¹ Legal Standard Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a) requires a plaintiff to plead each claim with sufficient specificity to “give the defendant fair notice of what the claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (internal alteration and quotations omitted). A complaint which falls short of the Rule 8(a) standard may be dismissed if it fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). The Supreme Court has explained: To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face. A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged. The plausibility standard is not akin to a probability requirement, but it asks for more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully. Where a complaint pleads facts that are merely consistent with a defendant’s liability, it stops short of the line between possibility and plausibility of entitlement to relief. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (internal citations and quotations omitted). The complaint need not contain detailed factual allegations, but it must include more than labels, conclusions, and formulaic recitations of the elements of a cause of action. Id. (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555.) “Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Id. In reviewing a motion to dismiss, the Court “construe[s] the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff[.]” DirecTV, Inc. v. Treesh, 487 F.3d 471, 476 (6th Cir. 2007). Plaintiffs face a heightened pleading standard with respect to claims sounding in fraud. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b) (requiring that the circumstances constituting fraud must be pled “with particularity”). To satisfy Rule 9(b)’s heightened standard, a complaint must “allege the time, place, and content of the alleged misrepresentations on which he or she relied; the fraudulent scheme; the fraudulent intent of the defendants; and the injury resulting from the fraud.” Coffey v. Foamex L.P., 2 F.3d 157, 161–62 (6th Cir. 1993) (internal quotation and citation omitted). Rule 9(b) “should not be read to defeat the general policy of simplicity and flexibility in pleadings contemplated by the Federal Rules.” U.S. ex rel. SNAPP, Inc. v. Ford Motor Co., 532 F.3d 496, 503–04 (6th Cir. 2008) (internal quotation and citation omitted). Instead, Rule 9(b) is intended to “provide a defendant with ‘at least the minimum degree of detail necessary to begin a competent defense’” and “discourage fishing expeditions . . . which appear more likely to consume a defendant’s resources than to reveal evidence of wrongdoing.” Scotts Co. LLC v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 606 F. Supp. 2d 722, 736 (S.D. Ohio 2009) (Graham, J.) (quoting U.S. ex rel. SNAPP, 532 F.3d at 504) (cleaned up).

² Count I: Civil RICO Count I of the Second Amended Complaint asserts a civil RICO claim against all Defendants. (See SAC, ¶¶ 106–17.) Under RICO, it is unlawful for any person employed by or associated with any enterprise engaged in, or the activities of which affect, interstate or foreign commerce, to conduct or participate, directly or indirectly, in the conduct of such enterprise’s affairs through a pattern of racketeering activity or collection of unlawful debt. 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c). To state a RICO claim, a plaintiff must plead the following elements: “(1) conduct (2) of an enterprise (3) through a pattern (4) of racketeering activity.” Ouwinga v. Benistar 419 Plan Servs., Inc., 694 F.3d 783, 791 (6th Cir. 2012) (internal quotation and citation omitted). The Quantasy Defendants argue that Root fails to allege facts supporting each element. a) Conduct As to element one, the Quantasy Defendants argue that Root fails to allege the degree of ‘conduct’ necessary—specifically, that they cannot be held liable under RICO even if they participated in the scheme because Root fails to allege that the Quantasy Defendants “operat[ed] or manage[d]” the enterprise. (Mot. Dismiss, PAGEID # 773 (quoting Reves v. Ernst & Young, 507 U.S. 170, 185 (1993)). The Supreme Court has indeed held that defendants must have “conducted or participated in the conduct of the ‘enterprise’s affairs’” to be liable—“not just their own affairs.” Reves, 507 U.S. at 185 (citing 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c)). To satisfy this standard, the Sixth Circuit requires a showing that the defendant “ma[de] decisions on behalf of the enterprise or [] knowingly carr[ied] them