42 Ohio opinions name it 3 courts 1996–2024 4 in the last five years
The cases below were cited by Ohio courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.
| Case | Followed | Cited |
|---|---|---|
Barker v. Scovill, Inc.green2 sentences2024Peters contends that the traditional burden-shifting framework set forth by the United States Supreme Court in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973), and adopted by the Ohio Supreme Court in Barker v. Scovill, Inc., 6 Ohio St.3d 146 (1983), has been “effectively done away with” by the Supreme Court’s decision in Bostock v. Clayton Cty., 590 U.S.__, 140 S. Ct. 1731 (2020). 2003Stair v. Phoenix Presentations, Inc. (1996), 116 Ohio App.3d 500 , 509 , citing to Barker v. Scovill, Inc. (1983), 6 Ohio St.3d 146 , 148 . {¶ 22} Neither party disputes that appellant has established the first three elements of a prima facie case necessary to support an age discrimination claim. | 1 | 4 |
McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Greengreen2 sentences2024Peters contends that the traditional burden-shifting framework set forth by the United States Supreme Court in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973), and adopted by the Ohio Supreme Court in Barker v. Scovill, Inc., 6 Ohio St.3d 146 (1983), has been “effectively done away with” by the Supreme Court’s decision in Bostock v. Clayton Cty., 590 U.S.__, 140 S. Ct. 1731 (2020). 2005See Williams v. General Electric Co. (2003), 269 F.Supp.2d 958 , 966 , citing McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green (1973), 411 U.S. 792 , 802-805 , 93 S.Ct. 1817 . | 1 | 3 |
Mauzy v. Kelly Services, Inc.green2 sentences2004The distinction made between intentional torts and negligent acts or omissions is therefore limited to common-law tort claims, and has no application to statutory claims for relief. {¶ 59} The city of Union argues that the intentional-tort distinction extends to an R.C. 4112.14(B) action on an age-discrimination claim, nevertheless, because the Supreme Court has said that in order to maintain the claim the employee must present evidence showing that the employer was motivated by a “discriminatory intent.” Mauzy v. Kelly Services, Inc. (1996), 75 Ohio St.3d 578 , 664 N.E.2d 1272 . 2004The distinction made between intentional torts and negligent acts or omissions is therefore limited to common-law tort claims, and has no application to statutory claims for relief. {¶ 59} The city of Union argues that the intentional-tort distinction extends to an R.C. 4112.14(B) action on an age-discrimination claim, nevertheless, because the Supreme Court has said that in order to maintain the claim the employee must present evidence showing that the employer was motivated by a “discriminatory intent.” Mauzy v. Kelly Services, Inc. (1996), 75 Ohio St.3d 578 , 664 N.E.2d 1272 . | 1 | 3 |
Morris v. Kaiser Engineers, Inc.green2 sentences2009UPS accordingly argues that the logical way to give effect to the entirety of the statutory framework governing age-discrimination claims is to allow a plaintiff who fails to file his or her age-discrimination claim within the 180-day statute of limitations of R.C. 4112.02(N) but who does file the claim within six years of its accrual to pursue an age-discrimination claim only in 11. {¶ a} UPS has conceded in this case, both in this court and in the court of appeals, that an age- discrimination claim covered by R.C. 4112.14 is governed by a six-year statute of limitations, as this court determ 2009UPS accordingly argues that the logical way to give effect to the entirety of the statutory framework governing age-discrimination claims is to allow a plaintiff who fails to file his or her age-discrimination claim within the 180-day statute of limitations of R.C. 4112.02(N) but who does file the claim within six years of its accrual to pursue an age-discrimination claim only in 11. {¶ a} UPS has conceded in this case, both in this court and in the court of appeals, that an age- discrimination claim covered by R.C. 4112.14 is governed by a six-year statute of limitations, as this court determ | 1 | 2 |
Carson v. Giant Food, Inc.green1 sentence2022Id. at 80-81 . {¶ 38} Therefore, as the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals has explained, “[g]eneral arbitration clauses, such as those referring to ‘all disputes’ or ‘all disputes concerning the interpretation of the agreement,’ taken alone do not meet the clear and unmistakable requirement of [Wright].” Carson v. Giant Food, Inc., 175 F.3d 325, 332 (4th Cir.1999). | 1 | 1 |
