argument ignores rule (California) · Go Syfert
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argument ignores rule in California

26 California opinions name it 2 courts 1967–2026 11 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by California courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (16)

CaseFollowedCited
People v. Sweeneygreen
cal · 1960 · cited in 2 California opinions naming this issue, 1969–1969
2 sentences

1969Such an argument ignores the rule on appeal that this court must view the evidence in a light most favorable to the respondent (People v. Sweeney, 55 Cal.2d 27, 33 [ 9 Cal.Rptr. 793 , 357 P.2d 1049 ]) and assume the existence of every fact in support of the judgment that can reasonably be deduced from the evidence.

1969Such an argument ignores the rule on appeal that this court must view the evidence in a light most favorable to the respondent (People v. Sweeney, 55 Cal.2d 27, 33 [ 9 Cal.Rptr. 793 , 357 P.2d 1049 ]) and assume the existence of every fact in support of the judgment that can reasonably be deduced from the evidence.

22
People v. Bardgreen
cal · 1968 · cited in 2 California opinions naming this issue, 1969–1969
2 sentences

1969(People v. Bard, 70 Cal.2d 3, 5 [ 73 Cal.Rptr. 547 , 447 P.2d 939 ].) Further, appellants are in error for Mrs. Roach at no time testified that she first identified defendants on October 8 or 9 and she was not questioned concerning the two occasions (October 6 and October 10 or 11) Deputy Allender showed her the black and white photographs, undoubtedly because he had already testified thereto for the defendants.

1969(People v. Bard, 70 Cal.2d 3, 5 [ 73 Cal.Rptr. 547 , 447 P.2d 939 ].) Further, appellants are in error for Mrs. Roach at no time testified that she first identified defendants on October 8 or 9 and she was not questioned concerning the two occasions (October 6 and October 10 or 11) Deputy Allender showed her the black and white photographs, undoubtedly because he had already testified thereto for the defendants.

22
People v. Adairgreen
cal · 2003 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
1 sentence

2026(See People v. Adair (2003) 29 Cal.4th 895, 897, 905, 907 (Adair).) Although we “defer to the trial court’s factual findings to the extent they are supported by substantial evidence, [we] must independently examine the record to determine whether the 7 defendant has established ‘that no reasonable cause exists to believe’ he . . . committed the offense charged.” (Id. at p. 897.) The Legislature enacted section 851.8 for the benefit of those defendants who have not committed a crime.

11
People v. Giardinogreen
calctapp · 2000 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
2 sentences

2025“Whether the victim possessed sufficient mental capacity to give legal consent despite [his] intoxication is a question of fact for the jury” (People v. Giardino (2000) 82 Cal.App.4th 454, 470 (Giardino)), and because their conclusion is supported by substantial evidence, “[i]t is of no consequence that the jury believing other evidence, or drawing different inferences, might have reached a contrary conclusion.” (People v. Brown, supra, 150 Cal.App.3d at p. 970 .) Haldeman’s reliance on Giardino, supra, 82 Cal.App.4th 454 is unavailing.

2025“Whether the victim possessed sufficient mental capacity to give legal consent despite [his] intoxication is a question of fact for the jury” (People v. Giardino (2000) 82 Cal.App.4th 454, 470 (Giardino)), and because their conclusion is supported by substantial evidence, “[i]t is of no consequence that the jury believing other evidence, or drawing different inferences, might have reached a contrary conclusion.” (People v. Brown, supra, 150 Cal.App.3d at p. 970 .) Haldeman’s reliance on Giardino, supra, 82 Cal.App.4th 454 is unavailing.

