breach of fiduciary duty claim (Pennsylvania) · Go Syfert
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breach of fiduciary duty claim in Pennsylvania

25 Pennsylvania opinions name it 9 courts 1986–2024 2 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Pennsylvania courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (24)

CaseFollowedCited
Basile v. H & R BLOCK, INC.green
pasuperct · 2001 · cited in 3 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2015–2018
2 sentences

2018With respect to a breach of fiduciary duty claim, “a confidential relationship and the resulting fiduciary duty may attach wherever one occupies toward another such a position of advisor or counsellor as reasonably to inspire confidence that he will act in good faith for the other’s interest.” Basile v. H & R Block, Inc., 777 A.2d 95, 101-02 (Pa.Super. 2001), appeal denied, 569 Pa. 714 , 806 A.2d 857 (2002).

2016With respect to a breach of fiduciary duty claim, “a confidential relationship and the resulting fiduciary duty may attach wherever one occupies toward another such a position of advisor or counsellor as reasonably to inspire confidence that he will act in good faith for the other’s interest.” Basile v. H & R Block, Inc., 777 A.2d 95, 102 (Pa.Super.2001).

33
cluster 772909green
ca3 · 2001 · cited in 3 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2002–2016
2 sentences

2016Bohler-Uddeholm, 247 F.3d at 104-105 .

2016See Knight v. Springfield Hyundai, 81 A.3d 940, 951 (Pa.Super.2013) (declining to apply the gist of the action doctrine in part because the “alleged representations by [a]ppellees occurred prior [to] the signing of any contract”); Bohler-Uddeholm Am., Inc. v. *472 Ellwood Group, Inc., 247 F.3d 79, 104 (3rd Cir.Pa.2001) (concluding that the breach of fiduciary duty claim was not barred by the gist of the action doctrine), 11 cert. denied, 534 U.S. 1162 , 122 S.Ct. 1173 , 152 L.Ed.2d 116 (2002); see also generally Reading Radio, 833 A.2d at 211 (finding breach of fiduciary duty of loyalty, inten

23
Spiegel v. Greenberggreen
pactcomplallegh · 1965 · cited in 2 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
2 sentences

2019See Wiseman v. Martorano, 175 A.2d 873, 874-875 (Pa. 1961) (providing the plaintiff with equitable relief for his breach of fiduciary duty claim); Viener, 834 A.2d at 557-558 (the defendant breached his fiduciary duty to, and squeezed-out the plaintiff in, a closely held corporation; we affirmed the trial court’s chosen, equitable remedy, which ordered the defendant’s forced buy-out of the plaintiff’s shares at fair value); Kessler v. Broder, 851 A.2d 944 (Pa. Super. 2004) (affirming the trial court’s issuance of a mandatory preliminary injunction in favor of plaintiff and against defendants,

2019See Wiseman v. Martorano, 175 A.2d 873, 874-875 (Pa. 1961) (providing the plaintiff with equitable relief for his breach of fiduciary duty claim); Viener, 834 A.2d at 557-558 (the defendant breached his fiduciary duty to, and squeezed-out the plaintiff in, a closely held corporation; we affirmed the trial court’s chosen, equitable remedy, which ordered the defendant’s forced buy-out of the plaintiff’s shares at fair value); Kessler v. Broder, 851 A.2d 944 (Pa. Super. 2004) (affirming the trial court’s issuance of a mandatory preliminary injunction in favor of plaintiff and against defendants,

22
Ford v. Fordgreen
pasuperct · 2005 · cited in 2 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
2 sentences

2019Ford, 878 A.2d at 899 (“[a] claim of oppressive conduct, like a claim of breach of fiduciary duty, sounds in equity”) (quotations and citations omitted); Viener, 834 A.2d at 554 (“[a] claim of breach of fiduciary duty sounds in equity”); Wolf v. Fried, 373 A.2d 734 (Pa. 1977) (derivative suit charging corporate directors with breach of fiduciary duty was an equitable action); but see B.G.

2019Ford, 878 A.2d at 899 (“[a] claim of oppressive conduct, like a claim of breach of fiduciary duty, sounds in equity”) (quotations and citations omitted); Viener, 834 A.2d at 554 (“[a] claim of breach of fiduciary duty sounds in equity”); Wolf v. Fried, 373 A.2d 734 (Pa. 1977) (derivative suit charging corporate directors with breach of fiduciary duty was an equitable action); but see B.G.