Dunn v. GOJO Industriesgreen1 sentence2019Summit No. 28392, 2017-Ohio-7230, ¶ 36 (“When bringing an age discrimination claim, a plaintiff must elect which statute she is proceeding under — 4112.02, 4112.05 or 4112.14.”). | 1 | 1 |
Ohio University v. Ohio Civil Rights Commissiongreen2 sentences2016"The ultimate burden of persuading the trier of fact that the defendant intentionally discriminated against the plaintiff remains at all times with the plaintiff." Ohio Univ. v. Ohio Civil Rights Comm., 175 Ohio App.3d 414 , 2008-Ohio-1034, ¶ 67 (4th Dist.), quoting Burdine No. 16AP-366 8 at 253. 2016"The ultimate burden of persuading the trier of fact that the defendant intentionally discriminated against the plaintiff remains at all times with the plaintiff." Ohio Univ. v. Ohio Civil Rights Comm., 175 Ohio App.3d 414 , 2008-Ohio-1034, ¶ 67 (4th Dist.), quoting Burdine No. 16AP-366 8 at 253. | 1 | 1 |
McNeely v. Ross Correctional Institute, Unpublished Decision (10-17-2006)green1 sentence2010Revenue Corp. (1994), 93 Ohio App.3d 419, 423-424 . {¶ 13} “Under Ohio law, one exception exists to the requirement that an employee elect her remedy for an age discrimination claim: an employee is not barred from bringing a civil lawsuit after filing a charge with the OCRC if the employee expressly indicates in the OCRC charge that the filing is made for purposes of perfecting an ADEA claim and the employee does not seek an OCRC investigation.” McNeely, supra, at ¶15. {¶ 14} There is no evidence to suggest that the limited exception to the election of remedies doctrine applies in this case. | 1 | 1 |
Meyer v. United Parcel Service, Inc.green2 sentences2009The trial court imposed postjudgment interest and ordered UPS to reinstate Meyer to his position. {¶ 7} Upon UPS’s appeal, the First District Court of Appeals rejected several of UPS’s arguments regarding the age-discrimination claim, including that the claim was barred by R.C. 4112.14(C). 174 Ohio App.3d 339 , 2007-Ohio- 7063, 882 N.E.2d 31, ¶ 16-30 . 2009The trial court imposed postjudgment interest and ordered UPS to reinstate Meyer to his position. {¶ 7} Upon UPS’s appeal, the First District Court of Appeals rejected several of UPS’s arguments regarding the age-discrimination claim, including that the claim was barred by R.C. 4112.14(C). 174 Ohio App.3d 339 , 2007-Ohio- 7063, 882 N.E.2d 31, ¶ 16-30 . | 1 | 1 |
Cosgrove v. Williamsburg of Cincinnati Management Co.green2 sentences2009UPS accordingly argues that the logical way to give effect to the entirety of the statutory framework governing age-discrimination claims is to allow a plaintiff who fails to file his or her age-discrimination claim within the 180-day statute of limitations of R.C. 4112.02(N) but who does file the claim within six years of its accrual to pursue an age-discrimination claim only in 11. {¶ a} UPS has conceded in this case, both in this court and in the court of appeals, that an age- discrimination claim covered by R.C. 4112.14 is governed by a six-year statute of limitations, as this court determ 2009UPS accordingly argues that the logical way to give effect to the entirety of the statutory framework governing age-discrimination claims is to allow a plaintiff who fails to file his or her age-discrimination claim within the 180-day statute of limitations of R.C. 4112.02(N) but who does file the claim within six years of its accrual to pursue an age-discrimination claim only in 11. {¶ a} UPS has conceded in this case, both in this court and in the court of appeals, that an age- discrimination claim covered by R.C. 4112.14 is governed by a six-year statute of limitations, as this court determ | 1 | 1 |
| Boggs v. Scotts Co., Unpublished Decision (3-22-2005)green | 1 | 1 |
| Williams v. General Electric Co.green | 1 | 1 |
| Gutknecht v. Smithkline Beecham Clinical Laboratories, Inc.green | 1 | 1 |
| Atkinson v. International Technegroup, Inc.green | 1 | 1 |
| Case | Negative | Cited |
|---|---|---|
| No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Ohio. Read the followed side critically anyway. | ||
| Case | Cited | Years |
|---|---|---|
Bellian v. Bicron Corp.
