questioned instruction (Nebraska) · Go Syfert
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questioned instruction in Nebraska

124 Nebraska opinions name it 2 courts 1986–2026 13 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Nebraska courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (9)

CaseFollowedCited
Rose v. City of Lincolngreen
neb · 1989 · cited in 9 Nebraska opinions naming this issue, 1990–1993
2 sentences

1993Nothing in the circumstantial evidence instruction detracts from the proof beyond a reasonable doubt requirement. “ ‘In an appeal based on the claim of an erroneous instruction, the appellant has the burden to show that the questioned instruction was prejudicial or otherwise adversely affected a substantial right of the appellant.’ ” State v. Jasper, 237 Neb. 754, 757 , 467 N.W.2d 855, 858 (1991), quoting Rose v. City of Lincoln, 234 Neb. 67 , 449 N.W.2d 522 (1989). *516 Since the challenged instructions accurately state the law, were not misleading, and did not deprive appellant of a substant

1993Nothing in the circumstantial evidence instruction detracts from the proof beyond a reasonable doubt requirement. “ ‘In an appeal based on the claim of an erroneous instruction, the appellant has the burden to show that the questioned instruction was prejudicial or otherwise adversely affected a substantial right of the appellant.’ ” State v. Jasper, 237 Neb. 754, 757 , 467 N.W.2d 855, 858 (1991), quoting Rose v. City of Lincoln, 234 Neb. 67 , 449 N.W.2d 522 (1989). *516 Since the challenged instructions accurately state the law, were not misleading, and did not deprive appellant of a substant

69
Jensen v. Archbishop Bergan Mercy Hospitalgreen
neb · 1990 · cited in 3 Nebraska opinions naming this issue, 1991–1992
2 sentences

1992Accord Jensen v. Archbishop Bergan Mercy Hosp., supra. “Jury instructions should be confined to issues presented by the pleadings and supported by evidence.” Jensen v. Archbishop Bergan Mercy Hosp., 236 Neb. at 8, 459 N. W.2d at 183 .

1992Accord Jensen v. Archbishop Bergan Mercy Hosp., supra. “Jury instructions should be confined to issues presented by the pleadings and supported by evidence.” Jensen v. Archbishop Bergan Mercy Hosp., 236 Neb. at 8, 459 N. W.2d at 183 .

33
State v. Jaspergreen
neb · 1991 · cited in 4 Nebraska opinions naming this issue, 1991–1994
2 sentences

1993Nothing in the circumstantial evidence instruction detracts from the proof beyond a reasonable doubt requirement. “ ‘In an appeal based on the claim of an erroneous instruction, the appellant has the burden to show that the questioned instruction was prejudicial or otherwise adversely affected a substantial right of the appellant.’ ” State v. Jasper, 237 Neb. 754, 757 , 467 N.W.2d 855, 858 (1991), quoting Rose v. City of Lincoln, 234 Neb. 67 , 449 N.W.2d 522 (1989). *516 Since the challenged instructions accurately state the law, were not misleading, and did not deprive appellant of a substant

1993Nothing in the circumstantial evidence instruction detracts from the proof beyond a reasonable doubt requirement. “ ‘In an appeal based on the claim of an erroneous instruction, the appellant has the burden to show that the questioned instruction was prejudicial or otherwise adversely affected a substantial right of the appellant.’ ” State v. Jasper, 237 Neb. 754, 757 , 467 N.W.2d 855, 858 (1991), quoting Rose v. City of Lincoln, 234 Neb. 67 , 449 N.W.2d 522 (1989). *516 Since the challenged instructions accurately state the law, were not misleading, and did not deprive appellant of a substant

24
Denis v. Woodmen Accident & Life Co.green
neb · 1983 · cited in 2 Nebraska opinions naming this issue, 1986–1988
22
State v. Samayoagreen
neb · 2015 · cited in 2 Nebraska opinions naming this issue, 2015–2024
2 sentences

2024See State v. Samayoa, 292 Neb. 334 , 873 N.W.2d 449 (2015).