out.” Ouwinga, 694 F.3d at 792 (internal quotation, citation, and emphasis omitted). The Second Amended Complaint alleges exactly that. Among other things, Root alleges that Mr. Campbell devised and agreed to a payment distribution framework with Mr. Silver before any invoices were generated; that Quantasy issued invoices to Root, and subsequently issued wires to Collateral Damage, in accordance with that framework; that Mr. Campbell expedited wiring more than $1 million to Collateral Damage so that Mr. Silver could complete a real estate transaction (far beyond the scope of marketing services); that Mr. Campbell and other Quantasy employees misrepresented the availability of Root’s funds for future marketing spend; and that Mr. Campbell took and apparently heeded Mr. Silver’s advice to “hold the line.” That is enough at this stage. b) Enterprise As to element two, the Quantasy Defendants argue that the Second Amended Complaint fails to allege an “association in fact” enterprise. The argument is unavailing. RICO punishes “any person employed by or associated with any enterprise[.]” 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c). Though not an exhaustive definition, the statute provides that “‘enterprise’ includes any individual, partnership, corporation, association, or other legal entity, and any union or group of individuals associated in fact although not a legal entity[.]” 18 U.S.C. § 1961(4); Boyle v. United States, 556 U.S. 938, 944 n.2 (2009). This latter “concept of an association in fact is expansive.” Boyle, 556 U.S. at 944. It means “simply a continuing unit that functions with a common purpose.” Id. at 948. Though the Supreme Court has emphasized that an association-in-fact need not have a formal structure, it does require “a purpose, relationships among those associated with the enterprise, and longevity sufficient to permit these associates to pursue the enterprise’s purpose.” Id. at 946. The Quantasy Defendants challenge the sufficiency of allegations showing relationships among those in the enterprise. In particular, they argue that the Second Amended Complaint fails to allege that the Quantasy Defendants had any awareness of or connection to Ms. McDaniel or Eclipse Home Design. Instead, they believe the allegations describe a “rimless hub-and-spoke arrangement,” with Mr. Silver at the center, and all other Defendants as spokes. Notably, courts outside the Sixth Circuit have held that “a group of individuals related by a structure that mimics so-called ‘rimless hub-and-spoke’ conspiracies cannot be considered a RICO association-in-fact.” D’Addario v. D’Addario, 901 F.3d 80, 101 (2d Cir. 2018) (collecting cases). But this Court disagrees with the Quantasy Defendants’ reading of the Second Amended Complaint. Instead of a rimless hub-and-spoke (which might be, for example, Mr. Silver running a series of parallel frauds against Root), the Complaint describes a group of individuals and corporate entities working together to jointly execute a scheme of fraud and embezzlement. Mr. Campbell executed an agreement co-signed by Ms. McDaniel (albeit, using her alias) and wired funds to Collateral Damage after receiving a Form W-9 signed by Ms. McDaniel. The funds wired out to Collateral Damage were a pre-determined percentage of the funds Root paid to Quantasy two days prior. That is enough to adequately allege an association-in-fact. c) Pattern As to element three, the Quantasy Defendants argue that Root has not alleged continuous racketeering activity sufficient to establish a pattern. Root argues that it has alleged open-ended continuity and the Court agrees. A pattern of racketeering activity requires, at a minimum, two acts of racketeering activity within ten years of each other. 18 U.S.C. § 1961(5). The Supreme Court has held, however, that the minimum two acts are not necessarily sufficient and that a plaintiff must show “that the racketeering predicates are related, and that they amount to or pose a threat of continued criminal activity.” H.J. Inc. v. Nw. Bell Tel. Co., 492 U.S. 229, 239 (1989) (emphasis in original). This is known as the “relationship plus continuity” test. Ouwinga, 694 F.3d at 795. There is no argument here that the alleged predicate acts are not related. Continuity “is both a closed- and open-ended concept[.]” H.J. Inc., 492 U.S. at 241. A ‘closed-ended’ pattern is “a series of related predicate acts extending over a substantial period of time,” where an ‘open-ended’ pattern is “a set of predicate acts that