inappropriateness standard (Indiana) · Go Syfert
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inappropriateness standard in Indiana

188 Indiana opinions name it 2 courts 2007–2026 4 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Indiana courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (30)

CaseFollowedCited
Childress v. Stategreen
ind · 2006 · cited in 78 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2007–2025
2 sentences

2025It is the defendant’s burden to prove that “his or her sentence has met the inappropriateness standard of review.” Cramer, 240 N.E.3d at 698 (cleaned up) (quoting Childress v. State, 848 N.E.2d 1073, 1080 (Ind. 2006)).

2020See Childress v. State, 848 N.E.2d 1073, 1080 (Ind. 2006) (“defendant must persuade the appellate court that his or her sentence has met this inappropriateness standard of review”). [17] When considering the nature of the offense, we start by looking at the advisory sentence to determine the appropriateness of a sentence.

6978
Anglemyer v. Stategreen
ind · 2007 · cited in 57 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2007–2020
2 sentences

2018The appellant bears the burden of “persuad[ing] the appellate court that his or her sentence has met this inappropriateness standard of review.” Kimbrough v. State, 979 N.E.2d 625, 630 (Ind. 2012) (quoting Childress v. State, 848 N.E.2d 1073, 1080 (Ind. 2006)). [28] The advisory sentence is only “the starting point the Legislature has selected as an appropriate sentence for the crime committed.” Anglemyer, 868 N.E.2d at 494 .

2018Anglemyer v. State, 868 N.E.2d 482, 491 (Ind. 2007), clarified on reh’g, 875 N.E.2d 218 (2007). [33] Streete has not carried his burden of persuading this Court that his sentence has met the inappropriateness standard of review.

3857
Roush v. Stategreen
indctapp · 2007 · cited in 32 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2014–2018
2 sentences

2018Roush v. State, 875 N.E.2d 801, 812 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007).

2017The “defendant must persuade the appellate court that his or Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 09A04-1703-CR-642 | August 25, 2017 Page 5 of 6 her sentence has met the inappropriateness standard of review.” Roush, 875 N.E.2d at 812 . [10] Looking first at the nature of the offense, we see that Walts lured his intended victim to the bar, pointed his gun at the bartender and threatened to kill her, threatened to kill two patrons of the bar if they called police, repeatedly threatened to kill Smith as he chased him, gun in hand, and told the arresting officer that he would kill Sm

3032
Cardwell v. Stategreen
ind · 2008 · cited in 25 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2009–2026
2 sentences

2017“A defendant must persuade the appellate court that his or her sentence has met this inappropriateness standard of review.” Childress v. State, 848 N.E.2d 1073, 1080 (Ind. 2006). [10] The principal role of Rule 7(B) review “should be to attempt to leaven the outliers, and identify some guiding principles for trial courts and those charged with improvement of the sentencing statutes, but not to achieve a perceived ‘correct’ result in each case.” Cardwell v. State, 895 N.E.2d 1219, 1225 (Ind. 2008).

2016Cardwell, 895 N.E.2d at 1225 . [19] In reviewing an inappropriateness challenge, the central inquiry is *407 not whether one sentence is more appropriate than- another, but rather whether the sentence in the challenged case is inappropriate.

2425
William Bowman v. State of Indianagreen
ind · 2016 · cited in 17 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2017–2020
2 sentences

2020Bowman v. State, 51 N.E.3d 1174, 1181 (Ind. 2016). 4 4 We note that Butler incorrectly relies on Gibson v. State, 856 N.E.2d 142, 147 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006), which was decided while transfer was pending in Anglemyer.

2020Bowman v. State, 51 N.E.3d 1174, 1181 (Ind. 2016). [14] In considering the nature of Bellamy’s offenses, “the advisory sentence is the starting point the Legislature has selected as an appropriate sentence.” Green v. State, 65 N.E.3d 620, 637-38 (Ind. Ct. App. 2016), trans. denied (2017).

