defendant asserts claim (Illinois) · Go Syfert
← Illinois issues

defendant asserts claim in Illinois

36 Illinois opinions name it 2 courts 1932–2026 11 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Illinois courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (16)

CaseFollowedCited
People v. Johnsongreen
ill · 1994 · cited in 4 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2005–2006
2 sentences

2006People v. Johnson, 159 Ill. 2d 97, 125 , 636 N.E.2d 485, 497 (1994).

2006People v. Johnson, 159 Ill. 2d 97, 125 , 636 N.E.2d 485, 497 (1994).

44
People v. Fletchergreen
illappct · 2002 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
2 sentences

2017The defendant asserts that defense counsel’s errors during his opening statements, and during his questioning of the defendant, unfairly prejudiced the defense because the jury was needlessly given some details of a prior conviction, which included violence, and was permitted to speculate as to the extent of the injury caused when the clerk was struck with the Coke can. ¶ 35 Our courts have voiced concerns that providing proof of an accused’s “penchant for criminal behavior would control the decision-making process, resulting in convictions based upon past guilt instead of current evidence.” P

2017The defendant asserts that defense counsel’s errors during his opening statements, and during his questioning of the defendant, unfairly prejudiced the defense because the jury was needlessly given some details of a prior conviction, which included violence, and was permitted to speculate as to the extent of the injury caused when the clerk was struck with the Coke can. ¶ 35 Our courts have voiced concerns that providing proof of an accused’s “penchant for criminal behavior would control the decision-making process, resulting in convictions based upon past guilt instead of current evidence.” P

22
People v. Andersongreen
ill · 1973 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
2 sentences

2001When a defendant asserts a violation of his statutory right to a speedy trial, the statute “ ‘operates to prevent the constitutional claim from arising except in cases involving prolonged delay or novel issues.’ ” People v. Anderson, 53 Ill. 2d 437, 441 (1973), quoting People v. Stuckey, 34 Ill. 2d 521, 523 (1966).

2001When a defendant asserts a violation of his statutory right to a speedy trial, the statute “ ‘operates to prevent the constitutional claim from arising except in cases involving prolonged delay or novel issues.’ ” People v. Anderson , 53 Ill. 2d 437, 441 (1973), quoting People v. Stuckey , 34 Ill. 2d 521, 523 (1966).

22
The PEOPLE v. Stuckeygreen
ill · 1966 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
2 sentences

2001When a defendant asserts a violation of his statutory right to a speedy trial, the statute “ ‘operates to prevent the constitutional claim from arising except in cases involving prolonged delay or novel issues.’ ” People v. Anderson, 53 Ill. 2d 437, 441 (1973), quoting People v. Stuckey, 34 Ill. 2d 521, 523 (1966).

2001When a defendant asserts a violation of his statutory right to a speedy trial, the statute “ ‘operates to prevent the constitutional claim from arising except in cases involving prolonged delay or novel issues.’ ” People v. Anderson , 53 Ill. 2d 437, 441 (1973), quoting People v. Stuckey , 34 Ill. 2d 521, 523 (1966).

22
People v. Harrisgreen
ill · 1994 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 1998–1998
2 sentences

1998Our court has repeatedly rejected this contention, however, concluding that the argument “rests on a strained interpretation of the statutory language” (People v. Strickland, 154 Ill. 2d 489, 539 (1992)), and we continue to adhere to that holding (People v. Burgess, 176 Ill. 2d 289, 322 (1997); People v. Harris, 164 Ill. 2d 322, 350 (1994); People v. Page, 155 Ill. 2d 232, 283 (1993); People v. Mitchell, 152 Ill. 2d 274, 345-46 (1992); People v. Hampton, 149 Ill. 2d 71, 116-17 (1992)). * * * For the reasons stated, the judgment of the circuit court of Cook County is affirmed.