poses a threat of continuing criminal conduct extending beyond the period within which the predicate acts were performed.” Heinrich v. Waiting Angels Adoption Servs., Inc., 668 F.3d 393, 409–10 (6th Cir. 2012) (cleaned up). As the Sixth Circuit has explained, [o]ften a RICO action will be brought before continuity can be established by showing predicate acts spanning a substantial period of time. In such cases, liability depends on whether the threat of continuity is demonstrated. So the plaintiffs must plausibly allege that there was a threat of continuing criminal activity beyond the period during which the predicate acts were performed. Determining whether the predicate acts establish open-ended continuity requires a court to examine the specific facts of the case. The threat of continuing racketeering activity need not be established, however, exclusively by reference to the predicate acts alone; rather, a court should consider the totality of the circumstances surrounding the commission of those acts. Id. at 410 (internal quotations, citations, and alterations omitted). “Subsequent events are irrelevant to the continuity determination[.]” Id. Instead, “the threat of continuity must be viewed at the time the racketeering activity occurred.” Id. (quoting United States v. Busacca, 936 F.2d 232, 238 (6th Cir. 1991)). Here, Root alleges that the Quantasy Defendants sent fraudulent multi-million-dollar invoices to Root, which were approved by Mr. Silver. The resulting payments were divided between the Quantasy Defendants and the Silver Defendants according to the percentage scheme worked out in advance between Mr. Campbell and Mr. Silver on WhatsApp, a private messaging service. Those funds were retained for Defendants’ personal benefit. This was not an “inherently terminable scheme” with a “built-in ending point” but rather one that likely would have continued into the future had Root not terminated Mr. Silver and investigated the irregular spending in his department. Heinrich, 668 F.3d at 410; see also Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Mich. v. Kamin, 876 F.2d 543, 545 (6th Cir. 1989) (finding that continuity was established because, if the defendant had not been caught, there was no reason to believe he would have stopped submitting fraudulent insurance claims). The Quantasy Defendants argue that the scheme was not interminable, because Mr. Silver left Root for reasons unrelated to the fraud. “[F]acts external to the predicate acts may, and indeed should, be considered.” Busacca, 936 F.2d at 238. But Root also alleges that the Silver Defendants engaged in a similar kickback scheme with Ben-Her Marketing, another “sham” vendor. Had Root not investigated and brought this suit, the Quantasy Defendants could have sent the same type of overstated invoiced to any future employer of Mr. Silver. See H.J. Inc., 492 U.S. at 242 (“[T]he threat of continuity may be established by showing that the predicate acts or offenses are part of an ongoing entity’s regular way of doing business.”). Given the full scope of the allegations against the Quantasy Defendants— including: that Mr. Campbell devised a payment distribution schedule with Mr. Silver before any invoices were sent to Root; that Mr. Campbell expedited wiring of more than $1 million so that Mr. Silver could complete a real estate transaction; and that Quantasy misrepresented to Root the availability and location of Root-paid funds when asked—the Court cannot conclude that the parties intended this scheme to last for only a finite period of time. There is no indication that, at the time of the predicate acts alleged, the Quantasy Defendants’ pattern of behavior would not have continued indefinitely into the future. Cf. Busacca, 936 F.2d at 237– 38 (finding that there was an “implicit threat of continuity” where the defendant “demonstrated his complete ability to control the dispensation of monies . . . while . . . pursuing and establishing his scheme” even where there were only six predicate acts committed in a span of two and one-half months). Based on the totality of the facts alleged in the Second Amended Complaint, Root states a pattern of racketeering activity under the open-ended continuity theory. d) Racketeering Activity Finally, as to element four, the Quantasy Defendants argue that Root fails to adequately plead the necessary predicate acts of racketeering activity. Root responds that it has alleged numerous instances of wire fraud, which constitute predicate acts under RICO. The Court agrees. RICO lists those acts that constitute predicate offenses. 