2015In an appeal based on a claim of an erroneous jury instruction, the appellant has the burden - 335 - Nebraska A dvance Sheets 292 Nebraska R eports STATE v. SAMAYOA Cite as 292 Neb. 334 to show that the questioned instruction was prejudicial or otherwise adversely affected a substantial right of the appellant. 9.

12
State v. Greergreen
neb · 2022 · cited in 2 Nebraska opinions naming this issue, 2022–2023
2 sentences

2023In an appeal based upon a claim of an erroneous jury instruction, the appellant has the burden to show that the questioned instruction was prejudicial or otherwise adversely affected a substantial right of the appellant. 13 All the jury instructions must be read together, and if, taken as a whole, they correctly state the law, are not misleading, and ade- quately cover the issues supported by the pleadings and the 9 See § 28-518(7). 10 See § 28-518(8). 11 See id. 12 See § 28-512. 13 State v. Greer, 312 Neb. 351 , 979 N.W.2d 101 (2022). - 753 - Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets 313 Nebraska

2023In an appeal based upon a claim of an erroneous jury instruction, the appellant has the burden to show that the questioned instruction was prejudicial or otherwise adversely affected a substantial right of the appellant. 13 All the jury instructions must be read together, and if, taken as a whole, they correctly state the law, are not misleading, and ade- quately cover the issues supported by the pleadings and the 9 See § 28-518(7). 10 See § 28-518(8). 11 See id. 12 See § 28-512. 13 State v. Greer, 312 Neb. 351 , 979 N.W.2d 101 (2022). - 753 - Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets 313 Nebraska

12
Petska v. Olson Gravel, Inc.green
neb · 1993 · cited in 2 Nebraska opinions naming this issue, 1994–1994
12
State v. Harneygreen
neb · 1991 · cited in 2 Nebraska opinions naming this issue, 1991–1994
12
State v. Piercegreen
neb · 1989 · cited in 2 Nebraska opinions naming this issue, 1990–1991
12

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Nebraska. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (71)

CaseCitedYears
State v. Hinrichsen green
neb · 2016
2 sentences

2018State v. Hinrichsen, 292 Neb. 611 , 877 N.W.2d 211 (2016). (b) Analysis Jury instruction No. 7 provided to the jury informed it of the elements of the charge of first degree sexual assault.

2018State v. Hinrichsen, 292 Neb. 611 , 877 N.W.2d 211 (2016). (b) Analysis Jury instruction No. 7 provided to the jury informed it of the elements of the charge of first degree sexual assault.

102016–2018
Hamernick v. Essex Dodge Ltd. green
neb · 1995
2 sentences

2000Everts v. Hardcopf-Bickley, 257 Neb. 151 , 595 N.W.2d 911 (1999); Tapp v. Blackmore Ranch, 254 Neb. 40 , 575 N.W.2d 341 (1998); Dolberg v. Paltani, 250 Neb. 297 , 549 N.W.2d 635 (1996); Hamernick v. Essex Dodge Ltd., 247 Neb. 392 , 527 N.W.2d 196 (1995).

2000Everts v. Hardcopf-Bickley, 257 Neb. 151 , 595 N.W.2d 911 (1999); Tapp v. Blackmore Ranch, 254 Neb. 40 , 575 N.W.2d 341 (1998); Dolberg v. Paltani, 250 Neb. 297 , 549 N.W.2d 635 (1996); Hamernick v. Essex Dodge Ltd., 247 Neb. 392 , 527 N.W.2d 196 (1995).

71996–2000
Tapp v. Blackmore Ranch, Inc. green
neb · 1998
2 sentences

2000Everts v. Hardcopf-Bickley, 257 Neb. 151 , 595 N.W.2d 911 (1999); Tapp v. Blackmore Ranch, 254 Neb. 40 , 575 N.W.2d 341 (1998); Dolberg v. Paltani, 250 Neb. 297 , 549 N.W.2d 635 (1996); Hamernick v. Essex Dodge Ltd., 247 Neb. 392 , 527 N.W.2d 196 (1995).

