Carla A. Yuknis v. First Student, Inc., 481 F.3d 552 (1st Cir. 2007). · Go Syfert
Carla A. Yuknis v. First Student, Inc., 481 F.3d 552 (1st Cir. 2007). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
94 citation events (94 in the last 25 years) across 17 distinct courts.
Strongest positive: Strickland v. Dart (ilnd, 2023-03-31)
Treatment trajectory · 2007 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
2007 2016 2026
Top citers, strongest first. 46 distinct citers. How cited ↗
examined Cited as authority (verbatim quote) Strickland v. Dart (3×) also: Cited "see"
N.D. Ill. · 2023 · signal: see · quote attribution · 2 verbatim quotes · confidence high
the american workplace would be a seething cauldron if workers could with impunity pepper their employer and eventually the eeoc and the courts with complaints of being offended by remarks and behaviors unrelated to the complainant except for his having overheard, or heard of, th…
examined Cited as authority (verbatim quote) Sanchez v. Catholic Bishop of Chicago (3×) also: Cited as authority (rule), Cited "see"
N.D. Ill. · 2018 · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence high
one could be in the target area because a group of which one was a member was being vilified, although one was not singled out.
examined Cited as authority (verbatim quote) Sanchez v. Catholic Bishop of Chicago (3×) also: Cited as authority (rule), Cited "see"
N.D. Ill. · 2018 · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence high
one could be in the target area because a group of which one was a member was being vilified, although one was not singled out.
examined Cited as authority (verbatim quote) Sanchez v. Catholic Bishop of Chi. (3×) also: Cited as authority (rule), Cited "see"
E.D. Ill. · 2018 · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence high
one could be in the target area because a group of which one was a member was being vilified, although one was not singled out.
examined Cited as authority (verbatim quote) Stewart v. Federal Communications Commission (2×) also: Cited as authority (rule)
D.D.C. · 2016 · signal: see, e.g. · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence high
the relation between the manager's watching pornography on his own screen and the plaintiffs working environment was almost as attenuated as if she had learned that he watches pornography on his computer at home.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Sanchez v. El-Milagro, Inc.
N.D. Ill. · 2024 · confidence medium
See, e.g., Passananti v. Cook Cty., 689 F.3d 14 655, 667 (7th Cir. 2012) (“We also assume employees are generally mature individuals with the thick skin that comes from living in the modern world.”); Yuknis v. First Student, Inc., 481 F.3d 552, 556 (7th Cir. 2007) (“The American workplace would be a seething cauldron if workers could with impunity pepper their employer and eventually the EEOC and the courts with complaints of being offended by remarks and behaviors unrelated to the complainant except for his having overheard, or heard of, them. . . .
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Tracy White v. State of Iowa And Iowa Department Of Human Services
Iowa · 2024 · confidence medium
“The American workplace would be a seething cauldron if workers could with impunity pepper their employer and eventually the EEOC and the courts with complaints of being offended by remarks and behaviors unrelated to the complainant except for . . . having overheard, or heard of, them.” Yuknis v. First Student, Inc., 481 F.3d 552, 556 (7th Cir. 2007); see Yelling, 82 F.4th at 1337 (“[I]t is a ‘bedrock principle’ that not all subjectively offensive language in the workplace violates Title VII.” (quoting Reeves v. C.H. 19 Robinson Worldwide, Inc., 594 F.3d 798, 809 (11th Cir. 2010) (…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Redondo v. County of Los Angeles CA2/2
Cal. Ct. App. · 2023 · confidence medium
(See Lyle, supra, 38 Cal.4th at p. 285 [a plaintiff “must show that the harassment directed at others was in her immediate work environment, and that she personally witnessed it”]; Yuknis v. First Student, Inc. (7th Cir. 2007) 481 F.3d 552, 555-556 [“The more remote or indirect the act claimed to create a hostile working environment, the more attenuated the inference that the worker’s working environment 16 was actually made unbearable . . .”]; Harris v. Forklift Systems, Inc. (1993) 510 U.S. 17, 21-22 [requiring the victim to “subjectively perceive” the work environment as “ob…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Owens v. Forest River Manufacturing, LLC
N.D. Ind. · 2022 · confidence medium
The Seventh Circuit has also noted that “‘The American workplace would be a seething cauldron if workers could with impunity pepper their employer … and the courts with complaints of being offended by remarks and behaviors unrelated to the complainant except for his having overheard, or heard of, them.’” Id. at 882 (quoting Yuknis v. First Student, Inc., 481 F.3d 552, 556 (7th Cir. 2007).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Grimes v. County Of Cook