11
Summers v. City of Cathedral Citygreen
calctapp · 1990 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025All intendments and presumptions are indulged to support it on matters as to which the record is silent . . . .’” (Denhman v. Superior Court (1970) 2 Cal.3d 557, 564 , italics omitted.) “Thus, in the absence of contrary findings, ‘we must presume in favor of the judgment every finding of fact necessary to support it [that is] warranted by the evidence.’” (Summers v. City of Cathedral City (1990) 225 Cal.App.3d 1047, 1070-1071, fn. 19 (Summers).) “Accordingly, were a trial court to expressly find that an action was frivolous, as this one did, and then impose sanctions on the plaintiff, we would

11
People v. Farnamgreen
cal · 2002 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
1 sentence

2022(People v. Farnam (2002) 28 Cal.4th 107, 143 [“judgment may not be reversed simply because the circumstances might also reasonably be reconciled with a contrary finding”].) The trial court rejected these text messages as speculative and unpersuasive evidence given Miller’s no contest pleas to procuring and offering a false or forged instrument and Sara’s deposition testimony.

11
People v. Younggreen
cal · 2005 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
1 sentence

2022(People v. Young (2005) 34 Cal.4th 1149, 1181 [“[r]esolution of conflicts and inconsistencies in the testimony is the exclusive province of the trier of fact”].) We defer to the court’s resolution of evidentiary conflicts here.

11
People v. Chamaguagreen
calctapp5d · 2019 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
1 sentence

2022(People v. Chamagua (2019) 33 Cal.App.5th 925, 928 [accepting the “trial court’s resolution of disputed facts, its evaluations of credibility, and the version of events most favorable to the prosecution”].) Moreover, the trial court expressly ignored the officers’ statements regarding the weather, but otherwise credited their testimony.

11
Bennett v. Baughgreen
orctapp · 1999 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
2 sentences

2021The Court believes apportionment improper in these circumstances.” Under Oregon law, “[w]hen a party prevails in an action that encompasses both a claim for which attorney fees are authorized and a claim for which they are not, the trial court must apportion attorney fees, except when there are issues common to both claims.” (Bennett v. Baugh (1999) 164 Or.App. 243, 247 [ 990 P.2d 917, 920 ].) Apportionment between claims is not required if the fee and non-fee claims involve common legal or factual issues, the theory being that “the party entitled to fees would have incurred roughly the same a

2021The Court believes apportionment improper in these circumstances.” Under Oregon law, “[w]hen a party prevails in an action that encompasses both a claim for which attorney fees are authorized and a claim for which they are not, the trial court must apportion attorney fees, except when there are issues common to both claims.” (Bennett v. Baugh (1999) 164 Or.App. 243, 247 [ 990 P.2d 917, 920 ].) Apportionment between claims is not required if the fee and non-fee claims involve common legal or factual issues, the theory being that “the party entitled to fees would have incurred roughly the same a

11
In Re Marriage of Falcone & Fykegreen
calctapp · 2008 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
2 sentences

2016(Ibid.) Klimek contends it was error for the trial court to refuse his request because there was “no compelling consideration” that outweighed his need for the motion for relief to be heard before trial. 23 But this argument ignores the requirement that a party must move for a continuance “as soon as reasonably practical once the necessity for the continuance is discovered.” (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 3.1332(b); Falcone, supra, 164 Cal.App.4th at p. 823 [no good cause when plaintiff knew for a month she might not have attorney at her contempt hearing but waited until the hearing day to request

2016(Ibid.) Klimek contends it was error for the trial court to refuse his request because there was “no compelling consideration” that outweighed his need for the motion for relief to be heard before trial. 23 But this argument ignores the requirement that a party must move for a continuance “as soon as reasonably practical once the necessity for the continuance is discovered.” (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 3.1332(b); Falcone, supra, 164 Cal.App.4th at p. 823 [no good cause when plaintiff knew for a month she might not have attorney at her contempt hearing but waited until the hearing day to request

11
Mitchell v. Automobile Owners Indemnity Underwritersgreen
cal · 1941 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1981–1981
11
Mumma v. Mummagreen
calctapp · 1948 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1981–1981
11
Goddard v. Security Title Insurance & Guarantee Co.green
cal · 1939 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1980–1980
11
Keidatz v. Albanygreen
cal · 1952 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1980–1980
11
Miranda v. Arizonagreen
scotus · 1966 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1979–1979
11
Giometti v. Etiennegreen
cal · 1934 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1967–1967
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in California. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (21)