2000Everts v. Hardcopf-Bickley, 257 Neb. 151 , 595 N.W.2d 911 (1999); Tapp v. Blackmore Ranch, 254 Neb. 40 , 575 N.W.2d 341 (1998); Dolberg v. Paltani, 250 Neb. 297 , 549 N.W.2d 635 (1996); Hamernick v. Essex Dodge Ltd., 247 Neb. 392 , 527 N.W.2d 196 (1995).

61998–2000
State v. Derry green
neb · 1995
2 sentences

2004Mowell, supra; State v. Derry, 248 Neb. 260 , 534 N.W.2d 302 (1995). 2.

2004Mowell, supra; State v. Derry, 248 Neb. 260 , 534 N.W.2d 302 (1995). 2.

51996–2004
Dolberg v. Paltani green
neb · 1996
2 sentences

2000Everts v. Hardcopf-Bickley, 257 Neb. 151 , 595 N.W.2d 911 (1999); Tapp v. Blackmore Ranch, 254 Neb. 40 , 575 N.W.2d 341 (1998); Dolberg v. Paltani, 250 Neb. 297 , 549 N.W.2d 635 (1996); Hamernick v. Essex Dodge Ltd., 247 Neb. 392 , 527 N.W.2d 196 (1995).

2000Everts v. Hardcopf-Bickley, 257 Neb. 151 , 595 N.W.2d 911 (1999); Tapp v. Blackmore Ranch, 254 Neb. 40 , 575 N.W.2d 341 (1998); Dolberg v. Paltani, 250 Neb. 297 , 549 N.W.2d 635 (1996); Hamernick v. Essex Dodge Ltd., 247 Neb. 392 , 527 N.W.2d 196 (1995).

51997–2000
State v. McHenry green
neb · 1996
2 sentences

1999State v. McHenry, 250 Neb. 614 , 550 N.W.2d 364 (1996).

1999State v. McHenry, 250 Neb. 614 , 550 N.W.2d 364 (1996).

51998–1999
State v. Swindle green
neb · 2018
2 sentences

2025State v. Swindle, 300 Neb. 734 , 915 N.W.2d 795 (2018).

2018Stat. § 28-830 (14) (Reissue 2016) (now found at § 28-830(12) (Supp. 2017)). - 744 - Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets 300 Nebraska R eports STATE v. SWINDLE Cite as 300 Neb. 734 aside Swindle’s habitual criminal status, sex trafficking of a minor is a Class IB felony,8 with a minimum penalty of 20 years’ imprisonment and a maximum of life imprisonment; whereas sex trafficking of an adult is a Class II felony,9 with a minimum penalty of 1 year’s imprisonment and a maximum of 50 years’ imprisonment.10 [7,8] In an appeal based on a claim of an erroneous jury instruction, the appellant has t

42018–2025
State v. Fischer green
neb · 2007
2 sentences

2022Id.

2008Id.

42007–2022
Sacco v. Carothers green
neb · 1997
2 sentences

1998Sacco v. Carothers, 253 Neb. 9 , 567 N.W.2d 299 (1997).

1998Sacco v. Carothers, 253 Neb. 9 , 567 N.W.2d 299 (1997).

41998–1998
State v. Fernandez green
neb · 2023
2 sentences

2026State v. Fernandez, 313 Neb. 745 , 986 N.W.2d 53 (2023).

2026State v. Fernandez, 313 Neb. 745 , 986 N.W.2d 53 (2023).

32023–2026
State v. Mann green
neb · 2019
2 sentences

2019Specifically, he requested that the jury be instructed that - 819 - Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets 302 Nebraska R eports STATE v. MANN Cite as 302 Neb. 804 “‘stolen’ means ‘to take or exercise control over movable property of another with the intent to deprive him or her thereof.’”40 On appeal, he argues that the district court erred in refusing that instruction. [19,20] In an appeal based on a claim of an erroneous jury instruction, the appellant has the burden to show that the questioned instruction was prejudicial or otherwise adversely affected a substantial right of the appellant.

2019Specifically, he requested that the jury be instructed that - 819 - Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets 302 Nebraska R eports STATE v. MANN Cite as 302 Neb. 804 “‘stolen’ means ‘to take or exercise control over movable property of another with the intent to deprive him or her thereof.’”40 On appeal, he argues that the district court erred in refusing that instruction. [19,20] In an appeal based on a claim of an erroneous jury instruction, the appellant has the burden to show that the questioned instruction was prejudicial or otherwise adversely affected a substantial right of the appellant.

