Maryland rule (District of Columbia) · Go Syfert
← District of Columbia issues

Maryland rule in District of Columbia

31 District of Columbia opinions name it 1 courts 1958–2022 1 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by District of Columbia courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (31)

CaseFollowedCited
Getson v. WM BANCORPgreen
md · 1997 · cited in 2 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
2 sentences

2017Applying the Maryland factors, in Getson the Maryland Court of Appeals provided as an example of the proper consideration of disability a workplace injury suffered by a freight checker and a pianist that results in amputation of both thumbs — a schedule award under both the Maryland and District of Columbia workers’ compensation acts — that would yield significantly different disability ratings depending on the ability to return to “pre-accident duties ... [notwithstanding the similarity of the injuries. ...” Getson, 694 A.2d at 968 (internal quotation marks omitted).

2017Applying the Maryland factors, in Getson the Maryland Court of Appeals provided as an example of the proper consideration of disability a workplace injury suffered by a freight checker and a pianist that results in amputation of both thumbs — a schedule award under both the Maryland and District of Columbia workers’ compensation acts — that would yield significantly different disability ratings depending on the ability to return to “pre-accident duties ... [notwithstanding the similarity of the injuries. ...” Getson, 694 A.2d at 968 (internal quotation marks omitted).

22
M.C. DEAN, INC. v. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA DEPARTMENT OF EMPLOYMENT SERVICES, & ANTHONY LAWSON, Intervenorgreen
dc · 2016 · cited in 2 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
2 sentences

2017Dean, Inc. v. District of Columbia Dep’t of Emp’t Servs., 146 A.3d 67, 77 (D.C. 2016) (citing Smith, 548 A.2d at 100 , and Upchurch, 783 A.2d at 627 ).

2017Dean, Inc. v. District of Columbia Dep’t of Emp’t Servs., 146 A.3d 67, 77 (D.C. 2016) (citing Smith, 548 A.2d at 100 , and Upchurch, 783 A.2d at 627 ), Using evidence of actual wages in applying the statutory factors to determine a claimant’s disability percentage for a schedule award furthers the legislative objective of compensating claimants for the economic harm of loss of wage-earning capacity.

22
Burger & Burger, Inc. v. Murrengreen
conn · 1987 · cited in 2 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 1993–1993
2 sentences

1993The Supreme Court of Connecticut, in Burger & Burger, Inc. v. Murren, 202 Conn. 660, 668-669 , 522 A.2d 812, 816 (1987), citing inter alia Justice Brennan’s concurring opinion, hinted that it might adopt a rule similar to the Maryland rule, but it did not do so in Burger & Burger and, to our knowledge, has not yet done so. .Accord, Burger & Burger, Inc. v. Murren, supra note 9, 202 Conn, at 668, 522 A.2d at 816 ("Demonstrating that the outcome of a trial has been affected by an erroneous disqualification of counsel rather than by the other 'myriad variables present in civil litigation’ concede

1993The Supreme Court of Connecticut, in Burger & Burger, Inc. v. Murren, 202 Conn. 660, 668-669 , 522 A.2d 812, 816 (1987), citing inter alia Justice Brennan’s concurring opinion, hinted that it might adopt a rule similar to the Maryland rule, but it did not do so in Burger & Burger and, to our knowledge, has not yet done so. .Accord, Burger & Burger, Inc. v. Murren, supra note 9, 202 Conn, at 668, 522 A.2d at 816 ("Demonstrating that the outcome of a trial has been affected by an erroneous disqualification of counsel rather than by the other 'myriad variables present in civil litigation’ concede

22
Richardson-Merrell Inc. v. Koller Ex Rel. Kollergreen
scotus · 1985 · cited in 2 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 1993–1993
2 sentences