N.D. Ill. · 2022 · confidence medium
And although Grimes was not personally the target of the nurse’s comment to him that transgender “[p]eople ought to tell you who they really are” because not doing so is “how people get killed,” Doc. 132 at ¶ 11, that remark could be understood as “target area” harassment given that “a group of which [Grimes] was a member was being vilified.” Yuknis v. First Student, Inc., 481 F.3d 552, 554 (7th Cir. 2007) (holding that target area harassment can contribute to a hostile work environment).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Outley v. City Of Chicago
N.D. Ill. · 2021 · confidence medium
See Yancick, 653 F.3d at 545 (“[T]he more remote or indirect the act claimed to create a hostile working environment, the more attenuated the inference that it had an effect on the terms and conditions of the plaintiff’s workplace.”); Yuknis v. First Student, Inc., 481 F.3d 552, 556 (7th Cir. 2007) (“The American workplace would be a seething cauldron if workers could with impunity pepper their employer and eventually the EEOC and the courts with complaints of being offended by remarks and behaviors unrelated to the complainant except for his having overheard, or heard of, them.”).
examined Cited as authority (rule) Kathryn Downey v. Earl Johnson and Massachusetts Department of State Police (4×) also: Cited "see", Cited "see, e.g."
Mass. Super. Ct. · 2021 · confidence medium
Although Downey was understandably disturbed by these facts (she was, after all, in what she thought was a committed relationship with Johnson), and may well have found it difficult to work alongside him in these circumstances, it cannot fairly be said that Johnson harassed her in the MSP workplace or created a sexually hostile environment for her at the SPA.[17] See Yuknis v. First Student, Inc., 481 F.3d 552, 555 (7th Cir. 2007) (noting the importance of context when assessing conduct alleged to create sexually hostile workplace).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Sdahrie Howard v. Cook County Sheriff's Office (2×) also: Cited "see, e.g."
7th Cir. · 2021 · signal: cf. · confidence medium
Cf. Yuknis, 481 F.3d at 554 (opining that the term “second‐hand harassment” performs “no analytic func‐ tion and is better avoided” because it “tends to obscure” im‐ material differences between certain types of harassing con‐ duct).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Doe 1 v. City of Chicago
N.D. Ill. · 2020 · confidence medium
“The more remote or indirect the act claimed to create a hostile working environment, the more attenuated the inference that the worker’s working environment was actually made unbearable, as the worker claims.” Yuknis v. First Student, Inc., 481 F.3d 552, 555 (7th Cir. 2007).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Doe 1 v. City of Chicago
N.D. Ill. · 2020 · confidence medium
“The more remote or indirect the act claimed to create a hostile working environment, the more attenuated the inference that the worker’s working environment was actually made unbearable, as the worker claims.” Yuknis v. First Student, Inc., 481 F.3d 552, 555 (7th Cir. 2007).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Amy Swyear v. Fare Foods Corporation
7th Cir. · 2018 · confidence medium
This Circuit has aptly pointed out, “The American workplace would be a seething cauldron if workers could with impunity pepper their employer and eventually the EEOC and the courts with complaints of being offended by remarks and behaviors unrelated to the complain- ant except for his having overheard, or heard of, them.” Yuknis v. First Student, Inc., 481 F.3d 552, 556 (7th Cir. 2007).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Amy Swyear v. Fare Foods Corporation
7th Cir. · 2018 · confidence medium
This Circuit has aptly pointed out, “The American workplace would be a seething cauldron if workers could with impunity pepper their employer and eventually the EEOC and the courts with complaints of being offended by remarks and behaviors unrelated to the complain- ant except for his having overheard, or heard of, them.” Yuknis v. First Student, Inc., 481 F.3d 552, 556 (7th Cir. 2007).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Cable v. FCA US LLC
7th Cir. · 2017 · confidence medium
Title VII prohibits harassment that targets the work area of an employee in a protected group and vilifies it, even when the employee is “not singled out.” Yuknis v. First Student, Inc., 481 F.3d 552, 554 (7th Cir. 2007).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Glenda Cable v. FCA US LLC
7th Cir. · 2017 · confidence medium
Title VII prohibits harassment that targets the work area of an employee in a protected group and vilifies it, even when the employee is “not singled out.” Yuknis v. First Student, Inc., 481 F.3d 552, 554 (7th Cir. 2007).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Williams v. Phillips 66 Co.