1717
Danielle Green v. State of Indianagreen
indctapp · 2016 · cited in 10 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2018–2020
2 sentences

2020Bowman v. State, 51 N.E.3d 1174, 1181 (Ind. 2016). [14] In considering the nature of Bellamy’s offenses, “the advisory sentence is the starting point the Legislature has selected as an appropriate sentence.” Green v. State, 65 N.E.3d 620, 637-38 (Ind. Ct. App. 2016), trans. denied (2017).

2019Bowman v. State, 51 N.E.3d 1174, 1181 (Ind. 2016). [20] In considering the nature of Haynes’s offense, “the advisory sentence is the starting point the Legislature has selected as an appropriate sentence.” Green v. State, 65 N.E.3d 620, 637-38 (Ind. Ct. App. 2016), trans. denied (2017).

1010
Charles Stephenson v. State of Indianagreen
ind · 2015 · cited in 4 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2025–2026
2 sentences

2026And because sentencing “‘is principally a discretionary function in which the trial court’s judgment should receive considerable deference,’” a trial court’s sentencing decision will generally prevail “unless overcome by compelling evidence portraying in a positive light the nature of the offense . . . and the defendant’s character.” Id. (alteration omitted) (quoting Stephenson v. State, 29 N.E.3d 111, 122 (Ind. 2015)). [13] In reviewing the defendant’s sentence, “we are not limited to the mitigators and aggravators found by the trial court,” Brown v. State, 10 N.E.3d 1, 4 (Ind. 2014), and we

2025And because sentencing “‘is principally a discretionary function in which the trial court’s judgment should receive considerable deference,’ a trial court’s sentencing decision will generally prevail ‘unless overcome by compelling evidence portraying in a positive light the nature of the offense . . . and the defendant’s character . . . .’” Id. (alteration omitted) (quoting Stephenson v. State, 29 N.E.3d 111, 122 (Ind. 2015)). [19] In reviewing the defendant’s sentence, “we are not limited to the mitigators and aggravators found by the trial court,” Brown v. State, 10 N.E.3d 1, 4 (Ind. 2014),

44
Ronnie Jamel Rice v. State of Indianagreen
ind · 2014 · cited in 6 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2014–2019
2 sentences

2016On appeal, the “defendant must persuade the appellate court that his or her sentence has met the inappropriateness standard of review.” Rice v. State, 6 N.E.3d 940, 946 (Ind. 2014). [8] In evaluating “the nature of the offense, the advisory sentence is the starting point the Legislature has selected as an appropriate sentence for the crime committed.” Abbott v. State, 961 N.E.2d 1016, 1019 (Ind. 2012).

2016Our posture on appeal is again deferential: “A defendant must persuade the appellate court that his or her sentence has met the inappropriateness standard of review.” Rice v. State, 6 N.E.3d 940, 946 (Ind.2014). “[Regarding the nature of the offense, the advisory sentence is the starting point the Legislature has selected as an appropriate sentence for the crime committed.” Anglemyer v. State, 868 N.E.2d 482, 494 (Ind.), decision clarified on reh’g, 875 N.E.2d 218 (Ind.2007).

36
Martez Brown v. State of Indianagreen
ind · 2014 · cited in 3 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2025–2026
2 sentences

2026And because sentencing “‘is principally a discretionary function in which the trial court’s judgment should receive considerable deference,’” a trial court’s sentencing decision will generally prevail “unless overcome by compelling evidence portraying in a positive light the nature of the offense . . . and the defendant’s character.” Id. (alteration omitted) (quoting Stephenson v. State, 29 N.E.3d 111, 122 (Ind. 2015)). [13] In reviewing the defendant’s sentence, “we are not limited to the mitigators and aggravators found by the trial court,” Brown v. State, 10 N.E.3d 1, 4 (Ind. 2014), and we