1993The Supreme Court of Connecticut, in Burger & Burger, Inc. v. Murren, 202 Conn. 660, 668-669 , 522 A.2d 812, 816 (1987), citing inter alia Justice Brennan's concurring opinion, hinted that it might adopt a rule similar to the Maryland rule, but it did not do so in Burter & Burger and, to our knowledge, has not yet done so. [10] Accord, Burger & Burger, Inc. v. Murren, supra note 9, 202 Conn. at 668 , 522 A.2d at 816 ("Demonstrating that the outcome of a trial has been affected by an erroneous disqualification of counsel rather than by the other `myriad variables present in civil litigation' co

1993The Supreme Court of Connecticut, in Burger & Burger, Inc. v. Murren, 202 Conn. 660, 668-669 , 522 A.2d 812, 816 (1987), citing inter alia Justice Brennan's concurring opinion, hinted that it might adopt a rule similar to the Maryland rule, but it did not do so in Burter & Burger and, to our knowledge, has not yet done so. [10] Accord, Burger & Burger, Inc. v. Murren, supra note 9, 202 Conn. at 668 , 522 A.2d at 816 ("Demonstrating that the outcome of a trial has been affected by an erroneous disqualification of counsel rather than by the other `myriad variables present in civil litigation' co

22
United States v. Coresgreen
scotus · 1958 · cited in 2 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 1978–1978
2 sentences

1978See id. at 407 , 78 S.Ct. 875 ; United States v. Johnson, 323 U.S. 273, 275 , 65 S.Ct. 249 , 89 L.Ed. 236 (1944). 6 In applying these considerations to the circumstances of this case, we conclude that fundamental fairness does not dictate a Maryland hearing (conducted by Maryland authorities under Maryland law).

1978See id. at 407 , 78 S.Ct. 875 ; United States v. Johnson, 323 U.S. 273, 275 , 65 S.Ct. 249 , 89 L.Ed. 236 (1944). 6 In applying these considerations to the circumstances of this case, we conclude that fundamental fairness does not dictate a Maryland hearing (conducted by Maryland authorities under Maryland law).

22
In Re Gilbertgreen
dc · 1988 · cited in 3 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 1989–2005
2 sentences

2005See, e.g., In re Regent, 741 A.2d 40, 41 (D.C.1999) (imposing reciprocal disbarment for making material misrepresentation's on application for admission to Hawaii bar); In re Webster, 661 A.2d. 144, 150 (D.C.1995) (imposing reciprocal disbarment for “manipulating] the flow of information between the District of Columbia, Florida, and Palau in order to practice law”); In re Gilbert, 538 A.2d 742, 746 (D.C.1988) (imposing reciprocal disbarment for intentional non-disclosure *643 of material information during the process for admission to the Maryland bar); see also Carver v. Clephane, 78 U.S.App

1989In Gilbert, supra, respondent was disbarred in the District of Columbia for failing to disclose on a Maryland bar application that he had been involved in a former lawsuit denying his claim for life insurance under his wife’s policy, on grounds that he intentionally caused her death in order to obtain the proceeds from the policy.

13
Matter of Rosengreen
dc · 1989 · cited in 2 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 1995–1997
2 sentences

1997The Court cited In re Rosen, 570 A.2d 728 (D.C.1989), in which it ordered a nine-month suspension on a finding of reckless misrepresentation on an application for admission to the Maryland bar.

1995See In re Rosen, supra, 570 A.2d at 729 . 14 .Ten years before applying for membership in the Maryland bar, Gilbert had been a plaintiff in a civil suit against an insurance company in which he attempted to recover proceeds from his deceased wife’s life insurance policies.

12
In re Stephen T.Yelvertongreen
dc · 2014 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
1 sentence

2022Conduct 3.1, the analogue to Maryland’s rule); In re Yelverton, 105 A.3d 413, 428-29 (D.C. 2014) (issuing a 30-day suspension with a fitness requirement for reinstatement for violating D.C.

11
In re N.R.green
dc · 2012 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
2 sentences

2016See Bowles, supra, 121 A.3d at 1269–70 (remanding where disability award could not be derived from summation of the possible evidence: ―No combination of 7%, 8%, and 5% add[s] 25 up to just 10%‖); Jones, supra, 41 A.3d at 1226 (remanding for additional findings where the basis for a 7% disability award ―and not, for example, 1%, 10% or 30% — is a complete mystery‖).