S.D. Ill. · 2014 · confidence medium
See Yancick v. Hanna Steel Corp, 653 F.3d 532, 545 (7th Cir.2011) (“[I]nci-dents directed at others and not the plaintiff ... do have some relevance in demonstrating the existence of a hostile work environment.” (quoting Smith v. Sheahan, 189 F.3d 529, 534 (7th Cir.1999)); Yuknis v. First Student, Inc., 481 F.3d 552, 554 (7th Cir.2007) (holding that the creation of a hostile work environment is actionable under Title VII when the hostility is aimed at a group, or specific members of a group, whom the statute protects); Mason v. S. Ill.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Hood v. National Railroad Passenger Corp.
N.D. Ill. · 2014 · confidence medium
The Seventh Circuit has made clear that “Title VII is not a code of civility.” Yuknis v. First Student, Inc., 481 F.3d 552, 556 (7th Cir.2007).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Fontanillas-Lopez v. Morel Bauza Cartagena & Dapena LLC
D.P.R. · 2014 · confidence medium
June 10, 2009) (quoting Yuknis v. First Student, Inc., 481 F.3d 552, 556 (7th Cir.2007)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Tovar v. United Airlines Inc.
N.D. Ill. · 2013 · confidence medium
Such offense “based purely on hearsay or rumor really is ‘second hand’; it is less credible, and, for that reason and also because it is less confrontational, it is less wounding than offense based on hearing or seeing ... and it is also more difficult for the employer to control.” Yuknis v. First Student Inc., 481 F.3d 552, 555-56 (7th Cir.2007).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Yancick v. Hanna Steel Corp.
7th Cir. · 2011 · confidence medium
Yuknis v. First Student, Inc., 481 F.3d 552, 555-56 (7th Cir.2007) (If the offense is “based purely on hearsay or rumor ... it is less confrontational [and] less wounding than offense based on hearing or seeing”).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Paris v. FAITH PROPERTIES, INC.
N.D. Ind. · 2011 · confidence medium
Reply, p. 12 (citing Yuknis v. First Student, Inc., 481 F.3d 552, 553-554 (7th Cir.2007) (complained-of conduct did create a hostile work environment actionable under Title VII); Rogers v. City of Chi., 320 F.3d 748, 750, 752-753 (7th Cir.2003) (holding that the plaintiff could not prove that she worked in an objectively offensive environment for her sexual harassment claim); Hilt-Dyson v. City of Chi., 282 F.3d 456, 463 (7th Cir.2002) (complained-of conduct did create a hostile work environment actionable under Title VII); Baskerville v. Culligan Int’l, 50 F.3d 428, 430 (7th Cir.1995) (find…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Reeves v. C.H. Robinson Worldwide, Inc.
