Rixson Merle Perry v. Federal Bureau of Investigation (1986)

Bureau of Investigation, 781 F.2d 1294, 1302 (7th Cir. 1986) (“[A] liberty interest is not implicated merely by a reduction in an individual’s attractiveness to potential employers.”); Allen v. Denver Pub.

Due process is a flexible concept which “calls for such procedural protections as the particular situation demands.” Morrissey v. Brewer, 408 U.S. 471, 481 , 92 S.Ct. 2593, 2600 , 33 L.Ed.2d 484 (1972); Perry v. F.B.I., 781 F.2d 1294, 1303 (7th Cir.) (en banc), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 814 , 107 S.Ct. 67 , 93 L.Ed.2d 25 (1986).

E.g., Perry v. FBI, 781 F.2d 1294, 1300 (7th Cir.1986) (in banc).

Perry v. FBI, 781 F.2d 1294, 1302-03 (7th Cir.1986) (en banc); Lawson v. Sheriff of Tippecanoe County, supra, 725 F.2d at 1138 .

Some cases continue to suggest that defamation coupled with firing is a deprivation of liberty, see, e.g., Perry v. FBI, 781 F.2d 1294, 1300 (7th Cir.1986) (en banc); but since neither reputation nor government employment at will is an aspect of the liberty (or property) protected by the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments, these cases are better explained as holding that to fire a worker to the accompaniment of public charges that make it unlikely that anyone will hire him for …

See Hannon v. Turnage, 892 F.2d 653, 660 (7th Cir.1990) (“[E]ven assuming that any information surrounding his dismissal was sufficiently damning to implicate a liberty interest, the government must still have participated in the dissemination of this information to the public.”); Simpkins v. Sandwich Cmty Hosp., 854 F.2d 215 , 218 (7th Cir.1988) (“Denial of a liberty interest requires more than just being fired.”) (citing Perry v. FBI, 781 F.2d 1294, 1302 (7th Cir.1986)).

Notably, the court relied upon Justice Jackson’s comment in Anti-Fascist Committee v. McGrath, 341 U.S. 123 , 71 S.Ct. 624 , 95 L.Ed. 817 (1951), that a bar from government employment is “no small injury” when “government employment so dominates the field of opportunity.” Id. at 958, 71 S.Ct. 624 (quoting McGrath, 341 U.S. at 185 , 71 S.Ct. 624 (Jackson, J„ concurring)); cf. Perry v. F.B.I., 781 F.2d 1294, 1299-1303 (7th Cir.1986) (en banc) (distinguishing Larry as a case in…

Notably, the court relied upon Justice Jackson's comment in Anti-Fascist Committee v. McGrath, 341 U.S. 123 (1951), that a bar from government employment is "no small injury" when "government employment so dominates the field of opportunity." Id. at 958 (quoting McGrath, 341 U.S. at 185 (Jackson, J., concurring)); cf. Perry v. F.B.I., 781 F.2d 1294, 1299-1303 (7th Cir. 1986) (en banc) (distinguishing Larry as a case involving the absolute ban of all government employment for…

Perry v. F.B.I., 781 F.2d 1294, 1300 (7th Cir.) (en banc), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 814 , 107 S.Ct. 67 , 93 L.Ed.2d 25 (1986) (citing Munson v. Friske, 754 F.2d 683, 693 (7th Cir.1985) (citing Roth, 408 U.S. at 573 , 92 S.Ct. at 2707 )).

Perry v. FBI, 781 F.2d 1294, 1302 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 814 , 107 S.Ct. 67 , 93 L.Ed.2d 25 (1986).

A government employee's dismissal infringes a liberty interest where "(1) the individual's good name, reputation, honor or integrity are at stake by such charges as immorality, dishonesty, alcoholism, disloyalty, Communism, or subversive acts; or (2) the state imposes a stigma or other disability on the individual which forecloses other opportunities." Munson v. Friske, 754 F.2d 683, 693 (7th Cir.1985); accord Shlay v. Montgomery, 802 F.2d 918, 923-24 (7th Cir.1986); Zaky v.…

A government employee’s dismissal infringes a liberty interest where “(1) the individual’s good name, reputation, honor or integrity are at stake by such charges as immorality, dishonesty, alcoholism, disloyalty, Communism, or subversive acts; or (2) the state imposes a stigma or other disability on the individual which forecloses other opportunities.” Munson v. Friske, 754 F.2d 683, 693 (7th Cir.1985); accord Shlay v. Montgomery, 802 F.2d 918, 923-24 (7th Cir.1986); Zaky v.…

We concluded in Perry v. FBI, 781 F.2d 1294, 1302 (7th Cir.1986) (en banc), that libel without the creation of a “legal barrier” to future employment does not deprive the victim of liberty or property.