green
2 sentences2009Bellian v. Bicron Corp. {¶ 19} In Bellian v. Bicron Corp. (1994), 69 Ohio St.3d 517, 519 , 634 N.E.2d 608 , Bellian brought an age-discrimination claim pursuant to R.C. 4112.99 and argued that he need not comply with the 180-day statute of limitations of R.C. 4112.02(N) because he was not relying on that statute. 2009Bellian v. Bicron Corp. {¶ 19} In Bellian v. Bicron Corp. (1994), 69 Ohio St.3d 517, 519 , 634 N.E.2d 608 , Bellian brought an age-discrimination claim pursuant to R.C. 4112.99 and argued that he need not comply with the 180-day statute of limitations of R.C. 4112.02(N) because he was not relying on that statute. | 5 | 2000–2009 |
Meyer v. United Parcel Service, Inc.
green
2 sentences2014Meyer v. United Parcel Service, Inc., 122 Ohio St.3d 104 , 2009-Ohio-2463 , 909 N.E.2d 106 , paragraph one of the syllabus (“An age discrimination claim brought pursuant to R.C. 4112.99 is subject to the substantive provisions of R.C. 4112.02 and 4112.14.”). {¶36} R.C. 4112.14(A) provides: No employer shall discriminate in any job opening against any applicant or discharge without just cause any employee aged forty or older who is physically able to perform the duties and otherwise meets the established requirements of the job and laws pertaining to the relationship between employer and employ 2014Meyer v. United Parcel Service, Inc., 122 Ohio St.3d 104 , 2009-Ohio-2463 , 909 N.E.2d 106 , paragraph one of the syllabus (“An age discrimination claim brought pursuant to R.C. 4112.99 is subject to the substantive provisions of R.C. 4112.02 and 4112.14.”). {¶36} R.C. 4112.14(A) provides: No employer shall discriminate in any job opening against any applicant or discharge without just cause any employee aged forty or older who is physically able to perform the duties and otherwise meets the established requirements of the job and laws pertaining to the relationship between employer and employ | 3 | 2009–2014 |
Balent v. National Revenue Corp.
green
2 sentences2010Revenue Corp. (1994), 93 Ohio App.3d 419, 423-424 . {¶ 13} “Under Ohio law, one exception exists to the requirement that an employee elect her remedy for an age discrimination claim: an employee is not barred from bringing a civil lawsuit after filing a charge with the OCRC if the employee expressly indicates in the OCRC charge that the filing is made for purposes of perfecting an ADEA claim and the employee does not seek an OCRC investigation.” McNeely, supra, at ¶15. {¶ 14} There is no evidence to suggest that the limited exception to the election of remedies doctrine applies in this case. 2009Revenue Corp. (1994), 93 Ohio App.3d 419 , 638 N.E.2d 1064 ; Senter; Giambrone v. Spalding Evenflo Co. (1992), 79 Ohio App.3d 308 , 312 , 607 N.E.2d 106 , 109 (where the court held that "[t]he special provision of R.C. 4112.02 (N) prevails over the general relief afforded by R.C. 4112.99 , and Giambrone [plaintiff-employee] must elect between the two remedies"). {¶ 18} In the instant case, Neal filed an age discrimination claim with the EEOC in October 2006. | 2 | 2009–2010 |
Giambrone v. Spalding & Evenflo Co.
green
2 sentences2009Revenue Corp. (1994), 93 Ohio App.3d 419 , 638 N.E.2d 1064 ; Senter; Giambrone v. Spalding Evenflo Co. (1992), 79 Ohio App.3d 308 , 312 , 607 N.E.2d 106 , 109 (where the court held that "[t]he special provision of R.C. 4112.02 (N) prevails over the general relief afforded by R.C. 4112.99 , and Giambrone [plaintiff-employee] must elect between the two remedies"). {¶ 18} In the instant case, Neal filed an age discrimination claim with the EEOC in October 2006. 2009Revenue Corp. (1994), 93 Ohio App.3d 419 , 638 N.E.2d 1064 ; Senter; Giambrone v. Spalding Evenflo Co. (1992), 79 Ohio App.3d 308 , 312 , 607 N.E.2d 106 , 109 (where the court held that "[t]he special provision of R.C. 4112.02 (N) prevails over the general relief afforded by R.C. 4112.99 , and Giambrone [plaintiff-employee] must elect between the two remedies"). {¶ 18} In the instant case, Neal filed an age discrimination claim with the EEOC in October 2006. | 2 | 2005–2009 |
Kulch v. Structural Fibers, Inc.