18 U.S.C. § 1961(1). The list includes, among other crimes, wire fraud. See id. (citing 18 U.S.C. § 1343). Wire fraud consists of (1) a scheme to defraud, and (2) use of interstate wire communications in furtherance of the scheme. 18 U.S.C. § 1343. “A scheme to defraud includes any plan or course of action by which someone uses false, deceptive, or fraudulent pretenses, representations, or promises to deprive someone else of money.” Heinrich, 668 F.3d at 404 (internal quotation and citation omitted). A plaintiff alleging a scheme to defraud must satisfy the heightened pleading standard under Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b) and show “some direct relation between the injury asserted and the injurious conduct alleged.” Id. at 405 (internal quotation and citation omitted). Root alleges that the Quantasy Defendants sent four invoices for false marketing services to Root. Those invoices were approved by Mr. Silver, triggering payments from Root’s bank accounts to Quantasy. Quantasy then wired a pre-determined portion of those payments to Collateral Damage—an entity Mr. Campbell himself described as an “interested party.” Later, when asked whether those funds were still available to Root for future marketing spend, a Quantasy employee falsely represented that they were. The Second Amended Complaint states the dates that the fraudulent invoices and misrepresentations were received by Root, the amount of the invoices, the dates the associated payments were wired to Quantasy and then on to Collateral Damages, and the amount of the wire transfers. That is enough. Bird v. Delacruz, No. 04-CV-661, 2005 WL 1625303, at *6 (S.D. Ohio July 6, 2005) (holding that, to state a valid wire fraud claim as a predicate act under RICO, “the plaintiff must, within reason, describe the time, place, and content of the wire communications, and it must identify the parties to these communications” (internal quotations omitted)); FFL Holdings, LLC v. Moeller, No. 3:14CV693V, 2014 WL 4322804, at *6 (N.D. Ohio Aug. 29, 2014) (explaining that sufficiently pled predicate acts include the “who, what, when, where” of the specific false statements or misrepresentations that drove the scheme). Root sufficiently alleged multiple acts of wire fraud, satisfying the racketeering element of its RICO claims against Defendants. The Quantasy Defendants argue for the opposite conclusion by re-casting the facts alleged in the Second Amended Complaint. In their telling, Mr. Campbell and Quantasy are also victims of Mr. Silver’s fraud, having been led to believe that they were legitimately and simply sub-contracting work to Collateral Damage. But Root does not allege that Collateral Damage was Quantasy’s sub-contractor; it alleges that Collateral Damage was Quantasy’s co-conspirator in a scheme to defraud Root. At this stage, the Court must accept all well-pled factual allegations as true and view them in the light most favorable to Root. With the benefit of discovery, the Quantasy Defendants’ theory (which is possible) may prove to be true. But, at this point, the Court is bound to accept Root’s (which is plausible). The Quantasy Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss is DENIED as to Count I (Civil RICO).

³ Counts II and III: Fraudulent Concealment, Fraudulent Misrepresentation The Second Amended Complaint next asserts claims against Mr. Silver and the Quantasy Defendants for fraudulent concealment (Count II) and fraudulent misrepresentation (Count III). (See SAC, ¶¶ 118–33.) The claims’ elements are similar, but not identical. As an Ohio4 appeals court recently explained: To prevail on a claim of fraudulent misrepresentation, the plaintiff must establish “(1) a representation or, when there is a duty to disclose, concealment of a fact, (2) which is material to the transaction at hand, (3) made falsely, with knowledge of its falsity, or with such utter disregard as to whether it is true or false that such knowledge may be inferred, (4) with the intent of misleading another into relying upon it, (5) with justifiable reliance on the misrepresentation or concealment, and (6) an injury proximately caused by that reliance.” Doctor v. Marucci, [No. 2013-L-056, 2013 WL 6880935, at *2 (Ohio Ct. App. Dec. 13, 2013)]. Similar elements are necessary for fraudulent concealment, which also requires the actual concealment of a material fact and knowledge of the fact concealed. Thaler v. Zovko, [No. 