See also Ewers v. Board of County Commissioners of Curry County, 802 F.2d 1242, 1247 (10th Cir.1986) (to establish a claim of deprivation of a liberty interest in reputation under Section 1983, plaintiff must allege stigma plus harm to some other tangible interest such as employment), reh’g granted, 813 F.2d 1583 (1987), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 1008 , 108 S.Ct. 704 , 98 L.Ed.2d 655 (1988), opinion on reh’g, 874 F.2d 736 (10th Cir.1989) (cited proposition unaffected); Goulding…

See also Ewers v. Board of County Commissioners of Curry County, 802 F.2d 1242, 1247 (10th Cir.1986) (to establish a claim of deprivation of a liberty interest in reputation under Section 1983, plaintiff must allege stigma plus harm to some other tangible interest such as employment), reh'g granted, 813 F.2d 1583 (1987), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 1008 , 108 S.Ct. 704 , 98 L.Ed.2d 655 (1988),opinion on reh'g, 874 F.2d 736 (10th Cir.1989) (cited proposition unaffected); Goulding …

Perry v. F.B.I., 781 F.2d 1294, 1301 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 814 , 107 S.Ct. 67 , 93 L.Ed.2d 25 (1986).

See Paul v. Davis, 424 U.S. 693, 706 , 96 S.Ct. 1155, 1163 , 47 L.Ed.2d 405 (1976); see also Board of Regents v. Roth, *770 408 U.S. 564, 573-74 , 92 S.Ct. 2701, 2707-08 , 33 L.Ed.2d 548 (1972) (liberty interest implicated if there is a discharge and stigma or deprivation of future opportunity for government employment); Perry v. FBI, 781 F.2d 1294, 1302 (7th Cir.) (“[A] liberty interest is not implicated merely by a reduction in an individual’s attractiveness to potential e…

See Prosser & Keeton, Torts § 115 at 827, 830-31 (5th ed. 1984); cf. Perry v. FBI, 781 F.2d 1294, 1304-05 (7th Cir.1986) (en banc) (concurring opinion).

The investigations and alleged comments may very well have made him less attractive to clients, 10 but this Court stated in Perry v. Federal Bureau of Investigation, 781 F.2d 1294, 1302 (7th Cir.1986): “[a] liberty interest is not implicated merely by a reduction in an individual’s attractiveness to potential employers.” There is no legal barrier to Goulding pursuing his practice of law.

“Due process is flexible and calls for such procedural protections as the particular situation demands.” Perry v. F.B.I., 781 F.2d 1294, 1303 (7th Cir.1983).

Roth, 408 U.S. at 575 , 92 S.Ct. at 2708 ; Perry v. F.B.I., 759 F.2d 1271, 1276 (7th Cir.1985), reh’g en banc 781 F.2d 1294, 1300 (7th Cir.1986).

Townsend v. Valias, 256 F.3d 661 , 670 (7th Cir.2001) (stating that the plaintiffs “good name, reputation, honor or integrity must be called into question in a manner that makes it virtually impossible” for the plaintiff “to find new employment in his chosen field”) (collecting cases); Perry v. Fed’l Bureau of Investigation, 781 F.2d 1294, 1302 (7th Cir.1986) (“Although dissemination of the FBI memorandum may have lessened Perry’s employment opportunities in certain areas of…

In McMath, 976 F.2d at 1031 , the Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit held that as of “1988, it was clearly established that when the government terminates a public employee and makes false or substantially inaccurate public charges or statements that stigmatize the employee, that employee’s liberty interest is implicated.” See also Munson v. Friske, 754 F.2d 683, 693 (7th Cir.1985); Perry v. F.B.I., 781 F.2d 1294, 1300 (7th Cir.1986); Elliott v. Hinds, 786 F.2d 298, 30…

See Board of Regents v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 573 , 92 S.Ct. 2701 , 33 L.Ed.2d 548 (1972); Perry v. Federal Bureau of Investigation, 781 F.2d 1294, 1300 (7th Cir.1986) (an accusation of a potentially criminal act of dishonesty implicates a constitutionally protected liberty interest); Doe v. Dep’t of Justice, 753 F.2d 1092, 1102 (D.C.Cir.1985) (a discharge amidst allegations of unprofessionalism implicates a constitutionally protected liberty interest in reputation); cf. Old D…

In addition, “[n]o legal barrier to [the plaintiffs] future employment in the government or elsewhere was ever imposed .... ” Perry v. Federal Bureau of Investigation, 781 F.2d 1294, 1300-1302 (7th Cir.1986).