CaseCitedYears
Roper v. Simmons green
scotus · 2005
2 sentences

2012(See, e.g., Roper v. Simmons (2005) 543 U.S. 551 [ 161 L.Ed.2d 1 , 125 S.Ct. 1183 ] [8th Amend, prohibits execution of those who were under 18 years of age when they committed their crime], overruling Stanford v. Kentucky (1989) 492 U.S. 361 [ 106 L.Ed.2d 306 , 109 S.Ct. 2969 ]; Atkins v. Virginia, supra, 536 U.S. 304 [8th Amend. prohibits execution of the mentally retarded], overruling Penry v. Lynaugh (1989) 492 U.S. 302 [ 106 L.Ed.2d 256 , 109 S.Ct. 2934 ]; Hitchcock v. Dugger (1987) 481 U.S. 393 [ 95 L.Ed.2d 347 , 107 S.Ct. *466 1821] [Fla. jury instruction limiting jury to mitigating circ

2012(See, e.g., Roper v. Simmons (2005) 543 U.S. 551 [Eighth Amend. prohibits execution of those who were under 18 years of age when they committed their crime], overruling Stanford v. Kentucky (1989) 492 U.S. 361 ; Atkins v. Virginia, supra, 536 U.S. 304 [Eighth Amend. prohibits execution of the mentally retarded], overruling Penry v. Lynaugh (1989) 492 U.S. 302 ; Hitchcock v. Dugger (1987) 481 U.S. 393 [Florida jury instruction limiting jury to mitigating circumstances specifically enumerated by statute is unconstitutional], reversing Cooper v. State (Fla. 1976) 336 So.2d 1133 .) This argument i

22012–2012
Stanford v. Kentucky red
scotus · 1989
2 sentences

2012(See, e.g., Roper v. Simmons (2005) 543 U.S. 551 [ 161 L.Ed.2d 1 , 125 S.Ct. 1183 ] [8th Amend, prohibits execution of those who were under 18 years of age when they committed their crime], overruling Stanford v. Kentucky (1989) 492 U.S. 361 [ 106 L.Ed.2d 306 , 109 S.Ct. 2969 ]; Atkins v. Virginia, supra, 536 U.S. 304 [8th Amend. prohibits execution of the mentally retarded], overruling Penry v. Lynaugh (1989) 492 U.S. 302 [ 106 L.Ed.2d 256 , 109 S.Ct. 2934 ]; Hitchcock v. Dugger (1987) 481 U.S. 393 [ 95 L.Ed.2d 347 , 107 S.Ct. *466 1821] [Fla. jury instruction limiting jury to mitigating circ

2012(See, e.g., Roper v. Simmons (2005) 543 U.S. 551 [Eighth Amend. prohibits execution of those who were under 18 years of age when they committed their crime], overruling Stanford v. Kentucky (1989) 492 U.S. 361 ; Atkins v. Virginia, supra, 536 U.S. 304 [Eighth Amend. prohibits execution of the mentally retarded], overruling Penry v. Lynaugh (1989) 492 U.S. 302 ; Hitchcock v. Dugger (1987) 481 U.S. 393 [Florida jury instruction limiting jury to mitigating circumstances specifically enumerated by statute is unconstitutional], reversing Cooper v. State (Fla. 1976) 336 So.2d 1133 .) This argument i

22012–2012
Penry v. Lynaugh red
scotus · 1989
2 sentences

2012(See, e.g., Roper v. Simmons (2005) 543 U.S. 551 [ 161 L.Ed.2d 1 , 125 S.Ct. 1183 ] [8th Amend, prohibits execution of those who were under 18 years of age when they committed their crime], overruling Stanford v. Kentucky (1989) 492 U.S. 361 [ 106 L.Ed.2d 306 , 109 S.Ct. 2969 ]; Atkins v. Virginia, supra, 536 U.S. 304 [8th Amend. prohibits execution of the mentally retarded], overruling Penry v. Lynaugh (1989) 492 U.S. 302 [ 106 L.Ed.2d 256 , 109 S.Ct. 2934 ]; Hitchcock v. Dugger (1987) 481 U.S. 393 [ 95 L.Ed.2d 347 , 107 S.Ct. *466 1821] [Fla. jury instruction limiting jury to mitigating circ

