breach of fiduciary duty claim (Illinois) · Go Syfert
← Illinois issues

breach of fiduciary duty claim in Illinois

67 Illinois opinions name it 2 courts 1991–2025 20 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Illinois courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (37)

CaseFollowedCited
Majumdar v. Luriegreen
illappct · 1995 · cited in 5 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2000–2025
2 sentences

2025See id. (affirming the dismissal of a breach of fiduciary duty claim because it was duplicative of a medical negligence claim); Majumdar v. Lurie, 274 Ill.

2002See Majumdar v. Lurie, 274 Ill.

55
Neade v. Portesgreen
ill · 2000 · cited in 8 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2008–2025
2 sentences

2025See id. (affirming the dismissal of a breach of fiduciary duty claim because it was duplicative of a medical negligence claim); Majumdar v. Lurie, 274 Ill.

2008App. 3d at 273-74 ; see also Neade, 193 Ill. 2d at 443 (citing Majumdar in emphasizing that the operative facts are the ones examined in determining if a breach of fiduciary duty claim is duplicative of a medical malpractice claim).

48
Awai v. Kotingreen
coloctapp · 1993 · cited in 4 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 1999–2000
2 sentences

2000Each of these jurisdictions held that a breach of fiduciary duty claim is duplicative of a negligence claim. 303 Ill.App.3d at 809-10 , 237 Ill.Dec. 788 , 710 N.E.2d 418 , citing Hales v. Pittman, 118 Ariz. 305, 309 , 576 P.2d 493, 497 (1978); D.A.B. v. Brown, 570 N.W.2d 168 (Minn.App.1997); Garcia v. Coffman, 124 N.M. 12, 19 , 946 P.2d 216, 223 (1997); Awai v. Kotin, 872 P.2d 1332, 1337 (Colo.App.1993); Spoor v. Serota, 852 P.2d 1292, 1294-95 (Colo.App.1992).

2000App. 3d at 809-10 , citing Hales v. Pittman, 118 Ariz. 305, 309 , 576 P.2d 493, 497 (1978); D.A.B. v. Brown, 570 N.W.2d 168 (Minn. App. 1997); Garcia v. Coffman, 124 N.M. 12, 19 , 946 P.2d 216, 223 (App. 1997); Awai v. Kotin, 872 P.2d 1332, 1337 (Colo. App. 1993); Spoor v. Serota, 852 P.2d 1292, 1294-95 (Colo. App. 1992).

44
Alpha School Bus Co., Inc. v. Wagnergreen
illappct · 2009 · cited in 3 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2010–2023
2 sentences

2023Alpha School Bus, 391 Ill.

2023Id. at 747 (stating the necessary elements to assert a breach of fiduciary duty claim, - 13 - No. 1-21-1015 including injury).

33
Garcia v. Coffmangreen
nmctapp · 1997 · cited in 4 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 1999–2000
2 sentences

2000Each of these jurisdictions held that a breach of fiduciary duty claim is duplicative of a negligence claim. 303 Ill.App.3d at 809-10 , 237 Ill.Dec. 788 , 710 N.E.2d 418 , citing Hales v. Pittman, 118 Ariz. 305, 309 , 576 P.2d 493, 497 (1978); D.A.B. v. Brown, 570 N.W.2d 168 (Minn.App.1997); Garcia v. Coffman, 124 N.M. 12, 19 , 946 P.2d 216, 223 (1997); Awai v. Kotin, 872 P.2d 1332, 1337 (Colo.App.1993); Spoor v. Serota, 852 P.2d 1292, 1294-95 (Colo.App.1992).

2000Each of these jurisdictions held that a breach of fiduciary duty claim is duplicative of a negligence claim. 303 Ill.App.3d at 809-10 , 237 Ill.Dec. 788 , 710 N.E.2d 418 , citing Hales v. Pittman, 118 Ariz. 305, 309 , 576 P.2d 493, 497 (1978); D.A.B. v. Brown, 570 N.W.2d 168 (Minn.App.1997); Garcia v. Coffman, 124 N.M. 12, 19 , 946 P.2d 216, 223 (1997); Awai v. Kotin, 872 P.2d 1332, 1337 (Colo.App.1993); Spoor v. Serota, 852 P.2d 1292, 1294-95 (Colo.App.1992).