11th Cir. · 2010 · confidence medium
The harasser need not close the circle with reference to the plaintiff specifically: “and you are a ‘bitch,’ too.” See Yuknis v. First Student, Inc., 481 F.3d 552, 553-54 (7th Cir.2007) (observing that comments need not be directed specifically at a person to be discriminatory; comments addressed to the plaintiffs “target area” — that is, her protected group — may constitute actionable harassment).
examined Cited as authority (rule) Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. International Profit Associates, Inc. (3×) also: Cited "see"
N.D. Ill. · 2009 · confidence medium
Yuknis , at 554 (conduct that makes workplace uncomfortable for women as a group may be actionable).
examined Cited as authority (rule) Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. International Profit Associates, Inc. (9×) also: Cited "see"
N.D. Ill. · 2009 · confidence medium
Yuknis v. First Student, Inc., 481 F.3d 552, 554 (7th Cir.2007).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Coolidge v. Consolidated City of Indianapolis
7th Cir. · 2007 · confidence medium
(The video library was used by several Crime Lab employees.) Although Willoughby did not need to target Coolidge in order for her to prevail, Yuknis v. First Student, Inc., 481 F.3d 552, 554-55 (7th Cir.2007), we believe that the chain of events here was too attenuated to show that Willoughby sexually harassed Coolidge by leaving the tapes and hoping she would find them, and that the Crime Lab was responsible for failing to prevent this.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Coolidge, Kelly S. v. Consol City Indianap
7th Cir. · 2007 · confidence medium
(The video library was used by several Crime Lab employees.) Although Willoughby did not need to target Coolidge in order for her to prevail, Yuknis v. First Student, Inc., 481 F.3d 552, 554-55 (7th Cir. 2007), we believe that the chain of events here was too attenuated to show that Willoughby sexually harassed Coolidge by leaving the tapes and hoping she would find them, and that the Crime Lab was responsible for failing to prevent this.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Caterpillar Inc.
N.D. Ill. · 2007 · confidence medium
LR 56.1 Stmt. ¶ 130.) In fact, Plaintiff states only vaguely that the pictures Johnson saw from 1998 to 2001 were located at “various work stations.” (Id. ¶ 123.) Plaintiff does not specify the work station of any particular employee or credit the display of such pictures to any particular employee or group of employees and elaborates in its brief only by stating that such pictures were displayed “at employees’ work stations, such as on their desks or tool boxes.” (PL Response at 25.) See Yuknis v. First Student, Inc., 481 F.3d 552, 555 (7th Cir. 2007) (noting the difference betwee…
discussed Cited "see" Nabhan v. Indiana State Police
N.D. Ind. · 2024 · signal: see · confidence high
See Swyear, 911 F.3d at 882 (“The American workplace would be a seething cauldron if workers could with impunity pepper their employer and eventually the EEOC and the courts with complaints of being offended by remarks and behaviors unrelated to the complainant except for his having overheard, or heard of, them.” (quoting Yuknis v. First Student, Inc., 481 F.3d 552, 556 (7th Cir. 2007))).
discussed Cited "see" Coss v. Briggs Healthcare
N.D. Ill. · 2018 · signal: see · confidence high
Though uttered in conversation with plaintiff, Mueller’s comments concerned the physical appearance of other employees, not plaintiff herself, and when such “indirect” comments are alleged to create a hostile working environment, the inference that they had an effect on the terms and conditions of the plaintiff’s employment is “attenuated.” Yancik v. Hanna Steel Corp., 653 F.3d 532, 545 (7th Cir. 2011); see Yuknis v. First Student, Inc., 481 F.3d 552, 554-56 (7th Cir. 2007) (“mere offense” may not rise to the level of “serious harassment” if plaintiff is not in the “targe…
cited Cited "see" Long v. Cordain
Colo. Ct. App. · 2014 · signal: see · confidence high
See Palkow, 481 F.3d at 552; see also Metro.
cited Cited "see" Stone v. Board of Trustees of Northern Illinois University
N.D. Ill. · 2014 · signal: see · confidence high
See Yuknis v. First Student, Inc., 481 F.3d 552, 554 (7th Cir.2007).