2016See Bowles, supra, 121 A.3d at 1269–70 (remanding where disability award could not be derived from summation of the possible evidence: ―No combination of 7%, 8%, and 5% add[s] 25 up to just 10%‖); Jones, supra, 41 A.3d at 1226 (remanding for additional findings where the basis for a 7% disability award ―and not, for example, 1%, 10% or 30% — is a complete mystery‖).

11
Vernice Bowles v. District of Columbia Department of Employment Servicesgreen
dc · 2015 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
2 sentences

2016See Bowles, supra, 121 A.3d at 1269–70 (remanding where disability award could not be derived from summation of the possible evidence: ―No combination of 7%, 8%, and 5% add[s] 25 up to just 10%‖); Jones, supra, 41 A.3d at 1226 (remanding for additional findings where the basis for a 7% disability award ―and not, for example, 1%, 10% or 30% — is a complete mystery‖).

2016See Bowles, supra, 121 A.3d at 1269–70 (remanding where disability award could not be derived from summation of the possible evidence: ―No combination of 7%, 8%, and 5% add[s] 25 up to just 10%‖); Jones, supra, 41 A.3d at 1226 (remanding for additional findings where the basis for a 7% disability award ―and not, for example, 1%, 10% or 30% — is a complete mystery‖).

11
In Re Penningtongreen
dc · 2007 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
1 sentence

2007Cf. In re Pennington, 921 A.2d 135, 140-41 (D.C.2007) (noting the "important difference” between Maryland’s standard regarding “how mitigating or extenuating circumstances will be considered” in cases of intentional dishonesty of any type, and this jurisdiction's standard). 18 .

11
In Re Stanbackgreen
dc · 1996 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
1 sentence

2007Board Report at 12 (quoting from In re Stanback, 681 A.2d 1109, 1115 (D.C.1996)).

11
In Re Templegreen
dc · 1991 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
2 sentences

2007Id. (citing Kersey, 520 A.2d at 327 n. 16); see also Temple, 596 A.2d at 590 (explaining that “there must be a close nexus between the misconduct and the mitigating factor proffered, whether alcoholism, drug addiction or mental illness,” and holding that this test was met even though Temple “was able to manage an appearance of normalcy in his law practice”). 16 *424 We conclude that Maryland’s Vander-linde standard is substantially different (not merely “somewhat different”) from our Kersey standard. 17 The Maryland standard sets a substantially higher bar and will require an unmitigated sanct

2007Id. (citing Kersey, 520 A.2d at 327 n. 16); see also Temple, 596 A.2d at 590 (explaining that “there must be a close nexus between the misconduct and the mitigating factor proffered, whether alcoholism, drug addiction or mental illness,” and holding that this test was met even though Temple “was able to manage an appearance of normalcy in his law practice”). 16 *424 We conclude that Maryland’s Vander-linde standard is substantially different (not merely “somewhat different”) from our Kersey standard. 17 The Maryland standard sets a substantially higher bar and will require an unmitigated sanct

11
In Re Regentgreen
dc · 1999 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
1 sentence

2005See, e.g., In re Regent, 741 A.2d 40, 41 (D.C.1999) (imposing reciprocal disbarment for making material misrepresentation's on application for admission to Hawaii bar); In re Webster, 661 A.2d. 144, 150 (D.C.1995) (imposing reciprocal disbarment for “manipulating] the flow of information between the District of Columbia, Florida, and Palau in order to practice law”); In re Gilbert, 538 A.2d 742, 746 (D.C.1988) (imposing reciprocal disbarment for intentional non-disclosure *643 of material information during the process for admission to the Maryland bar); see also Carver v. Clephane, 78 U.S.App