In support of its position that Morrison’s asserted “lost economic opportunities” do not suffice to ground a Section 1981 claim, Board cites a handful of cases, all but one of which (Setliff v. Memorial Hosp. of Sheridan County, 850 F.2d 1384, 1394-97 (10th Cir.1988); Goulding v. Feinglass, 811 F.2d 1099, 1102-03 (7th Cir.1987); Perry v. FBI, 781 F.2d 1294, 1300-03 (7th Cir.1986) (en banc); Munson v. Friske, 754 F.2d 683, 692-94 (7th Cir.1985)) were due process cases advance…

“A liberty interest is not implicated merely by a reduction in an individual’s attractiveness to potential employers.” Id. at 1103 quoting Perry v. Federal Bureau of Investigation, 781 F.2d 1294, 1302 (7th Cir.1986).

Indeed, “[i]t would be fantastic to suggest that a government official could be guilty of depriving a person of liberty by occupation by disseminating truthful, vocationally relevant information about the person____” Perry v. FBI, 781 F.2d 1294, 1305 (7th Cir.1986) (Posner, J., concurring).

Cf. United States v. Janik, 10 F.3d 470, 471 (7th Cir.1993); Perry v. FBI, 781 F.2d 1294, 1301 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 814 , 107 S.Ct. 67 , 93 L.Ed.2d 25 (1986).

Cf. United States v. Janik, 10 F.3d 470, 471 (7th Cir.1993); Perry v. FBI, 781 F.2d 1294, 1301 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 814 , 107 S.Ct. 67 , 93 L.Ed.2d 25 (1986).

Perry v. F.B.I., 781 F.2d 1294, 1300 (7th Cir.) (en banc), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 814 , 107 S.Ct. 67 , 93 L.Ed.2d 25 (1986) (citing Munson v. Friske, 754 F.2d 683, 693 (7th Cir.1985)) (citing [Board of Regents v.] Roth, 408 U.S. [564] 573, 92 S.Ct. [2701] 2707 [ 33 L.Ed.2d 548 ]).

“Some cases continue to suggest that defamation coupled with firing is a deprivation of liberty, see, e.g., Perry v. FBI, 781 F.2d 1294, 1300 (7th Cir.1986) (en banc); but since neither reputation nor government employment at will is an aspect of the liberty (or property) protected by the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments, these cases are better explained as holding that to fire a worker to the accompaniment of public charges that make it unlikely that anyone will hire him for…

Some cases continue to suggest that defamation coupled with firing is a deprivation of liberty, see, e.g., Perry v. FBI, 781 F.2d 1294, 1300 (7th Cir.1986) (en banc); but since neither reputation nor government employment at will is an aspect of the liberty (or property) protected by the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments, these cases are better explained as holding that to fire a worker to the accompaniment of public charges that make it unlikely that anyone will hire him for …

Roth, 408 U.S. at 573 , 92 S.Ct. at 2707 , 33 L.Ed.2d at 558-59 ; Evans v. City of Dallas, 861 F.2d 846, 851-52 (5th Cir.1988); Perry v. F.B.I., 781 F.2d 1294, 1302 (7th Cir.1986); Mazaleski v. Treusdell, 562 F.2d 701, 713-15 (D.C.Cir.1977); Stretten v. Wadsworth Veterans Hosp., 537 F.2d 361, 366 (9th Cir.1976). 7 .

See Roth, 408 U.S. at 573 , 92 S.Ct. at 2707 ; Perry v. Federal Bureau of Investigation, 781 F.2d 1294, 1300 (7th Cir.) (accusations of alcoholism, disloyalty, “communism,” or subversive activities), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 814 , 107 S.Ct. 67 , 93 L.Ed.2d 25 (1986); Beitzell v. Jeffrey, 643 F.2d 870, 877 (1st Cir.1981).