2025And because sentencing “‘is principally a discretionary function in which the trial court’s judgment should receive considerable deference,’ a trial court’s sentencing decision will generally prevail ‘unless overcome by compelling evidence portraying in a positive light the nature of the offense . . . and the defendant’s character . . . .’” Id. (alteration omitted) (quoting Stephenson v. State, 29 N.E.3d 111, 122 (Ind. 2015)). [19] In reviewing the defendant’s sentence, “we are not limited to the mitigators and aggravators found by the trial court,” Brown v. State, 10 N.E.3d 1, 4 (Ind. 2014),

33
John Kimbrough, III v. State of Indianagreen
ind · 2012 · cited in 3 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2016–2020
2 sentences

2020A few years later, however, we clarified that a request under Appellate Rule 7(B) to “revise a lawfully entered sentence” requires that outside of capital cases the defendant “persuade the appellate court that his or her sentence has met this inappropriateness standard of review.” Kimbrough v. State, 979 N.E.2d 625, 630 (Ind. 2012) (citing Childress v. State, 848 N.E.2d 1073, 1080 (Ind. 2006)) (quotations omitted).

2018The appellant bears the burden of “persuad[ing] the appellate court that his or her sentence has met this inappropriateness standard of review.” Kimbrough v. State, 979 N.E.2d 625, 630 (Ind. 2012) (quoting Childress v. State, 848 N.E.2d 1073, 1080 (Ind. 2006)). [28] The advisory sentence is only “the starting point the Legislature has selected as an appropriate sentence for the crime committed.” Anglemyer, 868 N.E.2d at 494 .

33
King v. Stategreen
indctapp · 2008 · cited in 3 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2016–2019
2 sentences

2019“Of course a defendant must persuade the appellate court that his or her sentence has met this inappropriateness standard of review.” Childress v. State, 848 N.E.2d 1073, 1080 (Ind. 2006). [45] Under Appellate Rule 7(B), the question is “not whether another sentence is more appropriate” but rather “whether the sentence imposed is inappropriate.” King v. State, 894 N.E.2d 265, 268 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008).

2019“Of course a defendant must persuade the appellate court that his or her sentence has met this inappropriateness standard of review.” Childress v. State, 848 N.E.2d 1073, 1080 (Ind. 2006). [31] Under Appellate Rule 7(B), the question is “not whether another sentence is more appropriate” but rather “whether the sentence imposed is inappropriate.” King v. State, 894 N.E.2d 265, 268 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008).

33
Jacob Fuller v.State of Indianagreen
ind · 2014 · cited in 3 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
2 sentences

2017Anglemyer v. State, 868 N.E.2d 482, 490 (Ind. 2007), clarified on reh’g, 875 N.E.2d 218 . [9] In considering the nature of Price’s offenses, “the advisory sentence is the starting point the Legislature selected as appropriate for the crime committed.” Fuller v. State, 9 N.E.3d 653, 657 (Ind. 2014).

2017Anglemyer v. State, 868 N.E.2d 482, 490 (Ind. 2007), clarified on reh’g, 875 N.E.2d 218 . [18] In considering the nature of Littlejohn’s offenses, “the advisory sentence is the starting point the Legislature selected as appropriate for the crime committed.” Fuller v. State, 9 N.E.3d 653, 657 (Ind. 2014).

33
Thacker v. Wentzelgreen
indctapp · 2003 · cited in 2 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2019–2020
2 sentences

2020See Thacker v. Wentzel, 797 N.E.2d 342, 345 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003) (noting Court’s preference for deciding cases on their merits). [8] Although a trial court may have acted within its lawful discretion in imposing a sentence, article VII, sections 4 and 6 of the Indiana Constitution authorize independent appellate review and revision of sentences through Indiana Appellate Rule 7(B), which provides that we may revise a sentence authorized by statute if, after due consideration of the trial court’s decision, we determine that the sentence is inappropriate in light of the nature of the offense and