11
In Re Webstergreen
dc · 1995 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
1 sentence

2005See, e.g., In re Regent, 741 A.2d 40, 41 (D.C.1999) (imposing reciprocal disbarment for making material misrepresentation's on application for admission to Hawaii bar); In re Webster, 661 A.2d. 144, 150 (D.C.1995) (imposing reciprocal disbarment for “manipulating] the flow of information between the District of Columbia, Florida, and Palau in order to practice law”); In re Gilbert, 538 A.2d 742, 746 (D.C.1988) (imposing reciprocal disbarment for intentional non-disclosure *643 of material information during the process for admission to the Maryland bar); see also Carver v. Clephane, 78 U.S.App

11
In Re Powellgreen
dc · 1994 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
1 sentence

2005In re Berger, 737 A.2d 1033, 1039 n. 10 (D.C.1999) (quoting In re Powell, 646 A.2d 340, 342 (D.C.1994)). 7 .Although Mr. Hines could have sought readmission to the Maryland bar as of May 16, 2002, he did not. 8 .

11
Carver v. Clephanegreen
cadc · 1943 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
1 sentence

2005D.C. 91, 92, 137 F.2d 685, 686 (1943) (“appellant’s lack of candor in his repeated applications for admission to the bar is reason enough for his exclusion”).

11
West v. Stategreen
md · 2002 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
2 sentences

2004Furthermore, even if we were so inclined, we are *611 not free to adopt the Maryland rule that the crime "may be prosecuted only in a jurisdiction where the essential or key element takes place [a forced sexual act in this case],” id. at 1283, since such a ruling would disregard another panel's decision.

2004Furthermore, even if we were so inclined, we are *611 not free to adopt the Maryland rule that the crime "may be prosecuted only in a jurisdiction where the essential or key element takes place [a forced sexual act in this case],” id. at 1283, since such a ruling would disregard another panel's decision.

11
M. A. P. v. Ryangreen
dc · 1971 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
2 sentences

2004See M.A.P. v. Ryan, 285 A.2d 310 (D.C.1971). 7 .

2004See M.A.P. v. Ryan, 285 A.2d 310 (D.C.1971). 7 .

11
Smith v. Alder Branch Realty Ltd. Partnershipgreen
dc · 1996 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 2003–2003
1 sentence

2003Other cases, too, ruling a forum inconvenient are similarly distinguishable. 12 The present case, rather, as to private factors, is akin to Smith v. Alder Branch Realty, 684 A.2d 1284, 1288 (D.C.1996), where we affirmed denial of an inconvenient forum motion primarily because of the defendants’ substantial business in the District of Columbia.

11
George v. Dadegreen
dc · 2001 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002
11
Swigert v. Welkgreen
md · 1957 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
11
Mozie v. Sears Roebuck and Co.green
dc · 1993 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
11
Berg v. Footergreen
dc · 1996 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
11
Rajnic v. Stategreen
mdctspecapp · 1995 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 1998–1998
11
ATTORNEY GRIEV. COMM'N OF MARYLAND OF MARYLAND v. Owrutskygreen
md · 1991 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 1996–1996
11
Casper v. Chas. F. Smith & Son, Inc.green
mdctspecapp · 1987 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 1995–1995
11
In Re Application of G. L. S.green
md · 1982 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 1988–1988
11
Read v. Saccogreen
nyappdiv · 1975 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 1978–1978
11
Galusca v. Doddgreen
md · 1948 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 1978–1978
11
State, Use of Taylor v. Barllygreen
md · 1958 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 1969–1969
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in District of Columbia. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (20)

CaseCitedYears
Smith v. District of Columbia Department of Employment Services green
dc · 1988
2 sentences

2017Dean, Inc. v. District of Columbia Dep’t of Emp’t Servs., 146 A.3d 67, 77 (D.C. 2016) (citing Smith, 548 A.2d at 100 , and Upchurch, 783 A.2d at 627 ).