Hogue v. Clinton, 791 F.2d 1318, 1323 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, — U.S.-, 107 S.Ct. 648 , 93 L.Ed.2d 704 (1986) (actual damages will be awarded only if plaintiff can prove actual injury); Perry v. FBI, 781 F.2d 1294, 1302 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, — U.S.-, 107 S.Ct. 67 , 93 L.Ed.2d 25 (1986) (showing of actual interference with job opportunities would justify damage award); Endicott v. Huddleston, 644 F.2d 1208, 1216-17 (7th Cir.1980) (plaintiff entitled to recover loss, incl…

Pe rry v. F.B.I., 781 F.2d 1294, 1300 (7th Cir.1986) (quoting Munson v. Friske, 754 F.2d 683, 693 (7th Cir.1985)).

See Perry v. FBI, 781 F.2d 1294, 1304-05 (7th Cir.1986) (concurring opinion).

See Perry v. FBI, 781 F.2d 1294, 1302 (7th Cir.1986) (en banc); Doyle v. Camelot Care Centers, Inc., 305 F.3d 603, 617 (7th Cir.2002).

See Perry v. FBI, 781 F.2d 1294, 1299 (7th Cir.1986) (en banc ).

See Perry v. FBI, 781 F.2d 1294, 1299 (7th Cir.1986) (en banc).

See Perry v. FBI, 781 F.2d 1294, 1302 (7th Cir.) (en banc) ("a liberty interest is not implicated merely by a reduction in an individual's attractiveness to potential employers."), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 814 , 107 S.Ct. 67 , 93 L.Ed.2d 25 (1986).

See Perry v. FBI, 781 F.2d 1294, 1302 (7th Cir.) (en banc) (“a liberty interest is not implicated merely by a reduction in an individual’s attractiveness to potential employers.”), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 814 , 107 S.Ct. 67 , 93 L.Ed.2d 25 (1986).

As this court has recognized, "circumstances which make an employee 'somewhat less attractive' to employers would hardly establish the kind of 'foreclosure of opportunities amounting to a deprivation of liberty.' " Asbill 726 F.2d at 1503 (quoting Roth, 408 U.S. at 574 n. 13, 92 S.Ct. at 2707 n. 13); see also Goulding v. Feinglass, 811 F.2d 1099, 1103 (7th Cir.) ("The investigations and alleged comments may very well have made him less attractive to clients, but this Court s…

Doe v. United States Department of Justice, 753 F.2d 1092, 1105 (D.C.Cir.1985); accord Perry v. F.B.I., 781 F.2d 1294, 1300 (7th Cir.1986) (en banc).

Even though she has no protected property interest in her job as a probationary police officer, Ratliff can assert the deprivation of a liberty interest. 66 A government employee's liberty interests are implicated where in terminating the employee the government "make[s] any charge against [her] that might seriously damage [her] standing and associations in the community" or "impose[s] on [her] a stigma or other disability that foreclose[s] [her] freedom to take advantage of…

See Perry v. FBI, 781 F.2d 1294, 1299-1300, 1302-04 (7th Cir.1986) (en banc).

Vander Zee, 73 F.3d at 1369 ; Thinkstream, Inc. v. Adams, 251 F. App’x 282, 284 (5th Cir. 2007) (per curiam) (“But the loss of future employment opportunities does not typically qualify as the kind of ‘tangible interest’ that Paul contemplated.”); see also Perry v. F.B.I., 781 F.2d 1294, 1302 (7th Cir. 1986) (“[A] liberty interest is not implicated merely by a reduction in an individual’s attractiveness to potential 12 In his response, Plaintiff argues that “an individual’s …

See Perry v. F.B.I., 781 F.2d 1294, 1302 (7th Cir.1986) (FBI did not infringe on plaintiffs liberty interest in future employment by conducting a routine investigation into possible criminal charges that included plaintiff and sullied *197 his reputation); Phelps v. Wichita Eagle-Beacon, 886 F.2d 1262 , 1269 (10th Cir.1989) (newspaper articles that affected plaintiffs ability to solicit clients did not infringe on his liberty interest in future employment); Weeks v. City of …

Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 335 , 96 S.Ct. 893, 903 , 47 L.Ed.2d 18 (1976); see also Perry v. Federal Bureau of Investigation, 781 F.2d 1294 (7th Cir.) (en banc), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 814 , 107 S.Ct. 67 , 93 L.Ed.2d 25 (1986) {Mathews factors applied to deprivations of liberty interests).