green
2 sentences2007It read in its entirety: “The judgment of the court of appeals is reversed, and the cause is remanded to the trial court on the authority of Kulch v. Structural Fibers, Inc. (1997), 78 Ohio St.3d 134 , 677 N.E.2d 308 .” The lower court in Livingston had held that in regard to an age-discrimination claim, “a plaintiff is * * * precluded from pursuing a common law tort claim in conjunction with a statutory claim already providing the employee with an adequate remedy.” Livingston v. Hillside Rehab. 2007It read in its entirety: “The judgment of the court of appeals is reversed, and the cause is remanded to the trial court on the authority of Kulch v. Structural Fibers, Inc. (1997), 78 Ohio St.3d 134 , 677 N.E.2d 308 .” The lower court in Livingston had held that in regard to an age-discrimination claim, “a plaintiff is * * * precluded from pursuing a common law tort claim in conjunction with a statutory claim already providing the employee with an adequate remedy.” Livingston v. Hillside Rehab. | 2 | 1997–2007 |
Oker v. Ameritech Corp.
green
2 sentences2006"Specifically, `an age discrimination claim, pursuant to R.C. 4112.02 (A), accrues, and the 180-day limitation period under R.C. 4112.02 (N) commences, when the discriminatory act or practice occurs, not when adverse consequences or other facts resulting therefrom manifest themselves.'" Id., quoting Berarducci v. Oscar Mayer Foods Corp. (Aug. 17, 1984), 6th Dist. 2000[This opinion has been published in Ohio Official Reports at 89 Ohio St.3d 223 .] OKER, APPELLANT, v. AMERITECH CORPORATION ET AL., APPELLEES. [Cite as Oker v. Ameritech Corp., 2000-Ohio-139 .] Discrimination—Age-discrimination claim premised on violation described in R.C. | 2 | 2000–2006 |
Livingston v. Hillside Rehabilitation Hospital
green
2 sentences2002Hosp. (1997), 79 Ohio St.3d 249 , 680 N.E.2d 1220 , plaintiff employee brought an age-discrimination claim pursuant to R.C. 4101.17 (since recodified at R.C. 4112.14) as well as a claim for tortious wrongful discharge in violation of public policy. 2002Hosp. (1997), 79 Ohio St.3d 249 , 680 N.E.2d 1220 , plaintiff employee brought an age-discrimination claim pursuant to R.C. 4101.17 (since recodified at R.C. 4112.14) as well as a claim for tortious wrongful discharge in violation of public policy. | 2 | 1999–2002 |
Gallant v. Toledo Public Schools
green
2 sentences2001Schools (1992), 84 Ohio App.3d 378 , 616 N.E.2d 1156 , was misplaced because the Gallant case, unlike the claims advanced by Bourquin, involved an age discrimination claim and an election of remedy under R.C. 4112.02(N). 2001Schools (1992), 84 Ohio App.3d 378 , 616 N.E.2d 1156 , was misplaced because the Gallant case, unlike the claims advanced by Bourquin, involved an age discrimination claim and an election of remedy under R.C. 4112.02(N). | 2 | 2000–2001 |
Provens v. Stark County Board of Mental Retardation & Developmental Disabilities
green
2 sentences1997Disabilities (1992), 64 Ohio St.3d 252 , 594 N.E.2d 959 , the appellate court determined that an age discrimination claim under former R.C. 4101.17(A) provided remedies as broad as those available under Greeley and, therefore, a Greeley claim was unavailable. 1997Disabilities (1992), 64 Ohio St.3d 252 , 594 N.E.2d 959 , the appellate court determined that an age discrimination claim under former R.C. 4101.17(A) provided remedies as broad as those available under Greeley and, therefore, a Greeley claim was unavailable. | 2 | 1997–1997 |
Spitulski v. Bd. of Educ. of the Toledo City Sch. Dist.
green
1 sentence2024See, e.g., Stachura v. Toledo, 2013-Ohio-2365 (6th Dist.) (holding that summary judgment dismissing employment-discrimination claims against city firefighters on the basis of immunity was inappropriate because the plaintiff’s case involved “extensive claims and vast evidence” spanning “a multi-year timeframe”); Spitulski v. Bd. of Education of Toledo City School Dist., 2017-Ohio-2692 (6th Dist.) (affirming trial court’s order denying supervisor’s motion for summary judgment in an age-discrimination claim where the supervisor asked questions about when the plaintiff was going to retire and stat | 1 | 2024–2024 |
Bostock v. Clayton County
green
1 sentence2024Peters contends that the traditional burden-shifting framework set forth by the United States Supreme Court in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973), and adopted by the Ohio Supreme Court in Barker v. Scovill, Inc., 6 Ohio St.3d 146 (1983), has been “effectively done away with” by the Supreme Court’s decision in Bostock v. Clayton Cty., 590 U.S.__, 140 S. Ct. 1731 (2020). | 1 | 2024–2024 |
14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett
green
1 sentence2022Id. at 80-81 . {¶ 38} Therefore, as the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals has explained, “[g]eneral arbitration clauses, such as those referring to ‘all disputes’ or ‘all disputes concerning the interpretation of the agreement,’ taken alone do not meet the clear and unmistakable requirement of [Wright].” Carson v. Giant Food, Inc., 175 F.3d 325, 332 (4th Cir.1999). | 1 | 2022–2022 |
Doe v. Skaggs
green
1 sentence2021Belmont No. 18 BE 0005, 2018-Ohio-5402, ¶ 10-12 . {¶14} Appellant’s argument involves an age discrimination claim under R.C. | 1 | 2021–2021 |
Estate of Wagner v. Heavlin
green
2 sentences2019The judgment of the federal court is res judicata to appellant’s state law age discrimination claim.”); Wagner v. Heavlin, 136 Ohio App.3d 719, 738 , 737 N.E.2d 989 (7th Dist.2000) (claim litigated to finality in a federal district court cannot be relitigated in a state court when the state claim involves the identical cause of action previously litigated in federal court and involves the same parties or their privies). 2019The judgment of the federal court is res judicata to appellant’s state law age discrimination claim.”); Wagner v. Heavlin, 136 Ohio App.3d 719, 738 , 737 N.E.2d 989 (7th Dist.2000) (claim litigated to finality in a federal district court cannot be relitigated in a state court when the state claim involves the identical cause of action previously litigated in federal court and involves the same parties or their privies). | 1 | 2019–2019 |
Borowski v. State Chemical Manufacturing Co.
green
2 sentences2019Co., 97 Ohio App.3d 635, 642 , 647 N.E.2d 230 (8th Dist.) (“The federal court’s decision on the age discrimination claim involved the same facts and evidence, and thus the same cause of action as the state claim. 2019Co., 97 Ohio App.3d 635, 642 , 647 N.E.2d 230 (8th Dist.) (“The federal court’s decision on the age discrimination claim involved the same facts and evidence, and thus the same cause of action as the state claim. | 1 | 2019–2019 |
Tilly v. Dublin
green
1 sentence2014Franklin No. 12AP-998, 2013-Ohio-4930, ¶ 21 , citing Mauzy v. Kelly Servs., Inc., 75 Ohio St.3d 578, 582 , 664 N.E.2d 1272 (1996). {¶39} “A plaintiff in a discrimination lawsuit may pursue ‘essentially, two theories of employment discrimination: disparate treatment and disparate impact.’” Hall v. Ohio State Univ. | 1 | 2014–2014 |
Jelinek v. Abbott Laboratories
green
2 sentences2010Jelinek v. Abbott Laboratories, 164 Ohio App.3d 607 , 2005-Ohio-5696 , 843 N.E.2d 807 (“Jelinek II”). 2010Jelinek v. Abbott Laboratories, 164 Ohio App.3d 607 , 2005-Ohio-5696 , 843 N.E.2d 807 (“Jelinek II”). | 1 | 2010–2010 |
State v. Guilbert
green
2 sentences2009Id. at ¶ 69. {¶ 8} We accepted UPS’s appeal under our discretionary jurisdiction for review of a single proposition of law: “In order to preserve the detailed framework for age discrimination claims that the General Assembly enacted, an age discrimination claim brought under the general language of R.C. 4112.99 is subject to the substantive provisions of R.C. 4112.02 and R.C. 4112.14.” 118 Ohio St.3d 1432 , 2008-Ohio-2595 , 887 N.E.2d 1201 . 2009Id. at ¶ 69. {¶ 8} We accepted UPS’s appeal under our discretionary jurisdiction for review of a single proposition of law: “In order to preserve the detailed framework for age discrimination claims that the General Assembly enacted, an age discrimination claim brought under the general language of R.C. 4112.99 is subject to the substantive provisions of R.C. 4112.02 and R.C. 4112.14.” 118 Ohio St.3d 1432 , 2008-Ohio-2595 , 887 N.E.2d 1201 . | 1 | 2009–2009 |
Murphy v. City of Reynoldsburg
green
2 sentences2009Murphy v. Reynoldsburg (1992), 65 Ohio St.3d 356 , 358-359 , 604 N.E.2d 138 . {¶ 8} Neal argues that she was not precluded from filing an age discrimination claim with the trial court "simply because she filed a discrimination charge with the EEOC." She claims that Ohio Adm. Code 112-3-(D)(3) requires that the OCRC receive at one of its offices a charge filed with the EEOC in order to preclude a plaintiff from subsequently pursuing a private cause of action under R.C. 4112.99 . 4 Because Neal maintains that her age discrimination claim filed with the EEOC was *Page 6 not received by the OCRC, 2009Murphy v. Reynoldsburg (1992), 65 Ohio St.3d 356 , 358-359 , 604 N.E.2d 138 . {¶ 8} Neal argues that she was not precluded from filing an age discrimination claim with the trial court "simply because she filed a discrimination charge with the EEOC." She claims that Ohio Adm. Code 112-3-(D)(3) requires that the OCRC receive at one of its offices a charge filed with the EEOC in order to preclude a plaintiff from subsequently pursuing a private cause of action under R.C. 4112.99 . 4 Because Neal maintains that her age discrimination claim filed with the EEOC was *Page 6 not received by the OCRC, | 1 | 2009–2009 |
Dworning v. City of Euclid
green
2 sentences2009As noted in Dworning v. Euclid, 119 Ohio St.3d 83 , 2008-Ohio-3318 , 892 N.E.2d 420, ¶ 41 , the General Assembly {¶ b} This attempted amendment of R.C. 4112.14(C) was invalidated when this court in State ex rel. 2009As noted in Dworning v. Euclid, 119 Ohio St.3d 83 , 2008-Ohio-3318 , 892 N.E.2d 420, ¶ 41 , the General Assembly {¶ b} This attempted amendment of R.C. 4112.14(C) was invalidated when this court in State ex rel. | 1 | 2009–2009 |
| April v. Reflector-Herald, Inc. green | 1 | 2008–2008 |
| McCoy v. Toledo Corr. Inst., Unpublished Decision (4-21-2005) green | 1 | 2007–2007 |
| cluster 723808 green | 1 | 2006–2006 |
| Pytlinski v. Brocar Prod., Inc. green | 1 | 2006–2006 |
| Pytlinski v. Brocar Products, Inc. green | 1 | 2006–2006 |
| Kohmescher v. Kroger Co. green | 1 | 2004–2004 |
| Coryell v. Bank One Trust Co. N.A. green | 1 | 2004–2004 |
| Manofsky v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. green | 1 | 2004–2004 |
| O'CONNOR v. Consolidated Coin Caterers Corp. green | 1 | 2003–2003 |
| Crandall v. Irwin green | 1 | 2003–2003 |
| Stair v. Phoenix Presentations, Inc. green | 1 | 2003–2003 |
| Byrnes v. LCI Communication Holdings Co. green | 1 | 2002–2002 |
| Oker v. Ameritech Corp. neutral | 1 | 2000–2000 |
Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.
Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.