2017Dean, Inc. v. District of Columbia Dep’t of Emp’t Servs., 146 A.3d 67, 77 (D.C. 2016) (citing Smith, 548 A.2d at 100 , and Upchurch, 783 A.2d at 627 ), Using evidence of actual wages in applying the statutory factors to determine a claimant’s disability percentage for a schedule award furthers the legislative objective of compensating claimants for the economic harm of loss of wage-earning capacity.

22017–2017
Upchurch v. District of Columbia Department of Employment Services green
dc · 2001
2 sentences

2017Dean, Inc. v. District of Columbia Dep’t of Emp’t Servs., 146 A.3d 67, 77 (D.C. 2016) (citing Smith, 548 A.2d at 100 , and Upchurch, 783 A.2d at 627 ).

2017Dean, Inc. v. District of Columbia Dep’t of Emp’t Servs., 146 A.3d 67, 77 (D.C. 2016) (citing Smith, 548 A.2d at 100 , and Upchurch, 783 A.2d at 627 ), Using evidence of actual wages in applying the statutory factors to determine a claimant’s disability percentage for a schedule award furthers the legislative objective of compensating claimants for the economic harm of loss of wage-earning capacity.

22017–2017
United States v. Johnson green
scotus · 1944
2 sentences

1978See id. at 407 , 78 S.Ct. 875 ; United States v. Johnson, 323 U.S. 273, 275 , 65 S.Ct. 249 , 89 L.Ed. 236 (1944). 6 In applying these considerations to the circumstances of this case, we conclude that fundamental fairness does not dictate a Maryland hearing (conducted by Maryland authorities under Maryland law).

1978See id. at 407 , 78 S.Ct. 875 ; United States v. Johnson, 323 U.S. 273, 275 , 65 S.Ct. 249 , 89 L.Ed. 236 (1944). 6 In applying these considerations to the circumstances of this case, we conclude that fundamental fairness does not dictate a Maryland hearing (conducted by Maryland authorities under Maryland law).

21978–1978
United States v. Gonzalez-Lopez green
scotus · 2006
1 sentence

2010This does not appear to have been a factor in the court’s disqualification ruling, however; therefore, we need not discuss it further. 5 .But see id. at 151, 126 S.Ct. 2557 ("[T]he right to counsel of choice does not extend to defendants who require counsel to be appointed for them”). 6 .

12010–2010
In Re Reback green
dc · 1986
2 sentences

2009We do, however, agree with Bar Counsel that respondent’s statement in his brief to this court that "no appeal ... was filed, as instructed by Respondent’s client” misses the points (as found by the Maryland hearing court) that the client said that he did not want to appeal the [state court] case "because he did not want to incur additional fees and expenses” and that respondent "never communicated to the client the firm’s subsequent decision to offer him a modified fee arrangement if he chose to pursue an appeal.” Guberman, supra, 896 A.2d at 339 . 12 .We reiterate that "pi]onesty is basic to

2009We do, however, agree with Bar Counsel that respondent’s statement in his brief to this court that "no appeal ... was filed, as instructed by Respondent’s client” misses the points (as found by the Maryland hearing court) that the client said that he did not want to appeal the [state court] case "because he did not want to incur additional fees and expenses” and that respondent "never communicated to the client the firm’s subsequent decision to offer him a modified fee arrangement if he chose to pursue an appeal.” Guberman, supra, 896 A.2d at 339 . 12 .We reiterate that "pi]onesty is basic to

12009–2009
Attorney Grievance Commission v. Guberman green
md · 2006
2 sentences

2009We do, however, agree with Bar Counsel that respondent’s statement in his brief to this court that "no appeal ... was filed, as instructed by Respondent’s client” misses the points (as found by the Maryland hearing court) that the client said that he did not want to appeal the [state court] case "because he did not want to incur additional fees and expenses” and that respondent "never communicated to the client the firm’s subsequent decision to offer him a modified fee arrangement if he chose to pursue an appeal.” Guberman, supra, 896 A.2d at 339 . 12 .We reiterate that "pi]onesty is basic to