32019–2019
State v. McCurry green
neb · 2017
2 sentences

2019State v. McCurry, 296 Neb. 40 , 891 N.W.2d 663 (2017). [13,14] In an appeal based on a claim of an erroneous jury instruction, the appellant has the burden to show that the questioned instruction was prejudicial or otherwise adversely affected a substantial right of the appellant.

2019State v. McCurry, 296 Neb. 40 , 891 N.W.2d 663 (2017). [13,14] In an appeal based on a claim of an erroneous jury instruction, the appellant has the burden to show that the questioned instruction was prejudicial or otherwise adversely affected a substantial right of the appellant.

32017–2019
State v. Iromuanya green
neb · 2006
2 sentences

2016State v. Iromuanya, 272 Neb. 178 , 719 N.W.2d 263 (2006).

2016State v. Iromuanya, 272 Neb. 178 , 719 N.W.2d 263 (2006).

32007–2016
Nebraska Nutrients, Inc. v. Shepherd green
neb · 2001
2 sentences

2003Nebraska Nutrients v. Shepherd, 261 Neb. 723 , 626 N.W.2d 472 (2001).

2003Nebraska Nutrients v. Shepherd, 261 Neb. 723 , 626 N.W.2d 472 (2001).

32002–2003
Sindelar v. Canada Transport, Inc. green
neb · 1994
2 sentences

2000Hamernick v. Essex Dodge Ltd., 247 Neb. 392 , 527 N.W.2d 196 (1995); Sindelar v. Canada Transport, Inc., 246 Neb. 559 , 520 N.W.2d 203 (1994).

2000Hamernick v. Essex Dodge Ltd., 247 Neb. 392 , 527 N.W.2d 196 (1995); Sindelar v. Canada Transport, Inc., 246 Neb. 559 , 520 N.W.2d 203 (1994).

31995–2000
State v. Flye green
neb · 1994
2 sentences

1996State v. Derry, 248 Neb. 260 , 534 N.W.2d 302 (1995); State v. McHenry, 247 Neb. 167 , 525 N.W.2d 620 (1995); State v. Flye, 245 Neb. 495 , 513 N.W.2d 526 (1994).

1996State v. Derry, 248 Neb. 260 , 534 N.W.2d 302 (1995); State v. McHenry, 247 Neb. 167 , 525 N.W.2d 620 (1995); State v. Flye, 245 Neb. 495 , 513 N.W.2d 526 (1994).

31995–1996
State v. Messersmith green
neb · 1991
2 sentences

1995State v. Gatson, 244 Neb. 231 , 505 N.W.2d 696 (1993); State v. Messersmith, 238 Neb. 924 , 473 N.W.2d 83 (1991).

1995State v. Gatson, 244 Neb. 231 , 505 N.W.2d 696 (1993); State v. Messersmith, 238 Neb. 924 , 473 N.W.2d 83 (1991).

31993–1995
Sikyta v. Arrow Stage Lines, Inc. green
neb · 1991
2 sentences

1994Petska v. Olson Gravel, Inc., 243 Neb. 568 , 500 N.W.2d 828 (1993); Kozeny v. Miller, 243 Neb. 402 , 499 N.W.2d 75 (1993); Sikyta v. Arrow Stage Lines, 238 Neb. 289 , 470 N.W.2d 724 (1991).

1994Petska v. Olson Gravel, Inc., 243 Neb. 568 , 500 N.W.2d 828 (1993); Kozeny v. Miller, 243 Neb. 402 , 499 N.W.2d 75 (1993); Sikyta v. Arrow Stage Lines, 238 Neb. 289 , 470 N.W.2d 724 (1991).