24
Spoor v. Serotagreen
coloctapp · 1992 · cited in 4 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 1999–2000
2 sentences

2000Each of these jurisdictions held that a breach of fiduciary duty claim is duplicative of a negligence claim. 303 Ill.App.3d at 809-10 , 237 Ill.Dec. 788 , 710 N.E.2d 418 , citing Hales v. Pittman, 118 Ariz. 305, 309 , 576 P.2d 493, 497 (1978); D.A.B. v. Brown, 570 N.W.2d 168 (Minn.App.1997); Garcia v. Coffman, 124 N.M. 12, 19 , 946 P.2d 216, 223 (1997); Awai v. Kotin, 872 P.2d 1332, 1337 (Colo.App.1993); Spoor v. Serota, 852 P.2d 1292, 1294-95 (Colo.App.1992).

2000App. 3d at 809-10 , citing Hales v. Pittman, 118 Ariz. 305, 309 , 576 P.2d 493, 497 (1978); D.A.B. v. Brown, 570 N.W.2d 168 (Minn. App. 1997); Garcia v. Coffman, 124 N.M. 12, 19 , 946 P.2d 216, 223 (App. 1997); Awai v. Kotin, 872 P.2d 1332, 1337 (Colo. App. 1993); Spoor v. Serota, 852 P.2d 1292, 1294-95 (Colo. App. 1992).

24
Outboard Marine Corp. v. Liberty Mutual Insurancegreen
ill · 1992 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2014–2015
2 sentences

2015Outboard Marine Corp. v. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., 154 Ill. 2d 90, 102 (1992). ¶ 50 The record supports the trial court’s conclusion that plaintiff’s claims for breach of fiduciary duty and negligence presented genuine issues of material fact sufficient to deny Willie’s motion for summary judgment. ¶ 51 Concerning the breach of fiduciary duty claim, plaintiff contended Willie’s failure to file an accounting and his failure to transfer the real estate when Patrick reached majority were the most serious breaches.

2014Outboard Marine Corp. v. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., 154 Ill. 2d 90, 102 (1992). ¶ 50 The record supports the trial court's conclusion that plaintiff's claims for breach of fiduciary duty and negligence presented genuine issues of material fact sufficient to deny Willie's motion for summary judgment. -14- 1-13-2834 ¶ 51 Concerning the breach of fiduciary duty claim, plaintiff contended Willie's failure to file an accounting and his failure to transfer the real estate when Patrick reached majority were the most serious breaches.

22
Farm Credit Bank of St. Louis v. Whitlockgreen
ill · 1991 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
2 sentences

2007See Farm Credit Bank, 144 Ill. 2d at 447 ; Doctor’s Associates, Inc., 319 Ill.

2007See Farm Credit Bank, 144 Ill. 2d at 447 ; Doctor's Assoc., Inc., 319 Ill.

22
Goodman v. Phoenix Container, Inc. (In Re DeMert & Dougherty, Inc.)green
ilnb · 2001 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002
2 sentences

2002See also In re DeMert & Dougherty, Inc. , 271 B.R. 821, 838-39 (Bankr.

2002See also In re DeMert & Dougherty, Inc., 271 B.R. 821, 838-39 (Bankr.

22
Newell v. Corresgreen
illappct · 1984 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000
2 sentences

2000See, e.g., Newell, 125 Ill.App.3d at 1094 , 81 Ill.Dec. 283 , 466 N.E.2d 1085 .

2000See, e.g., Newell, 125 Ill.

22
Hales v. Pittmangreen
ariz · 1978 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000
2 sentences

2000Each of these jurisdictions held that a breach of fiduciary duty claim is duplicative of a negligence claim. 303 Ill.App.3d at 809-10 , 237 Ill.Dec. 788 , 710 N.E.2d 418 , citing Hales v. Pittman, 118 Ariz. 305, 309 , 576 P.2d 493, 497 (1978); D.A.B. v. Brown, 570 N.W.2d 168 (Minn.App.1997); Garcia v. Coffman, 124 N.M. 12, 19 , 946 P.2d 216, 223 (1997); Awai v. Kotin, 872 P.2d 1332, 1337 (Colo.App.1993); Spoor v. Serota, 852 P.2d 1292, 1294-95 (Colo.App.1992).