2012(See, e.g., Roper v. Simmons (2005) 543 U.S. 551 [Eighth Amend. prohibits execution of those who were under 18 years of age when they committed their crime], overruling Stanford v. Kentucky (1989) 492 U.S. 361 ; Atkins v. Virginia, supra, 536 U.S. 304 [Eighth Amend. prohibits execution of the mentally retarded], overruling Penry v. Lynaugh (1989) 492 U.S. 302 ; Hitchcock v. Dugger (1987) 481 U.S. 393 [Florida jury instruction limiting jury to mitigating circumstances specifically enumerated by statute is unconstitutional], reversing Cooper v. State (Fla. 1976) 336 So.2d 1133 .) This argument i

22012–2012
Atkins v. Virginia green
scotus · 2002
2 sentences

2012(See, e.g., Roper v. Simmons (2005) 543 U.S. 551 [Eighth Amend. prohibits execution of those who were under 18 years of age when they committed their crime], overruling Stanford v. Kentucky (1989) 492 U.S. 361 ; Atkins v. Virginia, supra, 536 U.S. 304 [Eighth Amend. prohibits execution of the mentally retarded], overruling Penry v. Lynaugh (1989) 492 U.S. 302 ; Hitchcock v. Dugger (1987) 481 U.S. 393 [Florida jury instruction limiting jury to mitigating circumstances specifically enumerated by statute is unconstitutional], reversing Cooper v. State (Fla. 1976) 336 So.2d 1133 .) This argument i

2012(See, e.g., Roper v. Simmons (2005) 543 U.S. 551 [Eighth Amend. prohibits execution of those who were under 18 years of age when they committed their crime], overruling Stanford v. Kentucky (1989) 492 U.S. 361 ; Atkins v. Virginia, supra, 536 U.S. 304 [Eighth Amend. prohibits execution of the mentally retarded], overruling Penry v. Lynaugh (1989) 492 U.S. 302 ; Hitchcock v. Dugger (1987) 481 U.S. 393 [Florida jury instruction limiting jury to mitigating circumstances specifically enumerated by statute is unconstitutional], reversing Cooper v. State (Fla. 1976) 336 So.2d 1133 .) This argument i

22012–2012
Cooper v. State green
fla · 1976
2 sentences

2012(See, e.g., Roper v. Simmons (2005) 543 U.S. 551 [ 161 L.Ed.2d 1 , 125 S.Ct. 1183 ] [8th Amend, prohibits execution of those who were under 18 years of age when they committed their crime], overruling Stanford v. Kentucky (1989) 492 U.S. 361 [ 106 L.Ed.2d 306 , 109 S.Ct. 2969 ]; Atkins v. Virginia, supra, 536 U.S. 304 [8th Amend. prohibits execution of the mentally retarded], overruling Penry v. Lynaugh (1989) 492 U.S. 302 [ 106 L.Ed.2d 256 , 109 S.Ct. 2934 ]; Hitchcock v. Dugger (1987) 481 U.S. 393 [ 95 L.Ed.2d 347 , 107 S.Ct. *466 1821] [Fla. jury instruction limiting jury to mitigating circ

2012(See, e.g., Roper v. Simmons (2005) 543 U.S. 551 [Eighth Amend. prohibits execution of those who were under 18 years of age when they committed their crime], overruling Stanford v. Kentucky (1989) 492 U.S. 361 ; Atkins v. Virginia, supra, 536 U.S. 304 [Eighth Amend. prohibits execution of the mentally retarded], overruling Penry v. Lynaugh (1989) 492 U.S. 302 ; Hitchcock v. Dugger (1987) 481 U.S. 393 [Florida jury instruction limiting jury to mitigating circumstances specifically enumerated by statute is unconstitutional], reversing Cooper v. State (Fla. 1976) 336 So.2d 1133 .) This argument i