1998Our court has repeatedly rejected this contention, however, concluding that the argument “rests on a strained interpretation of the statutory language” ( People v. Strickland , 154 Ill. 2d 489, 539 (1992)), and we continue to adhere to that holding ( People v. Burgess , 176 Ill. 2d 289, 322 (1997); People v. Harris , 164 Ill. 2d 322, 350 (1994); People v. Page , 155 Ill. 2d 232, 283 (1993); People v. Mitchell , 152 Ill. 2d 274, 345-46 (1992); People v. Hampton , 149 Ill. 2d 71, 116-17 (1992)). * * * For the reasons stated, the judgment of the circuit court of Cook County is affirmed.

22
People v. Stricklandgreen
ill · 1992 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 1998–1998
2 sentences

1998Our court has repeatedly rejected this contention, however, concluding that the argument “rests on a strained interpretation of the statutory language” (People v. Strickland, 154 Ill. 2d 489, 539 (1992)), and we continue to adhere to that holding (People v. Burgess, 176 Ill. 2d 289, 322 (1997); People v. Harris, 164 Ill. 2d 322, 350 (1994); People v. Page, 155 Ill. 2d 232, 283 (1993); People v. Mitchell, 152 Ill. 2d 274, 345-46 (1992); People v. Hampton, 149 Ill. 2d 71, 116-17 (1992)). * * * For the reasons stated, the judgment of the circuit court of Cook County is affirmed.

1998Our court has repeatedly rejected this contention, however, concluding that the argument “rests on a strained interpretation of the statutory language” ( People v. Strickland , 154 Ill. 2d 489, 539 (1992)), and we continue to adhere to that holding ( People v. Burgess , 176 Ill. 2d 289, 322 (1997); People v. Harris , 164 Ill. 2d 322, 350 (1994); People v. Page , 155 Ill. 2d 232, 283 (1993); People v. Mitchell , 152 Ill. 2d 274, 345-46 (1992); People v. Hampton , 149 Ill. 2d 71, 116-17 (1992)). * * * For the reasons stated, the judgment of the circuit court of Cook County is affirmed.

22
People v. Hamptongreen
ill · 1992 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 1998–1998
2 sentences

1998Our court has repeatedly rejected this contention, however, concluding that the argument “rests on a strained interpretation of the statutory language” (People v. Strickland, 154 Ill. 2d 489, 539 (1992)), and we continue to adhere to that holding (People v. Burgess, 176 Ill. 2d 289, 322 (1997); People v. Harris, 164 Ill. 2d 322, 350 (1994); People v. Page, 155 Ill. 2d 232, 283 (1993); People v. Mitchell, 152 Ill. 2d 274, 345-46 (1992); People v. Hampton, 149 Ill. 2d 71, 116-17 (1992)). * * * For the reasons stated, the judgment of the circuit court of Cook County is affirmed.

1998Our court has repeatedly rejected this contention, however, concluding that the argument “rests on a strained interpretation of the statutory language” ( People v. Strickland , 154 Ill. 2d 489, 539 (1992)), and we continue to adhere to that holding ( People v. Burgess , 176 Ill. 2d 289, 322 (1997); People v. Harris , 164 Ill. 2d 322, 350 (1994); People v. Page , 155 Ill. 2d 232, 283 (1993); People v. Mitchell , 152 Ill. 2d 274, 345-46 (1992); People v. Hampton , 149 Ill. 2d 71, 116-17 (1992)). * * * For the reasons stated, the judgment of the circuit court of Cook County is affirmed.

22
People v. Burgessgreen
ill · 1997 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 1998–1998
2 sentences

1998Our court has repeatedly rejected this contention, however, concluding that the argument “rests on a strained interpretation of the statutory language” (People v. Strickland, 154 Ill. 2d 489, 539 (1992)), and we continue to adhere to that holding (People v. Burgess, 176 Ill. 2d 289, 322 (1997); People v. Harris, 164 Ill. 2d 322, 350 (1994); People v. Page, 155 Ill. 2d 232, 283 (1993); People v. Mitchell, 152 Ill. 2d 274, 345-46 (1992); People v. Hampton, 149 Ill. 2d 71, 116-17 (1992)). * * * For the reasons stated, the judgment of the circuit court of Cook County is affirmed.

1998Our court has repeatedly rejected this contention, however, concluding that the argument “rests on a strained interpretation of the statutory language” ( People v. Strickland , 154 Ill. 2d 489, 539 (1992)), and we continue to adhere to that holding ( People v. Burgess , 176 Ill. 2d 289, 322 (1997); People v. Harris , 164 Ill. 2d 322, 350 (1994); People v. Page , 155 Ill. 2d 232, 283 (1993); People v. Mitchell , 152 Ill. 2d 274, 345-46 (1992); People v. Hampton , 149 Ill. 2d 71, 116-17 (1992)). * * * For the reasons stated, the judgment of the circuit court of Cook County is affirmed.

22
People v. Pagegreen
ill · 1993 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 1998–1998
2 sentences

1998Our court has repeatedly rejected this contention, however, concluding that the argument “rests on a strained interpretation of the statutory language” (People v. Strickland, 154 Ill. 2d 489, 539 (1992)), and we continue to adhere to that holding (People v. Burgess, 176 Ill. 2d 289, 322 (1997); People v. Harris, 164 Ill. 2d 322, 350 (1994); People v. Page, 155 Ill. 2d 232, 283 (1993); People v. Mitchell, 152 Ill. 2d 274, 345-46 (1992); People v. Hampton, 149 Ill. 2d 71, 116-17 (1992)). * * * For the reasons stated, the judgment of the circuit court of Cook County is affirmed.

1998Our court has repeatedly rejected this contention, however, concluding that the argument “rests on a strained interpretation of the statutory language” ( People v. Strickland , 154 Ill. 2d 489, 539 (1992)), and we continue to adhere to that holding ( People v. Burgess , 176 Ill. 2d 289, 322 (1997); People v. Harris , 164 Ill. 2d 322, 350 (1994); People v. Page , 155 Ill. 2d 232, 283 (1993); People v. Mitchell , 152 Ill. 2d 274, 345-46 (1992); People v. Hampton , 149 Ill. 2d 71, 116-17 (1992)). * * * For the reasons stated, the judgment of the circuit court of Cook County is affirmed.

22
People v. Mitchellgreen
ill · 1992 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 1998–1998
2 sentences

1998Our court has repeatedly rejected this contention, however, concluding that the argument “rests on a strained interpretation of the statutory language” (People v. Strickland, 154 Ill. 2d 489, 539 (1992)), and we continue to adhere to that holding (People v. Burgess, 176 Ill. 2d 289, 322 (1997); People v. Harris, 164 Ill. 2d 322, 350 (1994); People v. Page, 155 Ill. 2d 232, 283 (1993); People v. Mitchell, 152 Ill. 2d 274, 345-46 (1992); People v. Hampton, 149 Ill. 2d 71, 116-17 (1992)). * * * For the reasons stated, the judgment of the circuit court of Cook County is affirmed.

1998Our court has repeatedly rejected this contention, however, concluding that the argument “rests on a strained interpretation of the statutory language” ( People v. Strickland , 154 Ill. 2d 489, 539 (1992)), and we continue to adhere to that holding ( People v. Burgess , 176 Ill. 2d 289, 322 (1997); People v. Harris , 164 Ill. 2d 322, 350 (1994); People v. Page , 155 Ill. 2d 232, 283 (1993); People v. Mitchell , 152 Ill. 2d 274, 345-46 (1992); People v. Hampton , 149 Ill. 2d 71, 116-17 (1992)). * * * For the reasons stated, the judgment of the circuit court of Cook County is affirmed.

22
People v. Smithgreen
ill · 2000 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
2 sentences

2011People v. Smith, 191 Ill.2d 408, 411 , 247 Ill.Dec. 458 , 732 N.E.2d 513 (2000).

2011People v. Smith, 191 Ill.2d 408, 411 , 247 Ill.Dec. 458 , 732 N.E.2d 513 (2000).