2000Each of these jurisdictions held that a breach of fiduciary duty claim is duplicative of a negligence claim. 303 Ill.App.3d at 809-10 , 237 Ill.Dec. 788 , 710 N.E.2d 418 , citing Hales v. Pittman, 118 Ariz. 305, 309 , 576 P.2d 493, 497 (1978); D.A.B. v. Brown, 570 N.W.2d 168 (Minn.App.1997); Garcia v. Coffman, 124 N.M. 12, 19 , 946 P.2d 216, 223 (1997); Awai v. Kotin, 872 P.2d 1332, 1337 (Colo.App.1993); Spoor v. Serota, 852 P.2d 1292, 1294-95 (Colo.App.1992).

22
Armstrong v. Guiglergreen
ill · 1996 · cited in 3 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2007–2025
2 sentences

2007Pursuant to section 13 — 205 of the Code, a breach of fiduciary duty claim must be brought within five years after the cause of action accrued. 735 ILCS 5/13 — 205 (West 2004); Armstrong v. Guigler, 174 Ill. 2d 281, 296-97 , 673 N.E.2d 290 (1996); Luminall Paints, Inc. v. La Salle National Bank, 220 Ill.

2007Pursuant to section 13 — 205 of the Code, a breach of fiduciary duty claim must be brought within five years after the cause of action accrued. 735 ILCS 5/13 — 205 (West 2004); Armstrong v. Guigler, 174 Ill. 2d 281, 296-97 , 673 N.E.2d 290 (1996); Luminall Paints, Inc. v. La Salle National Bank, 220 Ill.

13
Pegram v. Herdrichgreen
scotus · 2000 · cited in 3 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2000–2013
2 sentences

2000An examination of the elements of a medical negligence claim and breach of fiduciary duty claim illustrates the way in which a breach of fiduciary duty claim would “boil down to a malpractice claim.” Herdrich, 530 U.S. at 235 , 147 L.

2000An examination of the elements of a medical negligence claim and breach of fiduciary duty claim illustrates the way in which a breach of fiduciary duty claim would “boil down to a malpractice claim.” Herdrich, 530 U.S. at 235 , 147 L.

13
Lawlor v. North American Corporation of Illinoisgreen
ill · 2013 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2023–2025
2 sentences

2025See Lawlor v. North American Corp. of Illinois, 2012 IL 112530, ¶ 69 (breach of fiduciary duty requires proof of (1) duty, (2) breach, and (3) proximate causation).

2023See Pekin Insurance Co. v. AAA-1 Masonry & Tuckpointing, Inc., 2017 IL App (1st) 160200, ¶ 21 (“On appeal, a reviewing court may affirm the trial court’s ruling for any reason supported by the record regardless of the basis relied upon by the trial court.”). ¶ 80 “To state a claim for breach of fiduciary duty, it must be alleged and ultimately proved: (1) that a fiduciary duty exists; (2) that the fiduciary duty was breached; and (3) that such breach proximately caused the injury of which the party complains.” Lawlor v. North American Corp. of Illinois, 2012 IL 112530, ¶ 69 .

12
Borys v. Ruddgreen
illappct · 1991 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025See Borys, 207 Ill.

11
540 North Lake Shore Drive Condominium Ass'n v. MCZ Development Corp.green
illappct · 2025 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
11
Bill Daily, M.D., & Cardiothoracic Surgery Assocs., P.C. v. Greensfelder, Hemker & Gale, P.C.green
illappct · 2018 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025Daily v. Greensfelder, Hemker & Gale, P.C., 2018 IL App (5th) 150384, ¶ 31 (“An essential element of a claim for breach of fiduciary duty is damages proximately caused by the breach.”).

11
Duffy v. Orlan Brook Condominium Owners' Associationgreen
illappct · 2012 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
11
Vician v. Viciangreen
illappct · 2016 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
11
Chicago City Bank & Trust Co. v. Lesmangreen
illappct · 1989 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025Chicago City Bank & Trust Co. v. Lesman, 186 Ill.