cited Cited "see" Pamela Mercer v. Cook County
7th Cir. · 2013 · signal: see · confidence high
See Yuknis v. First Student, Inc., 481 F.3d 552, 555 (7th Cir.2007) (“Context may be critical to determining the object of hostility.”).
discussed Cited "see" Kimberly Passananti v. Cook County
7th Cir. · 2012 · signal: see · confidence high
See Yuknis v. First Student, Inc., 481 F.3d 552, 555 (7th Cir.2007) (“[A] gender-specific term of abuse, such as ‘son of a bitch,’ need not imply hostility based on the abused person’s sex any more than saying ‘she is a bad worker’ need imply hostility based on her sex.”) (emphasis in original) (internal citation omitted); Galloway, 78 F.3d at 1167-68 (rejecting an automatic inference from abuser’s use of the word “bitch” that his abuse was motivated by victim’s gender rather than by personal dislike).
cited Cited "see" Buntin v. City of Indianapolis
S.D. Ind. · 2011 · signal: see · confidence high
See Yuknis v. First Student, Inc., 481 F.3d 552, 555-56 (7th Cir.2007).
discussed Cited "see" Henneman v. AIRTRAN AIRWAYS
E.D. Wis. · 2010 · signal: see · confidence high
See Yuknis, 481 F.3d at 555 ; see also Patt v. Family Health Sys., Inc., 280 F.3d 749, 754 (7th Cir.2002); Baskerville, 50 F.3d at 430-31 ; Saxton v. AT & T, 10 F.3d 526, 533 (7th Cir.1993) ("Thus, ‘relatively isolated' instances of non-severe misconduct will not support a hostile environment claim.”) (quoting Weiss v. Coca-Cola Bottling Co. of Chi., 990 F.2d 333, 337 (7th Cir.1993)).
discussed Cited "see" Kilby-Robb v. Spellings
D.D.C. · 2007 · signal: see · confidence high
See Yuknis v. First Student, Inc., 481 F.3d 552, 555 (7th Cir.2007) (“The more remote or indirect the act claimed to *167 create a hostile working environment, the more attenuated the inference that the worker’s working environment was actually made unbearable, as the worker claims.”); Gleason v. Mesirow Fin., Inc., 118 F.3d 1134, 1144 (7th Cir.1997) (explaining that “the impact of ‘second-hand harassment’ is obviously not as great as the impact of harassment directed at the plaintiff’). 5 The Court concludes, therefore, that plaintiff cannot establish a prima facie case of a hos…
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Mullens, Chad v. Adams County Government
W.D. Wis. · 2020 · signal: compare · confidence medium
Compare Orton-Bell, 759 F.3d at 775-76 (reversing summary judgment on hostile work environment claim based on evidence of a “constant barrage of sexually charged comments . . . clearly pervasive, offensive, and based on [plaintiff’s] sex,” such that there was “enough evidence for a jury to find that it was severe, subjectively offensive”), and Boumehdi v. Plastag Holdings, LLC, 489 F.3d 781, 786 (7th Cir. 2007) (reversing summary judgment for employer when plaintiff dealt with 18 sex-based comments over ten months), with Yuknis v. First Student, Inc., 481 F.3d 552, 553 (7th Cir. 2007…
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Anna M. Hall v. City of Chicago
7th Cir. · 2013 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence medium
See, e.g., Yuknis v. First Student, Inc., 481 F.3d 552, 554 (7th Cir.2007) (“The fact that one’s coworkers do or say things that offend one, however deeply, does not amount to harassment if one is not within the target area of the offending comment.”); Russell v. Bd. of Trustees of the Univ. of Ill. at Chi, 243 F.3d 336, 344 (7th Cir.2001); see also Hilt-Dyson v. City of Chicago, 282 F.3d 456, 463-64 (7th Cir.2002),(isolated incidents do not generally rise to hostile work environment).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Pucino v. Verizon Wireless Communications, Inc.