2008-L-091, 2008 WL 5389607, at *6 (Dec. 26, 2008)]. Cianfaglione v. Lake Nat’l Bank, 134 N.E.3d 661, 666 (Ohio Ct. App. 2019). a) Fraudulent Concealment Root alleges that the Quantasy Defendants fraudulently concealed the following information from Root: 4 “A federal court exercising supplemental jurisdiction over state law claims is bound to apply the law of the forum state to the same extent as if it were exercising its diversity jurisdiction.” Super Sulky, Inc. v. U.S. Trotting Ass’n, 174 F.3d 733, 741 (6th Cir. 1999) Where the parties apply Ohio law without dispute, the Court will do the same. 1) Quantasy’s intent to subcontract marketing work for Root to Collateral Damage; 2) Quantasy’s intent to work out a private payment structure with Silver that was not disclosed to anyone else at Root; [and] 3) that instead of performing marketing work for Root, Quantasy and Campbell were channeling funds to Collateral Damage even though Collateral Damage was not performing marketing services. (SAC, ¶ 120 (formatting added).) To survive a motion to dismiss, Root must “specify the who, what, when, where, and how of the alleged omission[s].” Smith v. Gen. Motors LLC, 988 F.3d 873, 884 (6th Cir. 2021). The Court finds that it has. The Second Amended Complaint alleges that Mr. Silver brought Quantasy on as a vendor at Root, after negotiating SOW #1 with Mr. Campbell directly. SOW #1 was signed on February 3, 2022, by Root’s VP of Creative, Jill Neely. (SOW #1.) SOW #1 includes, among other things, a thorough description of services to be performed, a staffing plan listing eighteen individuals, a fee and payment schedule, and terms and conditions. (Id.) The terms and conditions contemplate that Quantasy may procure third party services and materials, but states that “billing for any such third-party materials will be based on estimates to be approved[.]” (Id., PAGEID # 155.) That day, Mr. Campbell sent a nearly half-million-dollar invoice to Ms. Neely. Before Root paid the invoice, Mr. Campbell received (via private message from Mr. Silver) Collateral Damage’s address and bank account and routing numbers. Just two days after Root paid the invoice, on February 11, Mr. Campbell received (again via private message from Mr. Silver) a Collateral Damage invoice, purportedly for “Campaign Design Support.” On February 13, Mr. Silver and Mr. Campbell (via private message) devised a schedule dividing future payments from Root between Quantasy and Collateral Damage. Root paid Quantasy $1,184,444 under SOW #1, and Quantasy sent $384,444 of that sum to Collateral Damage. But Root “received no documents or other materials from Collateral Damage to substantiate” that fee, and “received no value” for it either. SOW #2 was executed on April 1, 2022, by Mr. Silver (as CMO of Root) and Mr. Campbell (as CEO of Quantasy). (SOW #2.) SOW #2 covered the same services as SOW #1, for substantially more money. Instead of an agency staffing plan, SOW #2 stated that Quantasy “may subcontract third parties . . . to perform certain Services (including without limitation physical production services, talent procurement, consulting and media services)[.]” (Id., PAGEID # 193.) After SOW #2 was executed, the pattern continued—Root paying Quantasy’s invoices, and Quantasy paying Collateral Damage’s invoices in rapid succession. Although the Collateral Damage invoices purported to be for services covered by SOW #2, Root alleges that, on May 17, 2022, Mr. Campbell personally went to a Chase Bank branch to wire $1.5 million to Collateral Damage for a transaction that Mr. Silver said was “major” for him and involved a “lien/permit (title) search.” Yet, none of the services identified in SOW #2 or the Collateral Damage invoices pertain to real estate. Three months later, Root’s internal audit team questioned Mr. Campbell “directly about Quantasy’s work for Root to determine whether there was justification for the millions of dollars Root had paid to Quantasy.” Mr. Campbell responded without revealing the existence of Collateral Damage or their relationship. While parties to an arm’s length business transaction generally do not have a duty to disclose material information to each other, see Blon v. Bank One, Akron, N.A., 519 N.E.2d 363, 367 (Ohio 1988), Ohio courts have long recognized “a duty to make full disclosure in those circumstances where such disclosure is necessary to dispel misleading impressions that are or might have been created by a partial revelation of the facts.” Connelly v. Balkwill, 