11
Superior Bank FSB v. Goldinggreen
ill · 1992 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
11
Hoopingarner v. Stenzelgreen
illappct · 2002 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
11
Rellick-Smith, S. v. Rellick, B.green
pasuperct · 2016 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
11
Middeke v. Baldergreen
ill · 1902 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
11
MDM Group Associates, Inc. v. CX Reinsurance Co.green
coloctapp · 2007 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
11
Goering v. Midwest Neurology, Ltd.green
illappct · 2021 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
11
Pekin Insurance Company v. AAA-1 Masonry & Tuckpointing, Inc.green
illappct · 2017 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
11
Gearhart v. Gearhartgreen
illappct · 2020 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
11
Zokoych v. Spaldinggreen
illappct · 1976 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
11
Glass v. Burkettgreen
illappct · 1978 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
11
Lane v. Deutsche Bankgreen
illappct · 2016 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
11
Graham v. Mimmsgreen
illappct · 1982 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
11
Collins v. Reynardgreen
ill · 1992 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
11
Nettleton v. Stogsdillgreen
illappct · 2008 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
11
Aguilar v. Safeway Insurancegreen
illappct · 1991 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
11
Congregation of the Passion v. Touche Ross & Co.green
ill · 1994 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
11
Labovitz v. Dolangreen
illappct · 1989 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 1995–1995
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Illinois. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (37)

CaseCitedYears
Holstein v. Grossman green
illappct · 1993
2 sentences

2016Holstein, 246 Ill.

2016Holstein, 246 Ill.

42014–2016
Pippen v. Pedersen green
illappct · 2013
2 sentences

2024In fact, when such a claim involves the same operative set of facts and the same resulting injury, “the breach of fiduciary duty claim is duplicative of the malpractice claim and should be dismissed.” Id.

2014Pippen v. Pedersen & Houpt, 2013 IL App (1st) 111371, ¶ 27 . ¶ 46 In his fourth amended complaint, Huang alleged that Brenson failed to communicate several settlement offers from Zhou, and failed to advise him of the risk of going to trial.

22014–2024
Schrager v. North Community Bank green
illappct · 2002
2 sentences

2021Additionally, fraud claims are subjected to a heightened pleading standard, requiring proof by clear and convincing evidence (Schrager, 328 Ill.

2021Additionally, fraud claims are subjected to a heightened pleading standard, requiring proof by clear and convincing evidence (Schrager, 328 Ill.

22021–2021
Estate of Wernick v. MacKs green
ill · 1989
2 sentences

1992(In re Estate of Wernick (1989), 127 Ill. 2d 61, 87 , 535 N.E.2d 876, 887-88 .) After reviewing the record, we find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it awarded equitable interest compounded at the rate of 5% per annum in the breach of fiduciary duty claim.

1992(In re Estate of Wernick (1989), 127 Ill. 2d 61, 87 , 535 N.E.2d 876, 887-88 .) After reviewing the record, we find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it awarded equitable interest compounded at the rate of 5% per annum in the breach of fiduciary duty claim.

21992–2013
Luminall Paints, Inc. v. La Salle National Bank green
illappct · 1991
2 sentences

2007Pursuant to section 13 — 205 of the Code, a breach of fiduciary duty claim must be brought within five years after the cause of action accrued. 735 ILCS 5/13 — 205 (West 2004); Armstrong v. Guigler, 174 Ill. 2d 281, 296-97 , 673 N.E.2d 290 (1996); Luminall Paints, Inc. v. La Salle National Bank, 220 Ill.

2007Pursuant to section 13-205 of the Code, a breach of fiduciary duty claim must be brought within five years after the cause of action accrued. 735 ILCS 5/13-205 (West 2004); Armstong v. Guigler, 174 Ill. 2d 281, 296-97 , 673 N.E.2d 290 (1996); Luminall Paints, Inc. v. La Salle National Bank, 220 Ill.

22007–2007
Doctor's Associates, Inc. v. Duree green
illappct · 2001
2 sentences

2007See Farm Credit Bank, 144 Ill. 2d at 447 ; Doctor’s Associates, Inc., 319 Ill.