22
Laurel Road HOA, Inc. v. W.E. Freas and N. Freasgreen
pacommwct · 2018 · cited in 2 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
2 sentences

2019Co., 712 A.2d 273, 278 (Pa. 1998) (characterizing a breach of corporate fiduciary duty claim as a tort claim); Laurel Road Homeowners Ass’n, Inc. v. Freas, 191 A.3d 938, 949 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2018) (“a claim for breach of fiduciary duty sounds in tort”); see also DAN B.

2019Co., 712 A.2d 273, 278 (Pa. 1998) (characterizing a breach of corporate fiduciary duty claim as a tort claim); Laurel Road Homeowners Ass’n, Inc. v. Freas, 191 A.3d 938, 949 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2018) (“a claim for breach of fiduciary duty sounds in tort”); see also DAN B.

22
Viener v. Jacobsgreen
pasuperct · 2003 · cited in 2 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
2 sentences

2019See Wiseman v. Martorano, 175 A.2d 873, 874-875 (Pa. 1961) (providing the plaintiff with equitable relief for his breach of fiduciary duty claim); Viener, 834 A.2d at 557-558 (the defendant breached his fiduciary duty to, and squeezed-out the plaintiff in, a closely held corporation; we affirmed the trial court’s chosen, equitable remedy, which ordered the defendant’s forced buy-out of the plaintiff’s shares at fair value); Kessler v. Broder, 851 A.2d 944 (Pa. Super. 2004) (affirming the trial court’s issuance of a mandatory preliminary injunction in favor of plaintiff and against defendants,

2019See Wiseman v. Martorano, 175 A.2d 873, 874-875 (Pa. 1961) (providing the plaintiff with equitable relief for his breach of fiduciary duty claim); Viener, 834 A.2d at 557-558 (the defendant breached his fiduciary duty to, and squeezed-out the plaintiff in, a closely held corporation; we affirmed the trial court’s chosen, equitable remedy, which ordered the defendant’s forced buy-out of the plaintiff’s shares at fair value); Kessler v. Broder, 851 A.2d 944 (Pa. Super. 2004) (affirming the trial court’s issuance of a mandatory preliminary injunction in favor of plaintiff and against defendants,

22
Drain v. Covenant Life Insurancegreen
pa · 1998 · cited in 2 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
2 sentences

2019Co., 712 A.2d 273, 278 (Pa. 1998) (characterizing a breach of corporate fiduciary duty claim as a tort claim); Laurel Road Homeowners Ass’n, Inc. v. Freas, 191 A.3d 938, 949 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2018) (“a claim for breach of fiduciary duty sounds in tort”); see also DAN B.

2019Co., 712 A.2d 273, 278 (Pa. 1998) (characterizing a breach of corporate fiduciary duty claim as a tort claim); Laurel Road Homeowners Ass’n, Inc. v. Freas, 191 A.3d 938, 949 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2018) (“a claim for breach of fiduciary duty sounds in tort”); see also DAN B.

22
B.G. Balmer & Co. v. Frank Crystal & Co.green
pasuperct · 2016 · cited in 2 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
2 sentences

2019Balmer & Co. v. Frank Crystal & Co., 148 A.3d 454, 470 (Pa. Super. 2016) (characterizing a breach of fiduciary duty claim as a tort claim); Drain v. Covenant Life Ins.

2019Balmer & Co. v. Frank Crystal & Co., 148 A.3d 454, 470 (Pa. Super. 2016) (characterizing a breach of fiduciary duty claim as a tort claim); Drain v. Covenant Life Ins.

