employees’ claims that the law violated the Fourth Amendment, the Second Circuit stated that it was “doubtful ... whether the Fourth Amendment applies in this context .... [PJlaintiffs plainly have no reasonable expectation that the information sought ... can be withheld from their employers.” Id. at 1564 (citing Whalen, 429 U.S. at 604 n. 32, 97 S.Ct. 869). Likewise, this Court finds that the district court is likely to conclude that Mr. Over-street has no legitimate expectation of privacy in the information sought by his employer, much of which is already a matter of public record.
Even if Mr. Overstreet does have a reasonable expectation of privacy in the information pertaining to his real property holdings, any search conducted by virtue of the Policy and Disclosure Form is likely to be found reasonable, and, therefore, in compliance with the strictures of the Fourth Amendment. As discussed above with reference to Mr. Overstreet’s right to privacy claim, the district court is likely to conclude that the Policy and Disclosure Form are reasonable in light of the LFUCG’s interests in preventing corruption and the appearance of impropriety when weighed against Mr. Overstreet’s limited expectation of privacy in information regarding the real property that he and members of his immediate family own. Significantly, the LFUCG has limited the application of the Policy to employees in those departments that may have access to privileged information, and may use their professional roles to their own personal advantage.
Therefore, the district court did not err in its conclusion that Mr. Overstreet is unlikely to prevail, on the merits of his claim that the LFUCG Policy and Disclosure Form constitute an unreasonable search in violation of the Fourth Amendment.
3. Vagueness
Though the issue was not raised by Plaintiff Appellant in his final brief submitted to this Court, Defendant Appellee, in its brief, argued that the Real Property Disclosure Policy is not impermissibly vague. Defendant Appellee presumably addressed this issue because it was mentioned in Plaintiff Appellant’s Complaint filed with the district court.
In his Reply brief, Plaintiff Appellant argued that the district court erred in finding that he was unlikely to succeed on the merits of his claim because the Policy is impermissibly vague. Mr. Overstreet had not presented an argument regarding[*578] the alleged impermissible vagueness of the Policy in his Motion for a Temporary Injunction, in his Motion for a Temporary Injunction Pending Appeal, during oral argument before the district court on his Motion for a Temporary Injunction, or in his final brief to this Court.
Appellant’s vagueness arguments are not properly before this Court. “It is well-settled that this court will not consider arguments raised for the first time on appeal unless our failure to consider the issue will result in a plain miscarriage of justice.” Bailey v. Floyd County Bd. of Educ., 106 F.3d 135, 143 (6th Cir.1997) (citing Roush v. RFC Nat’l Mgmt. Co., 10 F.3d 392, 397 (6th Cir.1993)); see White v. Anchor Motor Freight, Inc., 899 F.2d 555, 559 (6th Cir.1990) (“This court will not decide issues or claims not litigated before the district court.”). Although Mr. Over-street referred to the vagueness of the Policy in his Complaint, he failed to argue that issue before the district court, either in his motions or at oral argument. Furthermore, he failed to raise the issue before this Court until he filed his reply brief. An argument raised for the first time in a reply brief will not be considered by this Court. Wright v. Holbrook, 794 F.2d 1152, 1156 (6th Cir.1986) (specifying that the application of this rule is “particularly appropriate when the issue raised for the first time in reply is based largely on the facts and circumstances of the case”). Particularly here, where the facts relied upon were presented neither to the district court nor to this Court until Plaintiff Appellant filed his reply, it would be improper for the Court to find that the district court erred in its failure to consider this newly-developed vagueness argument.
For all of the foregoing reasons, the Court finds that the district court did not err in its conclusion that Plaintiff Appellant is unlikely to succeed on the merits of his claim.
B. Irreparable Harm
A plaintiffs harm from the denial of a preliminary injunction is irreparable if it is not fully compensable by monetary damages. Basicomputer Corp. v. Scott, 973 F.2d 507, 511 (6th Cir.1992). Courts have also held that a plaintiff can demonstrate that a denial of an injunction will cause irreparable harm if the claim is based upon a violation of the plaintiffs constitutional rights. See, e.g., Connection Distrib. Co. v. Reno, 154 F.3d 281, 288 (6th Cir.1998) (recognizing that the loss of First Amendment rights, for even a minimal period of time, constitutes irreparable harm) (citations omitted); Covino v. Patrissi, 967 F.2d 73, 77 (2d Cir.1992) (holding that plaintiffs may establish irreparable harm based on an alleged violation of their Fourth Amendment rights); McDonell v. Hunter, 746 F.2d 785, 787 (8th Cir.1984) (finding that a violation of privacy constitutes an irreparable harm).
Plaintiff-Appellant contends that he has demonstrated irreparable harm because Defendant Appellee’s disclosure requirement violates his Fourth and Fourteenth Amendment rights. He also claims that, absent the issuance of an injunction, he will suffer irreparable harm because he will be required to choose between disclosing certain personal information and being terminated from his employment.