2d Cir. · 2010 · signal: see also · confidence medium
See Kriss v. Sprint Commc’ns Co., 58 F.3d 1276 , 1281 (8th Cir.1995); see also Yuknis v. First Student, Inc., 481 F.3d 552, 555 (7th Cir.2007) (“[A] gender-specific term of abuse, such as ‘son of a bitch,’ need not imply hostility based on the abused person’s sex any more than saying ‘she is a bad worker’ need imply hostility based on her sex.”) (internal citation omitted).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Dauer v. Verizon Communications Inc.
S.D.N.Y. · 2009 · signal: see also · confidence medium
P’ship, 58 F.3d 1276, 1281 (8th Cir.1995); see also Yuknis v. First Student, Inc., 481 F.3d 552, 555 (7th Cir.2007) (“Context may be critical to determining the object of hostility---- [A] gender-specific term of abuse ... need not imply hostility based on the abused person’s sex.”); Patenaude v. Salmon River Cent.
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Huff, Yorli P. v. Sheahan, Michael F.
7th Cir. · 2007 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence medium
See, e.g., Yuknis v. First Student, Inc., 481 F.3d 552, 554 (7th Cir. 2007) (noting that there need not be “an intention of causing distress or offense” and that women in a workplace may state a claim for harassment even though “[t]he darts were aimed elsewhere, and hit the women by accident”).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Huff v. Sheahan
7th Cir. · 2007 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence medium
See, e.g., Yuknis v. First Student, Inc., 481 F.3d 552, 554 (7th Cir.2007) (noting that there need not be “an intention of causing distress or offense” and that women in a workplace may state a claim for harassment even though “[t]he darts were aimed elsewhere, and hit the women by accident”).
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
Carla A. YUKNIS, Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
FIRST STUDENT, INC., Defendant-Appellee
06-3479.
Court of Appeals for the First Circuit.
Mar 28, 2007.
481 F.3d 552
2007 U.S. App. LEXIS 7132
2007 WL 912121
Carla A. Yuknis (submitted), Chicago Heights, IL, pro se., Arthur B. Sternberg, Fagel & Haber, Chicago, IL, for Defendant-Appellee.
Easterbrook, Posner, Evans.
Cited by 50 opinions  |  Published
POSNER, Circuit Judge.

The plaintiff, who worked for the defendant as a part-time school bus driver, complains in this Title VII suit about the creation of a hostile working environment, plus retaliation for complaining to the EEOC. There is no evidence at all of retaliation, so we confine our discussion to the charge of hostile working environment.

The plaintiff had complained, initially to the company’s regional vice-president, that “all levels of personnel” at the facility at which she worked “show blatant disrespect for their marital vows, watch pornography, use foul language, tell vulgar jokes, ... [and] gamble openly.” She accused one of her coworkers of giving an assistant manager of the facility “red underwear made to look like an elephant’s head, with a sexually-suggestive trunk” at an office party, and accused another — the manager, no less — that among other enormities he had referred to a female bus driver (not the plaintiff) as a “fat ass,” had had an affair with another female driver, sold Avon products at work, told the plaintiff that his teenage daughter had watched him walk from the shower to his bedroom naked, and described an incident in which his male cat “raped” his female cat. There is more but this recital will give the flavor. Some of the plaintiffs complaints were substantiated (such as the gambling and the unauthorized sale of Avon products) and the offenders rebuked by upper management. Other of her complaints (for example about the manager’s watching pornography on his computer) were not substantiated. The plaintiff was fired for undermining internal relations at the facility, and damaging the credibility of the facility’s management, by her incessant complaining.