2007See Farm Credit Bank, 144 Ill. 2d at 447 ; Doctor's Assoc., Inc., 319 Ill.

22007–2007
Fabricare Equipment Credit Corp. v. Bell, Boyd & Lloyd green
illappct · 2002
2 sentences

2005Fabricare Equipment Credit Corp. v. Bell, Boyd & Lloyd , 328 Ill.

2005Fabricare Equipment Credit Corp. v. Bell, Boyd & Lloyd, 328 Ill.

22005–2005
Battaglia v. Battaglia green
illappct · 1992
2 sentences

2001Battaglia v. Battaglia, 231 Ill.

2001Battaglia v. Battaglia , 231 Ill.

22001–2001
Neade v. Portes green
illappct · 1999
2 sentences

2000Each of these jurisdictions held that a breach of fiduciary duty claim is duplicative of a negligence claim. 303 Ill.App.3d at 809-10 , 237 Ill.Dec. 788 , 710 N.E.2d 418 , citing Hales v. Pittman, 118 Ariz. 305, 309 , 576 P.2d 493, 497 (1978); D.A.B. v. Brown, 570 N.W.2d 168 (Minn.App.1997); Garcia v. Coffman, 124 N.M. 12, 19 , 946 P.2d 216, 223 (1997); Awai v. Kotin, 872 P.2d 1332, 1337 (Colo.App.1993); Spoor v. Serota, 852 P.2d 1292, 1294-95 (Colo.App.1992).

2000Each of these jurisdictions held that a breach of fiduciary duty claim is duplicative of a negligence claim. 303 Ill.

22000–2000
D.A.B. v. Brown green
minnctapp · 1997
2 sentences

2000Each of these jurisdictions held that a breach of fiduciary duty claim is duplicative of a negligence claim. 303 Ill.App.3d at 809-10 , 237 Ill.Dec. 788 , 710 N.E.2d 418 , citing Hales v. Pittman, 118 Ariz. 305, 309 , 576 P.2d 493, 497 (1978); D.A.B. v. Brown, 570 N.W.2d 168 (Minn.App.1997); Garcia v. Coffman, 124 N.M. 12, 19 , 946 P.2d 216, 223 (1997); Awai v. Kotin, 872 P.2d 1332, 1337 (Colo.App.1993); Spoor v. Serota, 852 P.2d 1292, 1294-95 (Colo.App.1992).

2000App. 3d at 809-10 , citing Hales v. Pittman, 118 Ariz. 305, 309 , 576 P.2d 493, 497 (1978); D.A.B. v. Brown, 570 N.W.2d 168 (Minn. App. 1997); Garcia v. Coffman, 124 N.M. 12, 19 , 946 P.2d 216, 223 (App. 1997); Awai v. Kotin, 872 P.2d 1332, 1337 (Colo. App. 1993); Spoor v. Serota, 852 P.2d 1292, 1294-95 (Colo. App. 1992).

22000–2000
Boatmen's National Bank v. Direct Lines, Inc. green
ill · 1995
2 sentences

1997Boatmen's, 167 Ill. 2d at 100 .

1997Boatmen’s, 167 Ill. 2d at 100 .

21997–1997
Havoco of America, Ltd., a Delaware Corporation, Cross-Appellee v. Sumitomo Corporation of America, and Elmer C. Hill, Cross-Appellee green
ca7 · 1992
2 sentences

1996Section 13 — 205 applies to all torts, actions on oral contracts, and 'all civil actions not otherwise provided for.’ A breach of fiduciary duty claim is an action 'not otherwise provided for’ in the Illinois statutes of limitations.” Havoco, 971 F.2d at 1337 .

1996Section 13-205 applies to all torts, actions on oral contracts, and `all civil actions not otherwise provided for.' A breach of fiduciary duty claim is an action `not otherwise provided for' in the Illinois statutes of limitations." Havoco, 971 F.2d at 1337 .

21995–1996
Indeck Energy Services, Inc. v. DePodesta green
ill · 2021
1 sentence

2025Indeck Energy Services, Inc. v. DePodesta, 2021 IL 125733, ¶ 47 . ¶ 71 Knebelkamp does not explain how his four alleged factual disputes relate to the elements of a breach of fiduciary duty claim.

12025–2025
D'Attomo v. Baumbeck green
illappct · 2015
12025–2025
In Re Estate of Denler green
illappct · 1980
12024–2024
Scheinblum v. Schain Banks Kenny & Schwartz, Ltd. green
illappct · 2021
12023–2023
Commonwealth Edison Company v. Illinois Commerce Commission green
ill · 2016
12023–2023
800 South Wells Commercial LLC v. Cadden green
illappct · 2018
12021–2021
Happy R Securities, LLC v. Agri-Sources, LLC neutral
illappct · 2013
12021–2021
Levy v. Markal Sales Corp. green
illappct · 1994
12020–2020
Khan v. Deutsche Bank AG green
ill · 2012
12019–2019
Miller v. Harris green
illappct · 2013
12017–2017
Lawlor v. North American Corp. of Illinois green
illappct · 2011
12013–2013
Fuller Family Holdings, LLC v. Northern Trust Co. green
illappct · 2007
12010–2010
In Re Estate of Muppavarapu green
illappct · 2005
12007–2007
International Shoe Co. v. Washington green
scotus · 1945
12005–2005
Ballweg v. City of Springfield green
ill · 1986
12004–2004
Calhoun v. Rane green
illappct · 1992
12000–2000
Martin v. Heinold Commodities, Inc. green
illappct · 1992
11994–1994
Anderson v. Lybeck green
ill · 1958
11994–1994
Turnes v. Brenckle green
ill · 1911
11994–1994
Miller v. Miller green
ill · 1915
11994–1994
Pettey v. First National Bank of Geneva green
illappct · 1992
11992–1992
Martin v. Heinold Commodities, Inc. green
illappct · 1985
11992–1992
Capitol Indemnity Corp. v. Stewart Smith Intermediaries, Inc. green
illappct · 1992
11992–1992
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc. v. Antioch Theatre Co. green
illappct · 1977
11992–1992
Worner Agency, Inc. v. Doyle green
illappct · 1984
11991–1991

Statutes the citing opinions construe

IL § 735 ILCS 5/2-619 (16) IL § 735 ILCS 5/2-615 (8) IL § 735 ILCS 5/13-205 (5) IL § 735 ILCS 5/2-1005 (5) IL § 225 ILCS 47/1 (4) IL § 735 ILCS 5/2-616 (4) IL § 735 ILCS 5/2-613 (3) IL § 735 ILCS 5/2-619.1 (3) IL § 755 ILCS 5/1-1 (3) IL § 765 ILCS 1065/1 (3) IL § 805 ILCS 180/15-1 (3) IL § 805 ILCS 180/15-3 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

TX 277 (1999–2026) NY 167 (1998–2026) CA 89 (1990–2026) DE 75 (1996–2026) IL 67 (1991–2025) OH 45 (1999–2026) NC 40 (1989–2026) GA 25 (1989–2026) PA 25 (1986–2024) WA 22 (2000–2026) CO 21 (1987–2026) FL 16 (1984–2026) UT 15 (2010–2025) MA 13 (1996–2026) SC 13 (2004–2025) MO 13 (1990–2024) MD 12 (1991–2022) MI 11 (2002–2025) AL 11 (1987–2018) WI 11 (2005–2025) ME 11 (2002–2023) LA 10 (1988–2022) KY 10 (2013–2025) NJ 9 (2002–2026) IN 9 (2001–2025) VA 9 (1996–2026) AZ 8 (1999–2023) IA 8 (2000–2023) CT 8 (1998–2025) DC 8 (1992–2025) OR 8 (1979–2015) MN 7 (1999–2024) MS 6 (2001–2009) ID 6 (1992–2026) NM 5 (1997–2018) WV 5 (2018–2023) KS 5 (1992–2026) ND 4 (2004–2010) RI 4 (2003–2019) OK 3 (2009–2017) SD 2 (2009–2014) AK 2 (2010–2019) NV 2 (2010–2024) HI 2 (2025–2025)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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