12
People v. Spreitzergreen
ill · 1988 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025“To show an actual conflict of interest, a defendant must point to ‘ “some specific defect in his counsel’s strategy, tactics, or decision making attributable to [a] conflict.” ’ ” Id. (quoting People v. Morales, 209 Ill. 2d 340, 349 (2004) quoting People v. Spreitzer, 123 Ill. 2d, 1, 18 (1988)). ¶ 16 In People v. Brown, 2017 IL App (3d) 140921 , defendant was convicted of domestic battery and filed a pro se posttrial letter in which he claimed, among other things, that one of his witnesses had not been called to testify.

11
People v. Moralesgreen
ill · 2004 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025“To show an actual conflict of interest, a defendant must point to ‘ “some specific defect in his counsel’s strategy, tactics, or decision making attributable to [a] conflict.” ’ ” Id. (quoting People v. Morales, 209 Ill. 2d 340, 349 (2004) quoting People v. Spreitzer, 123 Ill. 2d, 1, 18 (1988)). ¶ 16 In People v. Brown, 2017 IL App (3d) 140921 , defendant was convicted of domestic battery and filed a pro se posttrial letter in which he claimed, among other things, that one of his witnesses had not been called to testify.

11
People v. Hernandezgreen
ill · 2008 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
2 sentences

2025Here, the defendant asserts that defense counsel labored under an actual conflict of interest at the second amended motion hearing. ¶ 15 A defendant may establish a violation of his right to effective assistance of counsel “by showing an actual conflict of interest that adversely affected his counsel’s performance.” People v. Hernandez, 231 Ill. 2d 134, 144 (2008).

2025“To show an actual conflict of interest, a defendant must point to ‘ “some specific defect in his counsel’s strategy, tactics, or decision making attributable to [a] conflict.” ’ ” Id. (quoting People v. Morales, 209 Ill. 2d 340, 349 (2004) quoting People v. Spreitzer, 123 Ill. 2d, 1, 18 (1988)). ¶ 16 In People v. Brown, 2017 IL App (3d) 140921 , defendant was convicted of domestic battery and filed a pro se posttrial letter in which he claimed, among other things, that one of his witnesses had not been called to testify.

11
People v. Pitsonbargergreen
ill · 2002 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
1 sentence

2023Pitsonbarger, 205 Ill. 2d at 459 (cause and prejudice test is an exception to section 122-3). ¶ 77 Except when a defendant asserts a claim of actual innocence, the Postconviction Act allows circuit courts to grant leave to file a successive postconviction petition “only” if a defendant can satisfy both prongs of this cause and prejudice test. 725 ILCS 5/122-1(f) (West 2018); Davis, 2014 IL 115595, ¶ 14 ; People v. Jackson, 2021 IL 124818, ¶ 27 .

11
People v. Browngreen
ill · 2017 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
1 sentence

2021Where, as here, a defendant asserts a claim of ineffective assistance during the guilty-plea process, defendant must establish that his counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness, and also that “ ‘there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s errors, he would not have pleaded guilty and would have insisted on going to trial.’ ” Brown, 2017 IL 121681, ¶ 26 (quoting Hill, 474 U.S. at 59 ).

11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Illinois. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (21)

CaseCitedYears
People v. Robinson green
ill · 2020
2 sentences

2025Id.

2025Id.

42024–2025
Hill v. Lockhart green
scotus · 1985
2 sentences

2026We reiterate that a guilty-plea defendant “must show that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s errors, he would not have pleaded guilty and would have insisted on going to trial.” Hill, 474 U.S. at 59 .

2021Where, as here, a defendant asserts a claim of ineffective assistance during the guilty-plea process, defendant must establish that his counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness, and also that “ ‘there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s errors, he would not have pleaded guilty and would have insisted on going to trial.’ ” Brown, 2017 IL 121681, ¶ 26 (quoting Hill, 474 U.S. at 59 ).

22021–2026
People v. Montanez green
ill · 2023
2 sentences

2026Id.; People v. Montanez, 2023 IL 128740, ¶ 77 .

2026This is commonly referred to in our jurisprudence as the “cause and prejudice test.” Montanez, 2023 IL 128740, ¶ 76 . ¶ 18 Except when a defendant asserts a claim of actual innocence, the Act permits a trial court to grant leave to file a successive petition only when a defendant has established both prongs of the cause-and-prejudice test.

22026–2026
People v. Edwards green
ill · 2012
2 sentences

2024People v. Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶ 23 , 969 N.E.2d 829 . ¶ 19 A claim of actual innocence based upon newly discovered evidence requires evidence that is “(1) newly discovered, (2) material and not cumulative, and (3) of such conclusive character that it would probably change the result on retrial.” People v. Robinson, 2020 IL 123849, ¶ 47 , 181 N.E.3d 37 .

2024People v. Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶ 23 , 969 N.E.2d 829 . ¶ 38 A claim of actual innocence based upon newly discovered evidence requires evidence that is “(1) newly discovered, (2) material and not cumulative, and (3) of such conclusive character that it would probably change the result on retrial.” People v. Robinson, 2020 IL 123849, ¶ 47 , 181 N.E.3d 37 .

22024–2024
People v. Edwards green
ill · 2012
2 sentences

2024People v. Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶ 23 , 969 N.E.2d 829 . ¶ 19 A claim of actual innocence based upon newly discovered evidence requires evidence that is “(1) newly discovered, (2) material and not cumulative, and (3) of such conclusive character that it would probably change the result on retrial.” People v. Robinson, 2020 IL 123849, ¶ 47 , 181 N.E.3d 37 .

2024People v. Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶ 23 , 969 N.E.2d 829 . ¶ 38 A claim of actual innocence based upon newly discovered evidence requires evidence that is “(1) newly discovered, (2) material and not cumulative, and (3) of such conclusive character that it would probably change the result on retrial.” People v. Robinson, 2020 IL 123849, ¶ 47 , 181 N.E.3d 37 .

22024–2024
People v. Tousignant green
ill · 2014
2 sentences

2015People v. Tousignant, 2014 IL 115329, ¶ 8 .

2015People v. Tousignant, 2014 IL 115329, ¶ 8 .

22015–2015
Oregon v. Kennedy green
scotus · 1982
2 sentences

2010This, we take, as an implicit acknowledgment that the federal standard remains as stated in Oregon v. Kennedy, 456 U.S. 667 , 72 L.

2010This, we take, as an implicit acknowledgment that the federal standard remains as stated in Oregon v. Kennedy, 456 U.S. 667 , 72 L.

22010–2010
People v. Bradley green
illappct · 2002
2 sentences

2004However, because the defendant asserts this claim in the context of a challenge to the effectiveness of his trial counsel, we will examine the record to determine whether there was error; if so, whether the error was plain; and, if so, whether the plain error was "of such a magnitude that the accused was denied a fair trial and remedying the error is necessary to preserve the integrity of the judicial process." People v. Bradley , 336 Ill.

2004However, because the defendant asserts this claim in the context of a challenge to the effectiveness of his trial counsel, we will examine the record to determine whether there was error; if so, whether the error was plain; and, if so, whether the plain error was “of such a magnitude that the accused was denied a fair trial and remedying the error is necessary to preserve the integrity of the judicial process.” People v. Bradley, 336 Ill.

22004–2004
People v. Hodges green
ill · 2009
1 sentence

2026Id. 6 ¶ 19 Unless a defendant asserts a claim of actual innocence (which this defendant did not do, in this instance), a court will grant him leave only if he satisfies the cause-and-prejudice test.

12026–2026
People v. Brown green
illappct · 2017
1 sentence

2025“To show an actual conflict of interest, a defendant must point to ‘ “some specific defect in his counsel’s strategy, tactics, or decision making attributable to [a] conflict.” ’ ” Id. (quoting People v. Morales, 209 Ill. 2d 340, 349 (2004) quoting People v. Spreitzer, 123 Ill. 2d, 1, 18 (1988)). ¶ 16 In People v. Brown, 2017 IL App (3d) 140921 , defendant was convicted of domestic battery and filed a pro se posttrial letter in which he claimed, among other things, that one of his witnesses had not been called to testify.