None of the speech and conduct that she complained about was directed at her, except that the manager had told the story of his naked stroll to the plaintiff directly and that once when she approached him about buying an Avon product called “Sensual Moments” he had said if that was what she wanted she should join him in his office and shut the door. This pair of suggestive comments, standing alone, falls far short of the degree of harassment that creates a hostile working environment actionable under Title VII. See, e.g., Moser v. Indiana Department of Corrections, 406 F.3d 895, 902-03 (7th Cir.2005); Gleason v. Mesirow Financial, Inc., 118 F.3d 1134, 1145 (7th Cir.1997); Baskerville v. Culligan Int’l Co., 50 F.3d 428, 430-31 (7th Cir.1995); Shepherd v. Comptroller of Public Accounts, 168 F.3d 871 (5th Cir.1999). There is no liability if “the alleged harassing conduct is too tepid or intermittent or equivocal to make a reasonable person believe that she has been discriminated against on the basis of her sex.” Galloway v. General Motors Service Parts Operations, 78 F.3d 1164, 1168 (7th Cir.1996); see also Adusumilli v. [*554] City of Chicago, 164 F.3d 353, 361-62 (7th Cir.1998).

The other incidents that the plaintiff complains about illustrate the difference between mere offense on the one hand and serious harassment on the other. The fact that one’s coworkers do or say things that offend one, however deeply, does not amount to harassment if one is not within the target area of the offending conduct — if, for example, the speech or conduct is offensive to women and one is a man, or offensive to whites and one is a black. One could be the target, as the plaintiff was in the two incidents we mentioned, and it was targeting that the Supreme Court seems to have had in mind in Mentor Savings Bank v. Vinson, 477 U.S. 57, 65, 106 S.Ct. 2399, 91 L.Ed.2d 49 (1986), when it spoke of a worker’s “right to work in an environment free from discriminatory intimidation, ridicule, and insult.” See, e.g., Ocheltree v. Scollon Productions, Inc., 335 F.3d 325, 332-33 (4th Cir.2003) (en banc); Burns v. McGregor Electronic Industries, Inc., 989 F.2d 959 (8th Cir.1993). Or one could be in the target area because a group of which one was a member was being vilified, although one was not singled out. Jackson v. Quanex Corp., 191 F.3d 647, 661 (6th Cir.1999), and cases cited there; Andrews v. City of Philadelphia, 895 F.2d 1469, 1485 (3d Cir.1990). Had the manager said that all women are bitches, cf. Patt v. Family Health Systems, Inc., 280 F.3d 749, 754 (7th Cir.2002); Markham v. White, 172 F.3d 486, 488 (7th Cir.1999); Jennings v. University of North Carolina, 444 F.3d 255, 272-73 (4th Cir.2006), any woman who heard the remark would wince, because the blanket charge would encompass her.

Some cases term what we are calling the “target area” form of actionable harassment “second-hand harassment” and intimate, or even, as in Gleason v. Mesirow Financial, Inc., supra, 118 F.3d at 1144, state, that it is categorically less serious than harassment specifically aimed at the plaintiff. E.g., Patt v. Family Health Systems, Inc., supra, 280 F.3d at 754; Smith v. Northeastern Illinois University, 388 F.3d 559, 567 (7th Cir.2004). But the line that runs between “you are a bitch” and “all women are bitches [and you are a woman (understood)]” is quite a fíne one, a point that a belittling term like “second hand” tends to obscure. The term (virtually confined to cases in this circuit) has no analytic function and is better avoided.

In suggesting the alternative term “target area,” we do not mean to suggest that there must be an intention of causing distress or offense. A working environment may be deeply hurtful to women even though the men who created it were merely trying to please themselves, and were thus guilty of insensitivity rather than aggression. Cf. Markham v. White, supra, 172 F.3d at 492; Andrews v. City of Philadelphia, supra, 895 F.2d at 1485-86; Bundy v. Jackson, 641 F.2d 934, 945 (D.C.Cir.1981). The darts were aimed elsewhere, and hit the women by accident. But if as in this case the charge is the creation of a working environment hostile to women, the conduct must be the kind that makes the workplace uncomfortable for women, as distinct from making it uncomfortable for cat lovers, for people who are disgusted by coworkers who violate work rules by selling Avon products at work, for people offended by adultery, for gamblers, and for fastidious people, who abhor foul language. The point is elementary: the creation of a hostile working environment is actionable under Title VII only when the hostility is to a group (or specific members of a group), such as women, whom the statute protects. Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services, Inc., 523 U.S. 75, 80, 118 S.Ct. 998, 140 L.Ed.2d[*555] 201 (1998); Jackson v. County of Racine, 474 F.3d 493, 499 (7th Cir.2007); Vickers v. Fairfield Medical Center, 453 F.3d 757, 762-66 (6th Cir.2006).