2019See Thacker v. Wentzel, 797 N.E.2d 342, 345 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003) (noting Court’s preference for deciding cases on their merits). [13] Although a trial court may have acted within its lawful discretion in imposing a sentence, article VII, sections 4 and 6 of the Indiana Constitution authorize independent appellate review and revision of sentences through Indiana Appellate Rule 7(B), which provides that we may revise a sentence authorized by statute if, after due consideration of the trial court’s decision, we determine that the sentence is inappropriate in light of the nature of the offense and

22
Jesus S. Gil v. State of Indianagreen
indctapp · 2013 · cited in 2 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
2 sentences

2016Rather, I would follow Childress, Ford, Anderson, Simmons, Williams, and the substantial number of similar cases that hold that it is an appellant’s burden to demonstrate that his sentence has met the inappropriateness standard of review as defined in the Rule. 5 As Sorrell did not argue that his sentence is inappropriate in light of both the nature of his offense and his character, I would hold that he forfeited our review of his sentence under Indiana Appellate Rule 7(B). 5 Other published opinions that acknowledge this proposition include the following: Swallow v. State, 19 N.E.3d 396 , 402

2016Rather, I would follow Childress, Ford, Anderson, Simmons, Williams, and the substantial number of similar cases that hold that it Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 03A05-1511-CR-1893 | August 2, 2016 Page 19 of 20 is an appellant’s burden to demonstrate that his sentence has met the inappropriateness standard of review as defined in the Rule. 8 As Connor did not argue that his sentence is inappropriate in light of both the nature of his offense and his character, I would hold that he forfeited our review of his sentence under Indiana Appellate Rule 7(B). 8 Other published opinions that ac

22
James Lee Paul v. State of Indianagreen
indctapp · 2012 · cited in 2 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
2 sentences

2016Rather, I would follow Childress, Ford, Anderson, Simmons, Williams, and the substantial number of similar cases that hold that it is an appellant’s burden to demonstrate that his sentence has met the inappropriateness standard of review as defined in the Rule. 5 As Sorrell did not argue that his sentence is inappropriate in light of both the nature of his offense and his character, I would hold that he forfeited our review of his sentence under Indiana Appellate Rule 7(B). 5 Other published opinions that acknowledge this proposition include the following: Swallow v. State, 19 N.E.3d 396 , 402

2016Rather, I would follow Childress, Ford, Anderson, Simmons, Williams, and the substantial number of similar cases that hold that it Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 03A05-1511-CR-1893 | August 2, 2016 Page 19 of 20 is an appellant’s burden to demonstrate that his sentence has met the inappropriateness standard of review as defined in the Rule. 8 As Connor did not argue that his sentence is inappropriate in light of both the nature of his offense and his character, I would hold that he forfeited our review of his sentence under Indiana Appellate Rule 7(B). 8 Other published opinions that ac

22
Rolando Miguel-Gaspar Mateo v. State of Indianagreen
indctapp · 2012 · cited in 2 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
2 sentences

2016Rather, I would follow Childress, Ford, Anderson, Simmons, Williams, and the substantial number of similar cases that hold that it is an appellant’s burden to demonstrate that his sentence has met the inappropriateness standard of review as defined in the Rule. 5 As Sorrell did not argue that his sentence is inappropriate in light of both the nature of his offense and his character, I would hold that he forfeited our review of his sentence under Indiana Appellate Rule 7(B). 5 Other published opinions that acknowledge this proposition include the following: Swallow v. State, 19 N.E.3d 396 , 402

2016Rather, I would follow Childress, Ford, Anderson, Simmons, Williams, and the substantial number of similar cases that hold that it Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 03A05-1511-CR-1893 | August 2, 2016 Page 19 of 20 is an appellant’s burden to demonstrate that his sentence has met the inappropriateness standard of review as defined in the Rule. 8 As Connor did not argue that his sentence is inappropriate in light of both the nature of his offense and his character, I would hold that he forfeited our review of his sentence under Indiana Appellate Rule 7(B). 8 Other published opinions that ac

22
Gibson v. Stategreen
indctapp · 2006 · cited in 1 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
1 sentence

2020Bowman v. State, 51 N.E.3d 1174, 1181 (Ind. 2016). 4 4 We note that Butler incorrectly relies on Gibson v. State, 856 N.E.2d 142, 147 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006), which was decided while transfer was pending in Anglemyer.

11
Tommy Orlando Townsend, Sr. v. State of Indianagreen
· 2015 · cited in 1 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
1 sentence

2020Anglemyer v. State, 868 N.E.2d 482, 494 (Ind. 2007). [12] In considering whether a sentence is inappropriate in light of the nature of the offense, we compare the elements of the offense to the “details and circumstances of the commission of the offense.” Townsend v. State, 45 N.E.3d 821, 831 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015), trans. denied.

11
William A. Connor v. State of Indianagreen
indctapp · 2016 · cited in 1 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
2 sentences

2020However, in Connor v. State, 58 N.E.3d 215, 219 (Ind. Ct. App. 2016), another panel of our court determined that an appellant is not required to establish both prongs of the inappropriateness analysis.

2020Instead, that panel said, “although the rule does state that we may revise a sentence we find to be inappropriate “in light of the nature of the offense and the character of the offender . . . we view that as a statement that we as the reviewing court must consider both of those prongs in our assessment, and not as a requirement that the defendant must necessarily prove each of those prongs render his sentence inappropriate.” Id.

11
Carltez Taylor v. State of Indianagreen
ind · 2017 · cited in 1 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
1 sentence

2019Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-3028 | June 21, 2019 Page 10 of 12 [23] While appellate courts apply our power under Rule 7(B) sparingly, we may revise sentences, “when certain broad conditions are satisfied.” Taylor v. State, 86 N.E.3d 157, 165 (Ind. 2017) (quoting Rice v. State, 6 N.E.3d 940, 947 (Ind. 2014)).

11
Polk v. Stategreen
indctapp · 2003 · cited in 1 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
1 sentence

2019Polk v. State, 783 N.E.2d 1253, 1260 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003), trans. denied.

11
Davidson v. Stategreen
ind · 2010 · cited in 1 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
1 sentence

2019Davidson v. State, 926 N.E.2d 1023, 1025 (Ind. 2010). [22] A defendant bears the burden of persuading this Court that his or her sentence meets the inappropriateness standard.

11
Wendy Thompson v. State of Indianagreen
indctapp · 2014 · cited in 1 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
1 sentence

2017“Whether a sentence is inappropriate ultimately turns on the culpability of the defendant, the severity of the crime, the damage done to others, and a myriad of other factors that come to light in a given case.” Thompson v. State, 5 N.E.3d 383, 391 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014). [11] A person who commits a Level 2 felony must be imprisoned for a fixed term of between ten and thirty years, with an advisory sentence of seventeen-and-a half Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 84A01-1701-CR-20 | June 21, 2017 Page 4 of 5 years.

11
Wells v. Stategreen
indctapp · 2005 · cited in 1 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
1 sentence

2016Furthermore, when considering an inappropriateness challenge, “[w]e must exercise great restraint in reviewing and revising sentences and recognize the special expertise of the trial bench in making sentencing decisions.” Wells v. State, 836 N.E.2d 475, 480 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005). [5] As to the nature of the offense, Spence argues that his role in the burglary was minor compared to Hensley and Perry’s roles.

11
Calvert v. Stategreen
indctapp · 2010 · cited in 1 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
1 sentence

2016The defendant bears the burden to “persuade the appellate court that his or her sentence has met this inappropriateness standard of review.” Calvert v. State, 930 N.E.2d 633, 643 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010). [8] When determining whether a sentence is inappropriate, we acknowledge that the advisory sentence is the starting point which the Legislature has selected as an appropriate sentence for the crime committed.