12025–2025
People v. Jackson green
ill · 2021
1 sentence

2023Pitsonbarger, 205 Ill. 2d at 459 (cause and prejudice test is an exception to section 122-3). ¶ 77 Except when a defendant asserts a claim of actual innocence, the Postconviction Act allows circuit courts to grant leave to file a successive postconviction petition “only” if a defendant can satisfy both prongs of this cause and prejudice test. 725 ILCS 5/122-1(f) (West 2018); Davis, 2014 IL 115595, ¶ 14 ; People v. Jackson, 2021 IL 124818, ¶ 27 .

12023–2023
People v. Davis green
ill · 2014
2 sentences

2023Pitsonbarger, 205 Ill. 2d at 459 (cause and prejudice test is an exception to section 122-3). ¶ 77 Except when a defendant asserts a claim of actual innocence, the Postconviction Act allows circuit courts to grant leave to file a successive postconviction petition “only” if a defendant can satisfy both prongs of this cause and prejudice test. 725 ILCS 5/122-1(f) (West 2018); Davis, 2014 IL 115595, ¶ 14 ; People v. Jackson, 2021 IL 124818, ¶ 27 .

2023“Cause” refers to some objective factor external to the defense that impeded counsel’s efforts to raise the claim in an earlier proceeding; “prejudice” refers to a claimed constitutional error that so infected the entire trial that the resulting conviction or sentence violates due process. 725 ILCS 5/122-1(f) (West 2012); Davis, 2014 IL 115595, ¶ 14 . ¶ 78 The legislature intended for the courts to make cause and prejudice determinations based on the pleadings and not by evidentiary hearings.

12023–2023
Barker v. Wingo green
scotus · 1972
1 sentence

2022Id. (citing Barker, 407 U.S. at 530 ).

12022–2022
Strickland v. Washington green
scotus · 1984
2 sentences

1993(Strickland, 466 U.S. at 692 , 80 L.

1993(Strickland, 466 U.S. at 692 , 80 L.

11993–1993
People v. Richards green
ill · 1980
11990–1990
People v. King green
ill · 1953
11989–1989
People v. Cosby green
illappct · 1985
11989–1989
People v. Harter green
illappct · 1972
11986–1986
Foster v. CHICAGO & N. WEST TRANS. CO. green
ill · 1984
11984–1984
People v. Hobbs green
illappct · 1978
11981–1981
Pullman Co. v. Vinegar Bend Lumber Co. neutral
illappct · 1915
11932–1932

Statutes the citing opinions construe

IL § 725 ILCS 5/122-1 (8) IL § 725 ILCS 5/122-3 (4) IL § 720 ILCS 5/12-4 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

TX 41 (1928–2018) MA 38 (1988–2026) IL 36 (1932–2026) CT 26 (1966–2025) NY 19 (1980–2025) CA 19 (1957–2024) OH 16 (2000–2025) IN 15 (1984–2020) MI 12 (1977–2021) NC 12 (1925–2022) NH 10 (1995–2019) LA 10 (1981–2018) GA 9 (1984–2002) WA 8 (1999–2025) IA 8 (1970–2016) FL 8 (1980–2013) TN 8 (1997–2020) VT 8 (1990–2023) AL 7 (2002–2011) CO 7 (1972–2020) MT 6 (1936–2025) MN 6 (1997–2018) ID 6 (1982–2012) NM 5 (1972–2023) MS 5 (2002–2015) MO 5 (1964–2002) NJ 5 (1951–2023) PA 4 (2016–2025) VA 3 (2006–2016) WI 3 (1978–2025) RI 3 (1981–2009) DC 3 (1975–2016) OR 3 (2003–2012) KS 3 (2000–2026) KY 2 (2000–2015) WV 2 (1982–1984) NE 2 (1953–1988) MD 2 (2012–2017) ND 2 (1982–1985)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

← Caselaw search · G Cite Topics · Brief Check