Context may be critical to determining the object of hostility. If a male worker tells a female coworker that his male cat is raping his female cat, the remark could, in context, indicate a disregard for women’s feelings (or even a veiled threat), rather than a disregard for female cats’ feelings. But the plaintiff made no effort to establish such a context. Even the fact that another female bus driver was called a “fat ass” did not, standing alone, without context to illuminate it, imply discrimination against women. A man can be called a “fat ass,” just as a man can be called a “bitch.” More important, a gender-specific term of abuse, such as “son of a bitch,” need not imply hostility based on the abused person’s sex, Kriss v. Sprint Communications Co., 58 F.3d 1276, 1281 (8th Cir.1995), any more than saying “she is a bad worker” need imply hostility based on her sex.

More important still, the cat-rape anecdote and the “fat ass” comment are examples of comments that while they may, depending on their context, offend in respects relevant to Title VII, have only a tangential intersection with the plaintiff. When the manager called one of the woman drivers a “fat ass,” he may have been using a term that he would not have used of a man, but what if anything was he saying about the plaintiff, either directly or indirectly? And what if a male coworker is believed (apparently mistakenly in this case, but that is unimportant) to be watching pornography on his office computer? It wasn’t any of the plaintiffs business what the manager was looking at on his computer. It is not as if pornographic pictures were exhibited on the walls of the workplace or emailed to the plaintiff. Markham v. White, supra, 172 F.3d at 488, 493; Quinn v. Consolidated Freightways Corp., 283 F.3d 572, 579 (3d Cir.2002); O’Rourke v. City of Providence, 235 F.3d 713, 719-23 (1st Cir.2001). The relation between the manager’s watching pornography on his own screen and the plaintiffs working environment was almost as attenuated as if she had learned that he watches pornography on his computer at home.

One is put in mind of the distinction famously drawn by John Stuart Mill, in chapter 4 of On Liberty (1859), between “self-regarding” and “other-regarding” conduct. The former term refers to acts that inflict a direct harm on one, such as an assault, or a breach of contract, or an insult, and the latter to acts that harm one only in the sense that one is offended to learn about the conduct. The example Mill gave of an other-regarding act was the distress that people in Britain felt upon learning that Mormons in Utah (this was before the Mormon Church renounced polygamy) were practicing polygamy six thousand miles away. The counterpart today would be a worker offended by the fact that a coworker was of a different race or religion. The manager’s watching pornography was likewise in the nature of an “other-regarding” act so far as the plaintiff was concerned.

Intermediate between a “self-regarding” and an “other-regarding” act is the situation in Leibovitz v. New York City Transit Authority, 252 F.3d 179, 189-90 (2d Cir.2001), where the plaintiff learned of a hostile (to women) working environment in another workplace, though of the same employer.

The more remote or indirect the act claimed to create a hostile working environment, the more attenuated the inference that the worker’s working environment was actually made unbearable, as the worker claims. Offense based purely on[*556] hearsay or rumor really is “second hand”; it is less credible, and, for that reason and also because it is less confrontational, it is less wounding than offense based on hearing or seeing (for example, seeing the pornographic pictures with which the workplace is festooned); and it is also more difficult for the employer to control.

The American workplace would be a seething cauldron if workers could with impunity pepper their employer and eventually the EEOC and the courts with complaints of being offended by remarks and behaviors unrelated to the complainant except for his having overheard, or heard of, them. The pluralism of our society is mirrored in the workplace, creating endless occasions for offense. Civilized people refrain from words and conduct that offend the people around them, but not all workers are civilized all the time. Title VII is not a code of civility.

Affirmed.