174 F. Supp. 49, 58 (N.D. Ohio 1959). Further, “Ohio courts have held that fraudulent inducement claims, based on a party’s intent not to perform their terms at the time of contracting, are viable.” Redhawk Global, LLC v. World Projects Int’l, Inc., 2:11-cv-666, 2017 WL 4862485, at *7 (S.D. Ohio Sept. 26, 2017) (Sargus, J.) (internal quotation and citation omitted). The facts alleged in the Second Amended Complaint and recounted above support an inference that the Quantasy Defendants knew, when executing SOW #1, that they intended to engage in a course of conduct that made the representations inside of SOW #1 misleading, and knew when executing SOW #1 that they did not intend to perform the promised services. The Second Amended Complaint sufficiently pleads a claim for Fraudulent Concealment. b) Fraudulent Misrepresentation The Quantasy Defendants next argue that Root fails to state a claim in Count III (Fraudulent Misrepresentation). As to the following statements, the Court agrees: 1) Mr. Campbell’s statements during the February 24, 2022 presentation to Root management; 2) Mr. Campbell’s statements to the internal audit team on August 22, 2022, about the work Quantasy had performed for Root; and 3) A Quantasy employee’s statement on September 22, 2022, that $10.7 million was available for Root’s future marketing spend. (SAC, ¶¶ 125–27.) Rule 9(b)’s heightened pleading standard requires a plaintiff to allege “the time, place, and content of the alleged misrepresentation.” Smith, 988 F.3d at 883 (internal quotations and citations omitted) (emphasis added). The pleadings do not allege with particularity the contents of the first statement. Although the second and third statements’ content is more particularly alleged, they are alleged to have been made after Root transferred funds to Quantasy and after Quantasy transferred funds to Collateral Damage. The allegations thus do not support an inference that Root relied on these statements, or that such reliance proximately caused Root’s injury. Root cannot pursue its fraudulent misrepresentation claim against the Quantasy Defendants based on the three statements identified above. In its response, Root argues that Quantasy’s invoices can support its fraudulent misrepresentation claim. The Court agrees. Root alleges that the Quantasy Defendants, in furtherance of an established fraudulent kickback scheme, sent invoices to Root charging amounts they did not intend to keep for services they did not intend to perform. The Complaint recites the dates on which the invoices were sent, to whom and from whom they were sent, and their contents. In short, the Second Amended Complaint provides the Quantasy Defendants with the detail necessary to begin a competent defense to a claim on those grounds. c) Counts II and III are not duplicative of Count VIII. Finally, the Quantasy Defendants argue that Root’s fraud claims are duplicative of its breach of contract claim. As an initial matter, and as Root points out, the Second Amended Complaint does not assert a breach of contract claim against Mr. Campbell. The argument thus fails as against him. Additional analysis is required for Quantasy. Ohio law “generally prohibits tort actions arising out of contract claims.” Popovich v. Sony Music Ent., No. 1:02 CV 359, 2005 WL 8171846, at *12 (N.D. Ohio Feb. 10, 2005) (citation omitted). An exception exists, however, where: (1) [] the breaching party also breaches a duty owed separately from that created by the contract, that is, a duty owed even if no contract existed; and (2) the fraud action includes actual damages attributable to the wrongful acts of the alleged tortfeasor which are in addition to those attributable to the breach. Id. (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). That exception applies here. Quantasy had a duty to disclose the allegedly concealed and misrepresented facts, as already discussed. And Root alleges that the damages resulting from the Ben-Her Marketing scheme stemmed from Quantasy’s fraud. Although, with the benefit of discovery, those damages may prove too far attenuated from Quantasy’s conduct to be viable, the allegation is sufficient to survive at this stage. See Stratesphere LLC v. Kognetics Inc., No. 2:20-cv-2972, 2021 WL 11457420, at *2 (S.D. Ohio May 4, 2021) (Watson, J.). The Quantasy Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss is DENIED as to Count II (Fraudulent Concealment) and GRANTED in part and DENIED in part as to Count III (Fraudulent Misrepresentation).