22012–2012
Hitchcock v. Dugger green
scotus · 1987
2 sentences

2012(See, e.g., Roper v. Simmons (2005) 543 U.S. 551 [ 161 L.Ed.2d 1 , 125 S.Ct. 1183 ] [8th Amend, prohibits execution of those who were under 18 years of age when they committed their crime], overruling Stanford v. Kentucky (1989) 492 U.S. 361 [ 106 L.Ed.2d 306 , 109 S.Ct. 2969 ]; Atkins v. Virginia, supra, 536 U.S. 304 [8th Amend. prohibits execution of the mentally retarded], overruling Penry v. Lynaugh (1989) 492 U.S. 302 [ 106 L.Ed.2d 256 , 109 S.Ct. 2934 ]; Hitchcock v. Dugger (1987) 481 U.S. 393 [ 95 L.Ed.2d 347 , 107 S.Ct. *466 1821] [Fla. jury instruction limiting jury to mitigating circ

2012(See, e.g., Roper v. Simmons (2005) 543 U.S. 551 [Eighth Amend. prohibits execution of those who were under 18 years of age when they committed their crime], overruling Stanford v. Kentucky (1989) 492 U.S. 361 ; Atkins v. Virginia, supra, 536 U.S. 304 [Eighth Amend. prohibits execution of the mentally retarded], overruling Penry v. Lynaugh (1989) 492 U.S. 302 ; Hitchcock v. Dugger (1987) 481 U.S. 393 [Florida jury instruction limiting jury to mitigating circumstances specifically enumerated by statute is unconstitutional], reversing Cooper v. State (Fla. 1976) 336 So.2d 1133 .) This argument i

22012–2012
In Re Harris green
cal · 1993
2 sentences

2012For example, we held in In re Harris, supra, 5 Cal.4th 813 , that a habeas corpus petitioner may raise ―an issue previously rejected on direct appeal when there has been a change in the law affecting the petitioner.‖ (Id. at p. 841, and cases cited.) A change in the law will also excuse a successive or repetitive habeas corpus petition.

2012For example, we held in In re Harris, supra, 5 Cal.4th 813 , that a habeas corpus petitioner may raise ―an issue previously rejected on direct appeal when there has been a change in the law affecting the petitioner.‖ (Id. at p. 841, and cases cited.) A change in the law will also excuse a successive or repetitive habeas corpus petition.

22012–2012
Morton v. Thousand Oaks Surgical Hospital green
calctapp · 2010
1 sentence

2026(Morton v. Thousand Oaks Surgical Hospital, supra, 187 Cal.App.4th at p. 935 .) Evaluating whether a plaintiff’s rebuttal evidence is sufficient to establish a triable issue of material fact is not the same as giving preference to one expert’s 10 declaration over another’s.

12026–2026
People v. Brown green
calctapp · 1984
1 sentence

2025“Whether the victim possessed sufficient mental capacity to give legal consent despite [his] intoxication is a question of fact for the jury” (People v. Giardino (2000) 82 Cal.App.4th 454, 470 (Giardino)), and because their conclusion is supported by substantial evidence, “[i]t is of no consequence that the jury believing other evidence, or drawing different inferences, might have reached a contrary conclusion.” (People v. Brown, supra, 150 Cal.App.3d at p. 970 .) Haldeman’s reliance on Giardino, supra, 82 Cal.App.4th 454 is unavailing.

12025–2025
Denham v. Superior Court green
cal · 1970
1 sentence

2025All intendments and presumptions are indulged to support it on matters as to which the record is silent . . . .’” (Denhman v. Superior Court (1970) 2 Cal.3d 557, 564 , italics omitted.) “Thus, in the absence of contrary findings, ‘we must presume in favor of the judgment every finding of fact necessary to support it [that is] warranted by the evidence.’” (Summers v. City of Cathedral City (1990) 225 Cal.App.3d 1047, 1070-1071, fn. 19 (Summers).) “Accordingly, were a trial court to expressly find that an action was frivolous, as this one did, and then impose sanctions on the plaintiff, we would

12025–2025
People v. Sotelo-Urena green
calctapp · 2016
1 sentence

2023However, even if the record supported a finding defendant was homeless, it does not actually show the jury was presented with evidence that defendant had been shot or threatened in the recent past or that he was fearful or hypervigilant as a result of a prior assault The defense had made certain offers of proof relating to such information, and considered allowing defendant to testify to those facts as supporting his theory of self- defense or heat of passion (relying on People v. Sotelo-Urena (2016) 4 Cal.App.5th 732 [regarding the effects of chronic homelessness on a person’s subjective fear

12023–2023
People v. Turner green
cal · 1994
1 sentence

2021But this argument ignores the requirement that “the evidence, and not merely its materiality, be newly discovered.” (Turner, supra, 8 Cal.4th at p. 212 .) Third, as stated ante, Crowley’s purported testimony, such as we know it, would be cumulative.

12021–2021
People v. Perez green
calctapp · 2016
1 sentence

2021(See, e.g., Perez, supra, 243 Cal.App.4th at pp. 866- 867.) This argument ignores that the immunity promised was conditioned on his truthfulness.

12021–2021
San Diego Navy Broadway Complex Coalition v. City of San Diego green
calctapp · 2010
1 sentence

2017Instead[,] to trigger CEQA compliance, the discretion must be of a certain kind; it must provide the agency with the ability and authority to ‘“mitigate . . . environmental damage” to some degree.’ ” (San Diego Navy Broadway Complex Coalition v. City of San Diego, supra, 185 Cal.App.4th at p. 934 , italics omitted.) For the reasons discussed above, the existence of discretion is irrelevant if it does not confer the ability to mitigate any potential environmental impacts in a meaningful way.

12017–2017
People v. Valdez green
calctapp · 1985
1 sentence

2015(See Valdez, supra, 175 Cal.App.3d at p. 112 .) We also note that Garcia did not challenge the proposed instruction (or request modification or clarification) on this basis below, and his argument is therefore forfeited.

12015–2015
Fashion 21 v. Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights green
calctapp · 2004
1 sentence

2015(See Fashion 21 v. Coalition for Human Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles (2004) 117 Cal.App.4th 1138, 1147 .) This argument ignores the standard of review.

12015–2015
People v. Noguera green
cal · 1992
1 sentence

2013(Noguera, supra, 4 Cal.4th at p. 629 .) At the time of the August 2009 interview, Vasquez had not yet been granted immunity for his testimony and did not yet face sanctions for violating his probation or failing to appear.

12013–2013
Kavanau v. Santa Monica Rent Control Board green
cal · 1997
1 sentence

2007This argument ignores the requirement that “a rent control law [that] establishes a ‘base rent’ by reference to rents on a specified date .. . should permit adjustments of that base rent for those rental units that had artificially low rents at that time.” (Kavanau, supra, 16 Cal.4th at p. 772 .) *1186 3 The Trial Court Properly Dismissed Stardust’s Claims that the Application of the Rent Control Ordinance Violated Its Constitutional Right To Be Compensated for the Taking of Its Property Stardust challenges the trial court’s dismissal of its taking and due process claims.

12007–2007
City of Los Angeles v. Waller green
calctapp · 1979
1 sentence

1982(City of Los Angeles v. Waller, supra, 90 Cal.App.3d 766, 779 .) 4 This conclusion makes it unnecessary for us to discuss additional arguments presented by respondent in support of the trial court’s ruling.

11982–1982
City of Los Angeles v. Lowensohn green
calctapp · 1976
1 sentence

1982This argument ignores the rule that Klopping liability is an issue for the trial court, not the jury (City of Los Angeles v. Lowensohn, supra, 54 Cal.App.3d 625, 636 ), so that the substantial evidence test is the appropriate standard of appellate review.

11982–1982
Allen v. Fargo neutral
calctapp · 1963
11980–1980

Statutes the citing opinions construe

CA § Cal. Penal Code § 1474 (3) CA § Cal. Penal Code § 187 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

CA 26 (1967–2026) MO 14 (2006–2025) PA 7 (1938–2018) MA 3 (2003–2026) OH 3 (2001–2026) TX 3 (1990–2010) CT 3 (1990–2017) NY 2 (2024–2024) WI 2 (2019–2019) MI 2 (2015–2022) WA 2 (2023–2024)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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