11
James v. Stategreen
indctapp · 2007 · cited in 1 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
1 sentence

2016James v. State, 868 N.E.2d 543, 546 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007).

11
Abbott v. Stategreen
ind · 2012 · cited in 1 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
1 sentence

2016On appeal, the “defendant must persuade the appellate court that his or her sentence has met the inappropriateness standard of review.” Rice v. State, 6 N.E.3d 940, 946 (Ind. 2014). [8] In evaluating “the nature of the offense, the advisory sentence is the starting point the Legislature has selected as an appropriate sentence for the crime committed.” Abbott v. State, 961 N.E.2d 1016, 1019 (Ind. 2012).

11
Jeffery J. Hunt v. State of Indiana (mem. dec.)green
indctapp · 2015 · cited in 1 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
11
Williams v. Stategreen
indctapp · 2008 · cited in 1 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
11
Marshall v. Stategreen
indctapp · 2005 · cited in 1 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Indiana. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (7)

CaseCitedYears
Anglemyer v. State green
ind · 2007
2 sentences

2018Anglemyer v. State, 868 N.E.2d 482, 491 (Ind. 2007), clarified on reh’g, 875 N.E.2d 218 (2007). [33] Streete has not carried his burden of persuading this Court that his sentence has met the inappropriateness standard of review.

2017A defendant bears the burden of persuading this Court that his sentence meets the inappropriateness standard, Anglemyer v. State, 868 N.E.2d 482 (Ind. 2007), clarified on reh’g, 875 N.E.2d 218 , and he must do so under both parts of the test.

302008–2020
Jason D. Swallow v. State of Indiana green
indctapp · 2014
2 sentences

2016Rather, I would follow Childress, Ford, Anderson, Simmons, Williams, and the substantial number of similar cases that hold that it is an appellant’s burden to demonstrate that his sentence has met the inappropriateness standard of review as defined in the Rule. 5 As Sorrell did not argue that his sentence is inappropriate in light of both the nature of his offense and his character, I would hold that he forfeited our review of his sentence under Indiana Appellate Rule 7(B). 5 Other published opinions that acknowledge this proposition include the following: Swallow v. State, 19 N.E.3d 396 , 402

2016Rather, I would follow Childress, Ford, Anderson, Simmons, Williams, and the substantial number of similar cases that hold that it Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 03A05-1511-CR-1893 | August 2, 2016 Page 19 of 20 is an appellant’s burden to demonstrate that his sentence has met the inappropriateness standard of review as defined in the Rule. 8 As Connor did not argue that his sentence is inappropriate in light of both the nature of his offense and his character, I would hold that he forfeited our review of his sentence under Indiana Appellate Rule 7(B). 8 Other published opinions that ac

22016–2016
Stephenson v. State green
indctapp · 2016
1 sentence

2017Id.

12017–2017
Prewitt v. State green
ind · 2007
12015–2015
Jones v. State green
ind · 2008
12015–2015
Coleman v. State green
ind · 2011
12014–2014
Kien v. State green
indctapp · 2003
12012–2012

Statutes the citing opinions construe

IN § Ind. Code § 35-50-2-5 (39) IN § Ind. Code § 35-50-2-7 (34) IN § Ind. Code § 35-50-2-6 (32) IN § Ind. Code § 35-50-2-4 (28) IN § Ind. Code § 35-50-2-8 (21) IN § Ind. Code § 35-50-3-2 (17) IN § Ind. Code § 35-42-2-1 (14) IN § Ind. Code § 35-42-5-1 (13) IN § Ind. Code § 35-50-1-2 (12) IN § Ind. Code § 35-42-1-1 (11) IN § Ind. Code § 35-50-2-3 (11) IN § Ind. Code § 35-42-4-3 (8)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

IN 188 (2007–2026) MI 2 (1976–1983)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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