⁴ Count IV: Conversion In Count IV, Root alleges that the defendants converted Root’s funds “by transferring the funds to Quantasy and then to Collateral Damage[,]” and further “to Eclipse to purchase multiple multi-million dollar coastal properties.” (SAC, ¶ 136.) Root further alleges that the Quantasy Defendants “refused to return all of the stolen funds” when asked. (Id., ¶¶ 137–38.) The elements of conversion under Ohio law are: (1) plaintiff’s ownership or right to possession of the property at the time of the conversion; (2) defendant’s conversion by a wrongful act or disposition of plaintiff’s property rights; and (3) damages. NPF IV, Inc. v. Transitional Health Servs., 922 F. Supp. 77, 81 (S.D. Ohio 1996) (Graham, J.). A claim for conversion of money additionally requires that the money “is ‘earmarked’ or is specific money capable of identification, such as money in a bag[.]” Id; see also RAE Assocs., Inc. v. Nexus Commc’ns, Inc., 36 N.E.3d 757, 765– 66 (Ohio Ct. App. 2015). The funds alleged to have been converted here were not earmarked, or otherwise specifically identifiable. Root simply asserts a right to a certain sum of money. That cannot form the basis of a conversion claim. RAE Assocs., 36 N.E.3d at 765–66; Fed. Ins. Co. v. Benchmark Bank, No. 2:17-cv-135, 2018 WL 527285, at *10 (S.D. Ohio Jan. 24, 2018) (Smith, J.). The Quantasy Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss is GRANTED as to Count IV (Conversion).

⁵ Counts V and VI: Civil Theft, Telecommunications Fraud Ohio Revised Code § 2307.60(A)(1) provides that “[a]nyone injured in person or property by a criminal act has, and may recover full damages in, a civil action unless specifically excepted by law.” See Jacobson v. Kaforey, 75 N.E.3d 203, 205 (Ohio 2016). A related statute allows a property owner to bring a § 2307.60(A) claim to recover damages resulting from “a theft offense.” Ohio Rev. Code § 2307.61(A). Root asserts two such claims: Count V for Theft; and Count VI for Telecommunications Fraud. The Quantasy Defendants argue that these claims fail first, because the statute does not authorize claims for damages based on breach of contract; second, because Root fails to allege an intent to defraud; and third, because Root gave express or implied consent to the conduct. Each argument fails. To begin, nothing in Ohio Rev. Code § 2307.60 or § 2307.61 limits the available claims to tort actions. Section 2307.60(B) identifies certain conditions for recovery when the claim is a tort action—but those conditions do not limit the universe of viable claims to tort actions. Cf. Jacobsen, 75 N.E.3d at 207 (holding that § 2307.60 creates a civil cause of action for damages resulting from any criminal act”). Moving on, the Quantasy Defendants argue that the Second Amended Complaint “makes no factual allegations whatsoever that would be sufficient to support a conclusion that either Quantasy or Campbell intended to defraud Root[.]” (Mot. Dismiss, PAGEID # 796.) For the reasons already described (see § I.C.3, supra), Root has alleged facts sufficient to support an inference that the Quantasy Defendants intended to defraud Root. The pleadings are sufficient to survive a motion to dismiss. Finally, the Quantasy Defendants argue that Root fails to state a claim for theft because the conduct was carried out through a Root executive and thus done with Root’s express or implied consent. See Ohio Rev. Code § 2913.02(A)(1)–(2). But, as Root points out, the statute also applies to deprivation of property procured by deception. Ohio Rev. Code § 2913.02(A)(3). “Deception” is defined as knowingly deceiving another or causing another to be deceived by any false or misleading representation, by withholding information, by preventing another from acquiring information, or by any other conduct, act, or omission that creates, confirms, or perpetuates a false impression in another, including a false impression as to law, value, state of mind, or other objective or subjective fact. Ohio Rev. Code § 2913.01(A). The Second Amendment Complaint alleges facts sufficient to support the inference that Mr. Campbell prepared and submitted, through Quantasy, invoices for services that Quantasy did not intend to perform. In other words, it adequately alleges that the Quantasy Defendants obtained or exerted control over Root’s funds by means of deception. The Quantasy Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss is DENIED as to Count V (Civil Theft) and VI (Telecommunications Fraud).