22
Wiseman v. Martoranogreen
pa · 1961 · cited in 2 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
2 sentences

2019See Wiseman v. Martorano, 175 A.2d 873, 874-875 (Pa. 1961) (providing the plaintiff with equitable relief for his breach of fiduciary duty claim); Viener, 834 A.2d at 557-558 (the defendant breached his fiduciary duty to, and squeezed-out the plaintiff in, a closely held corporation; we affirmed the trial court’s chosen, equitable remedy, which ordered the defendant’s forced buy-out of the plaintiff’s shares at fair value); Kessler v. Broder, 851 A.2d 944 (Pa. Super. 2004) (affirming the trial court’s issuance of a mandatory preliminary injunction in favor of plaintiff and against defendants,

2019See Wiseman v. Martorano, 175 A.2d 873, 874-875 (Pa. 1961) (providing the plaintiff with equitable relief for his breach of fiduciary duty claim); Viener, 834 A.2d at 557-558 (the defendant breached his fiduciary duty to, and squeezed-out the plaintiff in, a closely held corporation; we affirmed the trial court’s chosen, equitable remedy, which ordered the defendant’s forced buy-out of the plaintiff’s shares at fair value); Kessler v. Broder, 851 A.2d 944 (Pa. Super. 2004) (affirming the trial court’s issuance of a mandatory preliminary injunction in favor of plaintiff and against defendants,

22
Alpart v. General Land Partners, Inc.green
paed · 2008 · cited in 2 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
2 sentences

2013THI’s Claims for Breach of Fiduciary Duty and Breach of the Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing “A breach of fiduciary duty claim is barred by the gist of the action doctrine if the fiduciary duty alleged is grounded in contract obligations.” Alpart v. General Land Partners, Inc., 574 F. Supp. 2d 491, 499 (E.D.

2013“A breach of fiduciary duty claim is barred by the gist of the action doctrine if the fiduciary duty alleged is grounded in contract obligations.” Alpart v. General Land Partners, Inc., 574 F. Supp. 2d 491, 499 (E.D.

22
Gedeon v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurancegreen
pa · 1963 · cited in 2 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2007–2009
2 sentences

2009Gedeon v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company, 410 Pa. 55, 59 , 188 A.2d 320, 322 (1963).

2009Gedeon v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company, 410 Pa. 55, 59 , 188 A.2d 320, 322 (1963).

22
Snyder, G. v. Crusader Servicing Corp.green
pasuperct · 2020 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
1 sentence

2024Snyder v. Crusader Servicing Corp., 231 A.3d 20, 31 (Pa. Super. 2020).

11
Ferraro, B. v. Temple Universitygreen
pasuperct · 2018 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
1 sentence

2020Pa. 2018) (“[t]o sustain [a] claim for breach of fiduciary duty,” plaintiff “must demonstrate” that defendant “failed to act in good faith” and for plaintiff’s “sole benefit” and that plaintiff “suffered an injury” as a result).14 With respect to a breach of fiduciary duty claim, a confidential relationship and the resulting fiduciary duty may attach wherever one occupies toward another such a position of advisor or counsellor as reasonably to inspire confidence that he will act in good faith for the other’s interest. . . . ____________________________________________ 14 “[A]lthough we are not

11
Stephan v. Waldron Electric Heating & Cooling LLCgreen
pasuperct · 2014 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
1 sentence

2017See Stephan, supra at 664-65 .

11
Reading Radio, Inc. v. Finkgreen
pasuperct · 2003 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
1 sentence

2016See Knight v. Springfield Hyundai, 81 A.3d 940, 951 (Pa.Super.2013) (declining to apply the gist of the action doctrine in part because the “alleged representations by [a]ppellees occurred prior [to] the signing of any contract”); Bohler-Uddeholm Am., Inc. v. *472 Ellwood Group, Inc., 247 F.3d 79, 104 (3rd Cir.Pa.2001) (concluding that the breach of fiduciary duty claim was not barred by the gist of the action doctrine), 11 cert. denied, 534 U.S. 1162 , 122 S.Ct. 1173 , 152 L.Ed.2d 116 (2002); see also generally Reading Radio, 833 A.2d at 211 (finding breach of fiduciary duty of loyalty, inten

11
Guy v. Liederbachgreen
pa · 1983 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
1 sentence

2016See Guy, supra. Therefore, we conclude the trial court erred in failing to dismiss the breach of fiduciary duty claim as Brychczynski has no standing to maintain this action against Barrett.8 ____________________________________________ 8 Additionally, we note the facts as pleaded in the Complaint are that the Decedent asked Barrett to modify the Trust, which was last modified in 2011, and that the Decedent appointed Barrett as the “Death Trustee” and executor of his estate.

11
Knight v. Springfield Hyundaigreen
pasuperct · 2013 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
1 sentence

2016See Knight v. Springfield Hyundai, 81 A.3d 940, 951 (Pa.Super.2013) (declining to apply the gist of the action doctrine in part because the “alleged representations by [a]ppellees occurred prior [to] the signing of any contract”); Bohler-Uddeholm Am., Inc. v. *472 Ellwood Group, Inc., 247 F.3d 79, 104 (3rd Cir.Pa.2001) (concluding that the breach of fiduciary duty claim was not barred by the gist of the action doctrine), 11 cert. denied, 534 U.S. 1162 , 122 S.Ct. 1173 , 152 L.Ed.2d 116 (2002); see also generally Reading Radio, 833 A.2d at 211 (finding breach of fiduciary duty of loyalty, inten

11
GLM CORP. v. Kleingreen
nysd · 1987 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
11
Takayama v. Schaefergreen
nyappdiv · 1998 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
1 sentence

2015Indeed, the Trustees allegations, accepted as true and accorded every possible favorable inference, demonstrate that Fiduciary Trust failed in its duty to act with reasonable diligence with the Trust by obeying unreasonable directions from Ackerman, which resulted in the misappropriation of trust assets.7 See William Stevens, Ltd., 650 N.Y.S.2d at 308 ; Leonard Smith, Inc., 483 N.Y.S.2d at 849 ; see also Takayama v. Schaefer, 669 N.Y.S.2d 656, 659 (N.Y.A.D. 2d Dep’t 1998) (stating that an escrow agent becomes a representative of anyone with a beneficial interest in the trust, and can be held t

11
Mitchell Partners, L.P. v. Irex Corp.green
ca3 · 2011 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
11
Janicik v. Prudential Insurance Co. of Americagreen
pasuperct · 1982 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
11
Kosor v. Harleysville Mutual Insurancegreen
pasuperct · 1991 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1995–1995
11
Cauble v. Mabon Nugent & Co.green
nysd · 1984 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1986–1986
11
Gordon v. Glore Forgan Incorporatedgreen
ca5 · 1974 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1986–1986
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Pennsylvania. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (17)

CaseCitedYears
Kessler v. Broder green
pasuperct · 2004
2 sentences

2019See Wiseman v. Martorano, 175 A.2d 873, 874-875 (Pa. 1961) (providing the plaintiff with equitable relief for his breach of fiduciary duty claim); Viener, 834 A.2d at 557-558 (the defendant breached his fiduciary duty to, and squeezed-out the plaintiff in, a closely held corporation; we affirmed the trial court’s chosen, equitable remedy, which ordered the defendant’s forced buy-out of the plaintiff’s shares at fair value); Kessler v. Broder, 851 A.2d 944 (Pa. Super. 2004) (affirming the trial court’s issuance of a mandatory preliminary injunction in favor of plaintiff and against defendants,

2019See Wiseman v. Martorano, 175 A.2d 873, 874-875 (Pa. 1961) (providing the plaintiff with equitable relief for his breach of fiduciary duty claim); Viener, 834 A.2d at 557-558 (the defendant breached his fiduciary duty to, and squeezed-out the plaintiff in, a closely held corporation; we affirmed the trial court’s chosen, equitable remedy, which ordered the defendant’s forced buy-out of the plaintiff’s shares at fair value); Kessler v. Broder, 851 A.2d 944 (Pa. Super. 2004) (affirming the trial court’s issuance of a mandatory preliminary injunction in favor of plaintiff and against defendants,

22019–2019
Wolf v. Fried green
pa · 1977
2 sentences

2019Ford, 878 A.2d at 899 (“[a] claim of oppressive conduct, like a claim of breach of fiduciary duty, sounds in equity”) (quotations and citations omitted); Viener, 834 A.2d at 554 (“[a] claim of breach of fiduciary duty sounds in equity”); Wolf v. Fried, 373 A.2d 734 (Pa. 1977) (derivative suit charging corporate directors with breach of fiduciary duty was an equitable action); but see B.G.

2019Ford, 878 A.2d at 899 (“[a] claim of oppressive conduct, like a claim of breach of fiduciary duty, sounds in equity”) (quotations and citations omitted); Viener, 834 A.2d at 554 (“[a] claim of breach of fiduciary duty sounds in equity”); Wolf v. Fried, 373 A.2d 734 (Pa. 1977) (derivative suit charging corporate directors with breach of fiduciary duty was an equitable action); but see B.G.

22019–2019
Etoll, Inc. v. Elias/Savion Advertising, Inc. green
pasuperct · 2002
2 sentences

2004Id. at 23 .

2004Id. at 23 .

22004–2004
Bowman v. Gum, Incorporated green
pa · 1936
1 sentence

2021On January 24, 2020, Serota filed the POs to the Complaint,6 and a day later, filed the Second Amended POs.7 Together, the Preliminary Objections challenged: the capacity of “Concerned Owners” to sue as it is not a legal entity that can sue, be sued, or assume liability to pay for any receiver; the legal sufficiency of Concerned Owners’ claim for the appointment of a permanent receiver under Tate and Bowman v. Gum, Inc. 184 A. 258 (Pa. 1936), particularly after Xides’ Report; the legal sufficiency of Concerned Owners’ assertions that the UPCA did not apply to the Community and that the Associa

12021–2021
Farese, L. v. Robinson, J. neutral
pasuperct · 2019
1 sentence

2020Farese v. Robinson, 2019 PA Super 336 , *23 (filed November 8, 2019).

12020–2020
Newell v. Montana West, Inc. green
pasuperct · 2017
1 sentence

2020Pa. 2018) (“[t]o sustain [a] claim for breach of fiduciary duty,” plaintiff “must demonstrate” that defendant “failed to act in good faith” and for plaintiff’s “sole benefit” and that plaintiff “suffered an injury” as a result).14 With respect to a breach of fiduciary duty claim, a confidential relationship and the resulting fiduciary duty may attach wherever one occupies toward another such a position of advisor or counsellor as reasonably to inspire confidence that he will act in good faith for the other’s interest. . . . ____________________________________________ 14 “[A]lthough we are not

12020–2020
Maritrans GP Inc. v. Pepper, Hamilton & Scheetz green
pa · 1992
2 sentences

2016The leading case in Pennsylvania discussing breach of a fiduciary duty by an attorney with regard to a conflict of interest is Maritrans GP Inc. v. Pepper, Hamilton & Scheetz, 529 Pa. 241 , 602 A.2d 1277 (1992).

2016The leading case in Pennsylvania discussing breach of a fiduciary duty by an attorney with regard to a conflict of interest is Maritrans GP Inc. v. Pepper, Hamilton & Scheetz, 529 Pa. 241 , 602 A.2d 1277 (1992).

12016–2016
Oklahoma ex rel. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma v. Cornforth green
scotus · 2002
1 sentence

2016See Knight v. Springfield Hyundai, 81 A.3d 940, 951 (Pa.Super.2013) (declining to apply the gist of the action doctrine in part because the “alleged representations by [a]ppellees occurred prior [to] the signing of any contract”); Bohler-Uddeholm Am., Inc. v. *472 Ellwood Group, Inc., 247 F.3d 79, 104 (3rd Cir.Pa.2001) (concluding that the breach of fiduciary duty claim was not barred by the gist of the action doctrine), 11 cert. denied, 534 U.S. 1162 , 122 S.Ct. 1173 , 152 L.Ed.2d 116 (2002); see also generally Reading Radio, 833 A.2d at 211 (finding breach of fiduciary duty of loyalty, inten

12016–2016
Ross v. Hotel Employees & Restaurant Employees International Union green
scotus · 2002
1 sentence

2016See Knight v. Springfield Hyundai, 81 A.3d 940, 951 (Pa.Super.2013) (declining to apply the gist of the action doctrine in part because the “alleged representations by [a]ppellees occurred prior [to] the signing of any contract”); Bohler-Uddeholm Am., Inc. v. *472 Ellwood Group, Inc., 247 F.3d 79, 104 (3rd Cir.Pa.2001) (concluding that the breach of fiduciary duty claim was not barred by the gist of the action doctrine), 11 cert. denied, 534 U.S. 1162 , 122 S.Ct. 1173 , 152 L.Ed.2d 116 (2002); see also generally Reading Radio, 833 A.2d at 211 (finding breach of fiduciary duty of loyalty, inten