2009We do, however, agree with Bar Counsel that respondent’s statement in his brief to this court that "no appeal ... was filed, as instructed by Respondent’s client” misses the points (as found by the Maryland hearing court) that the client said that he did not want to appeal the [state court] case "because he did not want to incur additional fees and expenses” and that respondent "never communicated to the client the firm’s subsequent decision to offer him a modified fee arrangement if he chose to pursue an appeal.” Guberman, supra, 896 A.2d at 339 . 12 .We reiterate that "pi]onesty is basic to

12009–2009
In Re Drury green
dc · 1994
1 sentence

2007As codified, section 11(f)(2) refers to "subsection (b)” rather than “subsection (c),” but "we have recognized that this section of the revised rule is intended to refer to subsection (c).” In re Drury, 638 A.2d 60 , 62 n. 7 (D.C. 1994). 19 .

12007–2007
In Re Berger green
dc · 1999
1 sentence

2005In re Berger, 737 A.2d 1033, 1039 n. 10 (D.C.1999) (quoting In re Powell, 646 A.2d 340, 342 (D.C.1994)). 7 .Although Mr. Hines could have sought readmission to the Maryland bar as of May 16, 2002, he did not. 8 .

12005–2005
Hall v. Spurlock green
kyctapphigh · 1957
1 sentence

2004The DOES Director reviewed and affirmed the Compensation Order, reasoning: “To allow the Carrier [Hartford] to avoid paying workers’ compensation benefits to the claimant [Stevenson] would work an undue, and unfair hardship upon the claimant and contravene the humanitarian purposes of the Act where doubts are resolved in favor of the injured worker.” The Director, citing to Hall v. Spurlock, 310 S.W.2d 259 (Ky.Ct.App.1957), concluded, “[G]iven the circumstances of this case, the Carrier is estopped from denying coverage.” 3 We conclude that the Director committed reversible error.

12004–2004
Ussery v. Kaiser Foundation Health Plan of the Mid-Atlantic States, Inc. green
dc · 1994
1 sentence

2003Health Plan, 647 A.2d 778 (D.C.1994), where the patient’s employment and the medical defendant’s corporate status were the only significant District of Columbia connections while 88% of its business was in other jurisdictions, 11 and where the defendant would have been prejudiced in a District of Columbia forum by its inability to implead a third-party Maryland defendant.

12003–2003
District of Columbia v. Coleman green
dc · 1995
12001–2001
Casper v. Charles F. Smith & Son, Inc. green
md · 1989
11995–1995
In Re Kennedy green
dc · 1992
11994–1994
Stefan v. Chrysler Corp. green
mdd · 1979
11987–1987
United States v. English green
ca4 · 1980
11987–1987
Ralkey v. Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing Co. green
mdctspecapp · 1985
11987–1987
Ross v. Hartman green
cadc · 1943
11967–1967
McMullen v. United States green
scotus · 1944
11967–1967
National Surety Corp. v. Provident Trust Co. green
scotus · 1944
11967–1967
Schwartzman v. Schwartzman green
md · 1976
11958–1958

Statutes the citing opinions construe

DC § D.C. Code § 32-1501 (3) DC § D.C. Code § 32-1508 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

MD 294 (1912–2025) DC 31 (1958–2022) TX 14 (1930–2022) DE 7 (1970–1983) AL 7 (1930–2005) MI 6 (2022–2022) OH 5 (1967–2000) NY 4 (1954–2012) PA 4 (1965–1983) TN 4 (2004–2019) CA 3 (1978–1990) NV 3 (2018–2018) IL 3 (1978–2015) MN 3 (1896–1986) NM 3 (1937–1994) VA 3 (1989–2012) MS 3 (2000–2005) LA 2 (2011–2013) NJ 2 (1932–1989) IA 2 (1911–1990) AZ 2 (1931–2025) NC 2 (1995–2004) KY 2 (2005–2022) NE 2 (1935–2005) SC 2 (1988–2004) IN 2 (1938–1995) KS 2 (2016–2018)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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