The Court has already discussed the fact that it is unlikely that Mr. Over-street will be able to demonstrate that he has a cognizable constitutional claim. Thus, Ms argument that he is entitled to a presumption of irreparable harm based on the alleged constitutional violation is without merit. The Court must, therefore, examine whether Mr. Overstreet has met his burden of demonstrating irreparable[*579] harm based on the fact that he faces the loss of his employment for his failure to complete and submit the Disclosure Form.
The Court concludes that Mr. Overstreet will not suffer irreparable harm by virtue of the fact that he may lose his job while this litigation is pending. The fact that an individual may lose his income for some extended period of time does not result in irreparable harm, as income wrongly withheld may be recovered through monetary damages in the form of back pay. Sampson v. Murray, 415 U.S. 61, 90, 94 S.Ct. 937, 39 L.Ed.2d 166 (1974) (finding that "the temporary loss of income, ultimately to be recovered, does not usually constitute irreparable injury"); see Aluminum Workers Int'l Union, AFL-CIO, Local Union No. 215 v. Consol. Aluminum Corp., 696 F.2d 437, 444 (6th Cir. 1982) (finding that employees did not suffer irreparable harm from temporary unemployment pending ai~bitration). Indeed, "[t]he loss of a job is quintessentially reparable by money damages." Minnesota Ass'n of Nurse Anesthetists v. Unity Hosp., 59 F.3d 80, 83 (8th Cir.1995).
Therefore, the Court finds that Plaintiff Appellant has not demonstrated that he will suffer irreparable harm if the preliminary injunction does not issue.
C. Substantial Harm to Others
Although Mr. Overstreet contends that the granting of a preliminary injunction could not possibly harm the LFTJCG, the Court finds, to the contrary, that the issuance of an injunction is likely to cause the LFUCG substantial harm. The Policy originated because of a widespread public belief of on-going corruption at the LFUCG, arising from a conflict of interest between the employees' public duties and their personal real estate holdings. To avoid such a public perception, the LFUCG must be able to demonstrate that employees who can influence real estate development within Fayette County are being held accountable for their personal interests. Sñc~i employees include employees in the Engineering Division, such as Mr. Overstreet, who may get advance notice of the LFUCG's interest in acquiring real property. If the LFTJCG is unable to hold its employees accountable for the real estate that they own, then that negative public opinion of the local government may once again pervade the community. In short, an injunction would harm the LFUCG because it would undermine public confidence in the local government.
Therefore, the Court finds that the issuance of a preliminary injunction is likely to cause substantial harm to others.
D. Public Interest
Mr. Overstreet contends that the public interest lies with the granting of the injunction because the public has a strong interest in protecting constitutional rights, which he maintains would be violated by the denial of the injunction. The Court finds, however, that the public interest lies with the denial of Mr. Overstreet's request for an injunction. First, while the public clearly has interest in vindicating constitutional rights, it is unlikely that Mr. Over-street can demonstrate that any constitutional rights are implicated on these facts. Second, the public interest lies in promoting public confidence in the integrity of local government and in avoiding the perception of a conflict of interest between government employees' private interests and their public duties. Both of these interests are furthered by the denial of the injunction sought by Plaintiff Appellant.
Therefore, the Court finds that the public interest lies in the denial of Plaintiff Appellant's request for an injunction.
[*580] V. CONCLUSION
For all of the foregoing reasons, this Court concludes that the district court did not err in its denial of Plaintiff Appellant’s Motion for a Temporary Injunction, and, therefore, AFFIRMS the district court’s ruling.
. Although Plaintiff Appellant styled his motion as one for a "temporary injunction,” the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure do not provide for a "temporary injunction.” Therefore, the district court construed Plaintiff Appellant's motion as a motion for a temporary restraining order, pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 65(b). On appeal, however, the parties have treated the motion as one for a preliminary injunction, pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 65(a).
. "Business” is defined as "any corporation, partnership, limited liability company, sole proprietorship, firm, enterprise, franchise, association, organization, self-employed individual, holding company, joint stock company, receivership, trust, professional service corporation or limited liability company, or any legal entity through which business is conducted for profit.”
. Plaintiff Appellant’s motion was granted in part, rather tiran in its entirety, because the ruling applied only to Plaintiff Appellant, and not to the other employees on whose behalf Mr. Overstreet sought the temporary injunc-tive relief.
. The fact that the LFUCG Policy requires information about Mr. Overstreet's immediate family does not alter this conclusion, as members of Mr. Overstreet’s immediate family have no more a fundamental privacy interest in their financial affairs than he does.
. Section 10 of the Kentucky Constitution states:
The people shall be secure in their persons, houses, papers and possessions, from unreasonable search and seizure; and no warrant shall issue to search any place, or seize any person or thing, without describing them as nearly as may be, nor without probable cause supported by oath or affirmation.
Ky. Const. § 10. The Kentucky Constitution provides individuals no greater protection from unreasonable searches and seizures than does the United States Constitution. LaFollette v. Commonwealth, 915 S.W.2d 747, 748 (Ky.1996).