12016–2016
Hallman v. Presley green
scotus · 2002
1 sentence

2016See Knight v. Springfield Hyundai, 81 A.3d 940, 951 (Pa.Super.2013) (declining to apply the gist of the action doctrine in part because the “alleged representations by [a]ppellees occurred prior [to] the signing of any contract”); Bohler-Uddeholm Am., Inc. v. *472 Ellwood Group, Inc., 247 F.3d 79, 104 (3rd Cir.Pa.2001) (concluding that the breach of fiduciary duty claim was not barred by the gist of the action doctrine), 11 cert. denied, 534 U.S. 1162 , 122 S.Ct. 1173 , 152 L.Ed.2d 116 (2002); see also generally Reading Radio, 833 A.2d at 211 (finding breach of fiduciary duty of loyalty, inten

12016–2016
Jewel v. Boxer green
calctapp · 1984
2 sentences

2016The Superior Court in Ruby also relied upon the California Court of Appeal’s decision in Jewel v. Boxer, 156 Cal.App.3d 171 , 203 Cal.Rptr. 13 (Cal.Ct.App. 1984), which involved an application for an accounting of attorney fees arising from unfinished business of a dissolved law partnership.

2016The Superior Court in Ruby also relied upon the California Court of Appeal’s decision in Jewel v. Boxer, 156 Cal.App.3d 171 , 203 Cal.Rptr. 13 (Cal.Ct.App. 1984), which involved an application for an accounting of attorney fees arising from unfinished business of a dissolved law partnership.

12016–2016
Leonard Smith, Inc. v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith green
nyappdiv · 1985
1 sentence

2015Indeed, the Trustees allegations, accepted as true and accorded every possible favorable inference, demonstrate that Fiduciary Trust failed in its duty to act with reasonable diligence with the Trust by obeying unreasonable directions from Ackerman, which resulted in the misappropriation of trust assets.7 See William Stevens, Ltd., 650 N.Y.S.2d at 308 ; Leonard Smith, Inc., 483 N.Y.S.2d at 849 ; see also Takayama v. Schaefer, 669 N.Y.S.2d 656, 659 (N.Y.A.D. 2d Dep’t 1998) (stating that an escrow agent becomes a representative of anyone with a beneficial interest in the trust, and can be held t

12015–2015
Stevens v. Kings Village Corp. green
nyappdiv · 1996
12015–2015
Moses v. Diocese of Colorado green
colo · 1993
11995–1995
Gordon v. Du Pont Glore, Forgan, Inc. green
scotus · 1974
11986–1986
Galey Construction Co. v. Utah Mortgage Loan Corp. green
scotus · 1974
11986–1986
Tenneco Inc. v. Public Service Commission green
scotus · 1974
11986–1986

Where else courts name it

TX 277 (1999–2026) NY 167 (1998–2026) CA 89 (1990–2026) DE 75 (1996–2026) IL 67 (1991–2025) OH 45 (1999–2026) NC 40 (1989–2026) GA 25 (1989–2026) PA 25 (1986–2024) WA 22 (2000–2026) CO 21 (1987–2026) FL 16 (1984–2026) UT 15 (2010–2025) MA 13 (1996–2026) SC 13 (2004–2025) MO 13 (1990–2024) MD 12 (1991–2022) MI 11 (2002–2025) AL 11 (1987–2018) WI 11 (2005–2025) ME 11 (2002–2023) LA 10 (1988–2022) KY 10 (2013–2025) NJ 9 (2002–2026) IN 9 (2001–2025) VA 9 (1996–2026) AZ 8 (1999–2023) IA 8 (2000–2023) CT 8 (1998–2025) DC 8 (1992–2025) OR 8 (1979–2015) MN 7 (1999–2024) MS 6 (2001–2009) ID 6 (1992–2026) NM 5 (1997–2018) WV 5 (2018–2023) KS 5 (1992–2026) ND 4 (2004–2010) RI 4 (2003–2019) OK 3 (2009–2017) SD 2 (2009–2014) AK 2 (2010–2019) NV 2 (2010–2024) HI 2 (2025–2025)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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