31992–1994
Lombardo v. Sedlacek green
neb · 2018
2 sentences

2026STANDARD OF REVIEW [1] A motion to alter or amend a judgment is addressed to the discretion of the trial court, whose decision will be upheld in the absence of an abuse of that discretion. 2 [2,3] Whether jury instructions are correct is a question of law, which an appellate court resolves independently of the lower court’s decision. 3 In an appeal based upon a claim of an erroneous jury instruction, the appellant has the burden to show that the questioned instruction was prejudicial or otherwise adversely affected a substantial right of the appellant. 4 [4,5] A motion for new trial is address

2026STANDARD OF REVIEW [1] A motion to alter or amend a judgment is addressed to the discretion of the trial court, whose decision will be upheld in the absence of an abuse of that discretion. 2 [2,3] Whether jury instructions are correct is a question of law, which an appellate court resolves independently of the lower court’s decision. 3 In an appeal based upon a claim of an erroneous jury instruction, the appellant has the burden to show that the questioned instruction was prejudicial or otherwise adversely affected a substantial right of the appellant. 4 [4,5] A motion for new trial is address

22026–2026
Carson v. Steinke green
neb · 2023
2 sentences

2026STANDARD OF REVIEW [1] A motion to alter or amend a judgment is addressed to the discretion of the trial court, whose decision will be upheld in the absence of an abuse of that discretion. 2 [2,3] Whether jury instructions are correct is a question of law, which an appellate court resolves independently of the lower court’s decision. 3 In an appeal based upon a claim of an erroneous jury instruction, the appellant has the burden to show that the questioned instruction was prejudicial or otherwise adversely affected a substantial right of the appellant. 4 [4,5] A motion for new trial is address

2026STANDARD OF REVIEW [1] A motion to alter or amend a judgment is addressed to the discretion of the trial court, whose decision will be upheld in the absence of an abuse of that discretion. 2 [2,3] Whether jury instructions are correct is a question of law, which an appellate court resolves independently of the lower court’s decision. 3 In an appeal based upon a claim of an erroneous jury instruction, the appellant has the burden to show that the questioned instruction was prejudicial or otherwise adversely affected a substantial right of the appellant. 4 [4,5] A motion for new trial is address

22026–2026
132 Ventures v. Active Spine Physical Therapy green
neb · 2024
2 sentences

2026STANDARD OF REVIEW [1] A motion to alter or amend a judgment is addressed to the discretion of the trial court, whose decision will be upheld in the absence of an abuse of that discretion. 2 [2,3] Whether jury instructions are correct is a question of law, which an appellate court resolves independently of the lower court’s decision. 3 In an appeal based upon a claim of an erroneous jury instruction, the appellant has the burden to show that the questioned instruction was prejudicial or otherwise adversely affected a substantial right of the appellant. 4 [4,5] A motion for new trial is address

2026STANDARD OF REVIEW [1] A motion to alter or amend a judgment is addressed to the discretion of the trial court, whose decision will be upheld in the absence of an abuse of that discretion. 2 [2,3] Whether jury instructions are correct is a question of law, which an appellate court resolves independently of the lower court’s decision. 3 In an appeal based upon a claim of an erroneous jury instruction, the appellant has the burden to show that the questioned instruction was prejudicial or otherwise adversely affected a substantial right of the appellant. 4 [4,5] A motion for new trial is address

22026–2026
State v. Tvrdy neutral
neb · 2024
2 sentences

2026STANDARD OF REVIEW [1] A motion to alter or amend a judgment is addressed to the discretion of the trial court, whose decision will be upheld in the absence of an abuse of that discretion. 2 [2,3] Whether jury instructions are correct is a question of law, which an appellate court resolves independently of the lower court’s decision. 3 In an appeal based upon a claim of an erroneous jury instruction, the appellant has the burden to show that the questioned instruction was prejudicial or otherwise adversely affected a substantial right of the appellant. 4 [4,5] A motion for new trial is address

2026STANDARD OF REVIEW [1] A motion to alter or amend a judgment is addressed to the discretion of the trial court, whose decision will be upheld in the absence of an abuse of that discretion. 2 [2,3] Whether jury instructions are correct is a question of law, which an appellate court resolves independently of the lower court’s decision. 3 In an appeal based upon a claim of an erroneous jury instruction, the appellant has the burden to show that the questioned instruction was prejudicial or otherwise adversely affected a substantial right of the appellant. 4 [4,5] A motion for new trial is address

22026–2026
State v. Paez neutral
neb · 2019
2 sentences

2019Supp. 2018). - 684 - Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets 302 Nebraska R eports STATE v. PAEZ Cite as 302 Neb. 676 prosecution.23 In contrast, utilizing an electronic communica- tion device to transmit lewd or sexually explicit material or to offer or solicit indecent acts is not a crime when the recipi- ent is age 16 or over (unless the recipient is “a peace officer who is believed by [the defendant] to be a child under sixteen years of age”).24 [4] In an appeal based on a claim of an erroneous jury instruction, the appellant has the burden to show that the questioned instruction was prejud

2019Supp. 2018). - 684 - Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets 302 Nebraska R eports STATE v. PAEZ Cite as 302 Neb. 676 prosecution.23 In contrast, utilizing an electronic communica- tion device to transmit lewd or sexually explicit material or to offer or solicit indecent acts is not a crime when the recipi- ent is age 16 or over (unless the recipient is “a peace officer who is believed by [the defendant] to be a child under sixteen years of age”).24 [4] In an appeal based on a claim of an erroneous jury instruction, the appellant has the burden to show that the questioned instruction was prejud

22019–2019
State v. Robinson green
neb · 2009
2 sentences

2015State v. Robinson, 278 Neb. 212 , 769 N.W.2d 366 (2009).

2015State v. Robinson, 278 Neb. 212 , 769 N.W.2d 366 (2009).

22009–2015
State v. Welch green
neb · 2008
2 sentences

2009State v. Welch, 275 Neb. 517 , 747 N.W.2d 613 (2008).

2009State v. Welch, 275 Neb. 517 , 747 N.W.2d 613 (2008).

22009–2009
Gary's Implement, Inc. v. Bridgeport Tractor Parts, Inc. green
neb · 2005
22005–2006
State v. Grosshans neutral
neb · 2005
22006–2006
State v. Anderson green
neb · 2005
22005–2006
Everts v. Hardcopf-Bickley green
neb · 1999
22000–2000
State v. Woods green
neb · 1996
21996–1999
State v. Ryan green
neb · 1996
21996–1998
State v. McHenry green
neb · 1995
21995–1996
State v. Gatson green
neb · 1993
21995–1995
Kopecky v. National Farms, Inc. green
neb · 1994
21994–1994
State v. Morley green
neb · 1991
21992–1993
State v. Logan green
neb · 2025
12026–2026
State v. German green
neb · 2024
12025–2025
State v. Brown green
neb · 2024
12025–2025
State v. Mowell green
neb · 2003
12025–2025
State v. Frandsen neutral
neb · 1977
12023–2023

Statutes the citing opinions construe

NE § Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-105 (20) NE § Neb. Rev. Stat. § 27-403 (16) NE § Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-319 (13) NE § Neb. Rev. Stat. § 27-404 (10) NE § Neb. Rev. Stat. § 27-801 (10) NE § Neb. Rev. Stat. § 27-401 (9) NE § Neb. Rev. Stat. § 27-702 (8) NE § Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-1205 (8) NE § Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-318 (7) NE § Neb. Rev. Stat. § 27-103 (6) NE § Neb. Rev. Stat. § 27-901 (6) NE § Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-303 (6)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

NE 124 (1986–2026) CA 72 (1922–2022) OK 21 (1908–2024) IL 18 (1949–2026) MO 16 (1939–1999) FL 14 (1959–2015) MS 10 (1992–2005) AZ 9 (1936–1991) KY 8 (1958–2026) IN 8 (1919–2020) LA 6 (1989–2016) ID 5 (1945–1999) TN 5 (1948–2020) AK 4 (1970–1991) PA 4 (1978–2019) WA 4 (1949–1969) MI 4 (1964–2019) WV 4 (1983–1994) WY 4 (1977–2024) TX 4 (1974–2017) OH 3 (1990–2013) OR 3 (1949–1977) NY 3 (1935–1941) GA 3 (1986–1991) AR 3 (1976–2002) AL 3 (1896–2013) NC 3 (1962–1987) IA 2 (1972–1978) ME 2 (1954–1983) WI 2 (1976–1980)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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