⁶ Count VIII: Breach of Contract Under Ohio law, a breach-of-contract claim requires the plaintiff to prove that (i) a contract existed, (ii) the defendant failed without legal excuse to perform when performance was due, and (iii) the plaintiff was damaged by that failure. Lucarell v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 97 N.E.3d 458, 469 (Ohio 2018). Only the second element is in dispute. Root alleges that Quantasy breached SOW #1 and SOW #2 by failing to provide “the agreed-upon marketing services,” “entering into a purported subcontract with Collateral Damage,” and breaching the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. (SAC, ¶ 161.) Quantasy argues that Root fails to adequately allege a breach because Quantasy provided services, SOW #1 and SOW #2 allow subcontracting, and breaching the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing “does not create a standalone cause of action.” (Mot. Dismiss, PAGEID # 800.) On this issue, Quantasy not only fails to persuade, it approaches the outermost boundaries of good-faith argument. At this stage of the litigation, the Court is bound of accept all well-pled factual allegations as true and view them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. (Id., PAGEID # 763 (citing Twombly and Iqbal).) Root alleges that, save for the February 24, 2022 presentation, Quantasy “provided little in the way of services to Root”—despite having been contracted to provide a litany of specific deliverables. (SAC, ¶ 93; see also SOW #1, SOW #2.) Root further alleges that Quantasy violated SOW #1 and SOW #2 by purporting to engage Collateral Damages to provide certain of those deliverables. SOW #1 contemplates that Quantasy may procure third-party services—but does not authorize billing for such services without providing estimates to Root (which, according to the Second Amended Complaint, Quantasy did not do). Similarly, SOW #2 expressly allows Quantasy to engage subcontractors—but only to the extent the subcontractor provides “Services” (which, according to the Second Amended Complaint, Collateral Damage did not do). Because Root has adequately alleged a claim based on those independent breaches, the good-faith-and-fair-dealing component does not “stand alone.” Quantasy’s Motion to Dismiss is DENIED as to Count VIII (Breach of Contract).

⁷ Count X: Civil Conspiracy To state a claim for civil conspiracy, a plaintiff must allege (1) a malicious combination; (2) of two or more persons; (3) resulting injury to person or property; and (4) the existence of an unlawful act independent from the actual conspiracy. Rosy Blue, NV v. Lane, 767 F. Supp. 2d 860, 868 (S.D. Ohio 2011) (citing Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co. v. Leahey Constr. Co., 219 F.3d 519, 534 (6th Cir. 2000)). The Quantasy Defendants argue that Root fails to allege an underlying unlawful act. Having concluded that Root can proceed on several of its claims, the Court disagrees. The Quantasy Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss is DENIED as to Count X (Civil Conspiracy).

⁸ Personal Liability Finally, the Quantasy Defendants argue that the Second Amended Complaint fails to allege that Mr. Campbell is personally liable to Root. In their view, “[t]he basis of [Mr.] Campbell’s claimed liability is not precisely clear from the” Second Amended Complaint. (Mot. Dismiss, PAGEID # 789.) The Court disagrees. The Second Amended Complaint alleges that Mr. Campbell personally engaged in tortious conduct, and thus seeks personal liability. The Quantasy Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss is DENIED to the extent it seeks to prevent Root from pursuing its claims against Mr. Campbell personally. II. MOTION TO STAY The Silver Defendants moved to stay these proceedings until the related criminal case against Mr. Silver has been resolved. (ECF No. 137.) Mr. Silver recently pled guilty to a bill of information charging him with offenses arising out of the conduct underlying the Second Amended Complaint. See United States v. Silver, No. 2:23-cr-201 (S.D. Ohio, docket no. 41). The motion is thus DENIED as moot. III. MOTION TO QUASH Finally, the Quantasy Defendants filed a Motion to Quash Subpoenas for Financial Records and to Stay Discovery as to the Quantasy Defendants. (ECF No. 185.) As to the requested stay, that motion is DENIED as moot. The balance of the motion is REFERRED to the Magistrate Judge for consideration. IV. CONCLUSION For the reasons above, the Motion to Dismiss (ECF No. 94) is GRANTED in part and DENIED in part; the Motion to Stay (ECF No. 137) is DENIED as moot; and the Motion to Quash (ECF No. 185) is DENIED in part and REFERRED in part. IT IS SO ORDERED. /s/ Sarah D. Morrison SARAH D. MORRISON UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE