Clark test (Washington) · Go Syfert
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Clark test in Washington

19 Washington opinions name it 2 courts 1977–2026 6 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Washington courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (5)

CaseFollowedCited
United States v. Valerie Terrignogreen
ca9 · 1988 · cited in 3 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
2 sentences

2016Probation conditions satisfy the Clark test if "'the sentencing judge imposed the conditions for permissible purposes, and ... the conditions are reasonably related to the purposes."' Id. (quoting United States v. Terrigno, 838 F.2d 371, 374 (9th Cir. 1988)).

2016Probation conditions satisfy the Clark test if "'the sentencing judge imposed the conditions for permissible purposes, and ... the conditions are reasonably related to the purposes."' Id. (quoting United States v. Terrigno, 838 F.2d 371, 374 (9th Cir. 1988)).

33
Kentucky v. Stincergreen
scotus · 1987 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
2 sentences

2006The prosecutor asked R.T. directly if Price had touched her (other than hugging), and she asked R.T. to tell the jury what she had said to her mother and to Detective Bergt. ¶30 The Clark test also requires that the defendant have an opportunity for full cross-examination. “ ‘[T]he Confrontation Clause guarantees only “an opportunity for effective cross-examination, not cross-examination that is effective in whatever way, and to whatever extent, the defense might wish.” ’ ” Owens, 484 U.S. at 559 (alteration in original) (quoting Stincer, 482 U.S. at 739 (quoting Fensterer, 474 U.S. at 20 )).

2006The prosecutor asked R.T. directly if Price had touched her (other than hugging), and she asked R.T. to tell the jury what she had said to her mother and to Detective Bergt. ¶30 The Clark test also requires that the defendant have an opportunity for full cross-examination. “ ‘[T]he Confrontation Clause guarantees only “an opportunity for effective cross-examination, not cross-examination that is effective in whatever way, and to whatever extent, the defense might wish.” ’ ” Owens, 484 U.S. at 559 (alteration in original) (quoting Stincer, 482 U.S. at 739 (quoting Fensterer, 474 U.S. at 20 )).

12
United States v. Owensgreen
scotus · 1988 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
2 sentences

2006The prosecutor asked R.T. directly if Price had touched her (other than hugging), and she asked R.T. to tell the jury what she had said to her mother and to Detective Bergt. ¶30 The Clark test also requires that the defendant have an opportunity for full cross-examination. “ ‘[T]he Confrontation Clause guarantees only “an opportunity for effective cross-examination, not cross-examination that is effective in whatever way, and to whatever extent, the defense might wish.” ’ ” Owens, 484 U.S. at 559 (alteration in original) (quoting Stincer, 482 U.S. at 739 (quoting Fensterer, 474 U.S. at 20 )).

2006The prosecutor asked R.T. directly if Price had touched her (other than hugging), and she asked R.T. to tell the jury what she had said to her mother and to Detective Bergt. ¶30 The Clark test also requires that the defendant have an opportunity for full cross-examination. “ ‘[T]he Confrontation Clause guarantees only “an opportunity for effective cross-examination, not cross-examination that is effective in whatever way, and to whatever extent, the defense might wish.” ’ ” Owens, 484 U.S. at 559 (alteration in original) (quoting Stincer, 482 U.S. at 739 (quoting Fensterer, 474 U.S. at 20 )).

12
In re the Personal Restraint of Grassogreen
wash · 2004 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
2 sentences

2006Id. at 17.

2006Id. at 17.

11
Johnson v. Hawegreen
ca9 · 2004 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
2 sentences

2006Ed. 2d 537 (2004) (noting that State v. Flora established that a traffic stop was not a private encounter for purposes of the privacy act); Johnson v. Hawe, 388 F.3d 676, 682-83 (9th Cir. 2004) (holding that an individual who videotaped a police officer during an arrest did not violate RCW 9.73.030 because the officer had no reasonable expectation of privacy in his communications with others over his police radio). ¶24 In light of the definition of “private,” our analysis of the Clark factors, and these prior decisions, we hold that traffic stop conversations are not private for purposes of th

2006Ed. 2d 537 (2004) (noting that State v. Flora established that a traffic stop was not a private encounter for purposes of the privacy act); Johnson v. Hawe, 388 F.3d 676, 682-83 (9th Cir. 2004) (holding that an individual who videotaped a police officer during an arrest did not violate RCW 9.73.030 because the officer had no reasonable expectation of privacy in his communications with others over his police radio). ¶24 In light of the definition of “private,” our analysis of the Clark factors, and these prior decisions, we hold that traffic stop conversations are not private for purposes of th

11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Washington. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (22)

CaseCitedYears
United States v. Virginia Consuelo-Gonzalez green
ca9 · 1975
2 sentences

2016Probation conditions satisfy the Clark test if "'the sentencing judge imposed the conditions for permissible purposes, and ... the conditions are reasonably related to the purposes."' Id. (quoting United States v. Terrigno, 838 F.2d 371, 374 (9th Cir. 1988)).

2016Probation conditions satisfy the Clark test if "'the sentencing judge imposed the conditions for permissible purposes, and ... the conditions are reasonably related to the purposes."' Id. (quoting United States v. Terrigno, 838 F.2d 371, 374 (9th Cir. 1988)).

32016–2016
State v. Clark neutral
washctapp · 2012
2 sentences

2013State v. Clark, 167 Wn.

2013State v. Clark, 167 Wn.

22013–2013
Rufer v. Abbott Laboratories green
wash · 2005
2 sentences

2010Rufer, 154 Wash.2d at 540 , 114 P.3d 1182 . ¶ 15 Smith Bunday contends that the rationale articulated by Judge Rogers shows that he denied Clark's motion to unseal after applying *241 the Ishikawa factors.

2010Rufer, 154 Wn.2d at 540 . ¶15 Smith Bunday contends that the rationale articulated by Judge Rogers shows that he denied Clark’s motion to unseal after applying the Ishikawa factors.

22010–2010
Ryder v. Port of Seattle green
washctapp · 1987
2 sentences

2010RAP 2.5(a); Ryder v. Port of Seattle, 50 Wash.App. 144, 150 , 748 P.2d 243 (1987) (An issue, theory, or argument not presented to the trial court will not be considered on appeal.).

2010RAP 2.5(a); Ryder v. Port of Seattle, 50 Wn.

22010–2010
Delaware v. Fensterer green
scotus · 1985
2 sentences

2006The prosecutor asked R.T. directly if Price had touched her (other than hugging), and she asked R.T. to tell the jury what she had said to her mother and to Detective Bergt. ¶30 The Clark test also requires that the defendant have an opportunity for full cross-examination. “ ‘[T]he Confrontation Clause guarantees only “an opportunity for effective cross-examination, not cross-examination that is effective in whatever way, and to whatever extent, the defense might wish.” ’ ” Owens, 484 U.S. at 559 (alteration in original) (quoting Stincer, 482 U.S. at 739 (quoting Fensterer, 474 U.S. at 20 )).

2006The prosecutor asked R.T. directly if Price had touched her (other than hugging), and she asked R.T. to tell the jury what she had said to her mother and to Detective Bergt. ¶30 The Clark test also requires that the defendant have an opportunity for full cross-examination. “ ‘[T]he Confrontation Clause guarantees only “an opportunity for effective cross-examination, not cross-examination that is effective in whatever way, and to whatever extent, the defense might wish.” ’ ” Owens, 484 U.S. at 559 (alteration in original) (quoting Stincer, 482 U.S. at 739 (quoting Fensterer, 474 U.S. at 20 )).

22006–2006
Mosbrucker v. Greenfield Implement, Inc. green
washctapp · 1989
1 sentence

2026The reviewing court held that the trial court erred in failing to consider Clark’s claim of irregularity, because the court “may well have refused to [grant the default judgment] . . . had he seen that the signature upon which the judgment was sought had been crossed off—a fact which the [lessors] knew when they brought suit.” Id. at 653 .

12026–2026
Wilson v. Henkle green
washctapp · 1986
1 sentence

2026Similarly, in Wilson v. Henkle, the court upheld an order vacating an ex parte judgment based on a writ of garnishment, reasoning that had the commissioner been informed that the back of the answer to the writ reflected a dispute over ownership of the funds, he would not have signed the judgment. 45 Wn.

12026–2026
State v. J.H.-M. neutral
wash · 2025
1 sentence

2025App. 2d 51 , 469 P.3d 322 (2020), abrogated on other grounds by State v. J.H.-M., ___ Wn.3d ___, 566 P.3d 847 (2025).

12025–2025
State v. Villanueva-Gonzalez green
wash · 2014
1 sentence

2025This argument potentially supports Clark’s claim that the convictions are the same in fact, but does not address whether they are the same in law, since in Villanueva- 18 No. 86217-1-I/19 Gonzalez, the two assault statutes at issue were “plainly the same in law.” 180 Wn.2d at 981-82 .

12025–2025
State v. Frost green
wash · 2007
1 sentence

2025Nothing in the record indicates that the trial court unduly limited the scope of Clark’s counsel’s closing argument as in State v. Frost, 160 Wn.2d 765, 773 , 161 P.3d 361 (2007), on which Clark relies. 10 No. 86217-1-I/11 Glasmann, 175 Wn.2d 696, 704 , 286 P.3d 673 (2012).

12025–2025
In re the Personal Restraint of Glasmann green
wash · 2012
2 sentences

2025Nothing in the record indicates that the trial court unduly limited the scope of Clark’s counsel’s closing argument as in State v. Frost, 160 Wn.2d 765, 773 , 161 P.3d 361 (2007), on which Clark relies. 10 No. 86217-1-I/11 Glasmann, 175 Wn.2d 696, 704 , 286 P.3d 673 (2012).

2025Nothing in the record indicates that the trial court unduly limited the scope of Clark’s counsel’s closing argument as in State v. Frost, 160 Wn.2d 765, 773 , 161 P.3d 361 (2007), on which Clark relies. 10 No. 86217-1-I/11 Glasmann, 175 Wn.2d 696, 704 , 286 P.3d 673 (2012).

12025–2025
State v. Frost green
wash · 2007
1 sentence

2025Nothing in the record indicates that the trial court unduly limited the scope of Clark’s counsel’s closing argument as in State v. Frost, 160 Wn.2d 765, 773 , 161 P.3d 361 (2007), on which Clark relies. 10 No. 86217-1-I/11 Glasmann, 175 Wn.2d 696, 704 , 286 P.3d 673 (2012).

12025–2025
State v. Dominguez green
washctapp · 1996
1 sentence

2024“Due process, the appearance of fairness doctrine and Canon [2.11] of the Code of Judicial Conduct . . . require a judge to disqualify himself if he is biased against a party or his impartiality may reasonably be questioned.” State v. Dominguez, 81 Wn.

12024–2024
State v. Hampton green
wash · 2015
2 sentences

2023Hampton, 184 Wn.2d at 662 .

2023Hampton recognized Gonzalez- Lopez but explained that nothing in Gonzalez-Lopez explained how to determine whether the right to counsel of choice was violated. 184 Wn.2d at 666-68 . 8 No. 56565-0-II Because the trial court’s decision to deny Clark’s motion to substitute counsel was not based on untenable grounds or reasons and it was not manifestly unreasonable, the trial court did not abuse its discretion.

12023–2023
Diaz v. State green
wash · 2012
1 sentence

2021Diaz, 175 Wn.2d at 462 ; State v. Arredondo, 188 Wn.2d 244 , 256, 394 P.3d 348 (2017).

12021–2021
State v. Bander green
washctapp · 2009
1 sentence

2021Therefore, under Bander, Clark’s defense counsel’s decision not to question SV on her medical history was a legitimate trial strategy and Clark’s ineffective assistance claim fails.13 Bander, 150 Wn.

12021–2021
Terry v. Ohio green
scotus · 1968
2 sentences

2018The trial court ruled that Officer Clark’s stop of the Durango was a lawful Terry stop to further investigate the shooting. 4 A person is guilty of first degree assault if “with intent to inflict great bodily harm . . . [a]ssaults another with a firearm or any deadly weapon.” RCW 9A.36.011(1)(a). 5 A person is guilty of unlawful possession of a firearm if after having previously been convicted of a serious offense, that person “owns, has in his or her possession, or has in his or her control any firearm.” RCW 9.41.040(1)(a). 6 CrR 3.6 allows a criminal defendant to file a motion to suppress ph

2018The trial court ruled that Officer Clark’s stop of the Durango was a lawful Terry stop to further investigate the shooting. 4 A person is guilty of first degree assault if “with intent to inflict great bodily harm . . . [a]ssaults another with a firearm or any deadly weapon.” RCW 9A.36.011(1)(a). 5 A person is guilty of unlawful possession of a firearm if after having previously been convicted of a serious offense, that person “owns, has in his or her possession, or has in his or her control any firearm.” RCW 9.41.040(1)(a). 6 CrR 3.6 allows a criminal defendant to file a motion to suppress ph

12018–2018
Rufer v. Abbott Laboratories green
wash · 2005
2 sentences

2010Rufer, 154 Wash.2d at 540 , 114 P.3d 1182 . ¶ 15 Smith Bunday contends that the rationale articulated by Judge Rogers shows that he denied Clark's motion to unseal after applying *241 the Ishikawa factors.

2010The stipulated protective order entered in December 2007 allowed the parties to designate documents as "Confidential" and required the filing of such documents under seal, a procedure discussed with approval in Rufer, 154 Wash.2d at 550 , 114 P.3d 1182 .

12010–2010
In Re Personal Restraint of Grasso green
wash · 2004
2 sentences

2006Id. at 17, 84 P.3d 859 .

2006Id. at 17, 84 P.3d 859 .

12006–2006
State v. Clark green
wash · 1999
2 sentences

2004Id. at 159, 985 P.2d 377 . [8] The dissent argues that R.G. fails the second element of the Clark test because she was asked about the events, but R.G.'s answers lacked content.

2004Id. at 159, 985 P.2d 377 . [8] The dissent argues that R.G. fails the second element of the Clark test because she was asked about the events, but R.G.'s answers lacked content.

12004–2004
State v. Anderson green
washctapp · 1974
1 sentence

1977App. 171 , 528 P.2d 1003 (1974) and State v. Lee, 87 Wn.2d 932 , 558 P.2d 236 (1976), it is held that constitutional "due process" and "equal protection" do not require "an opportunity to be heard at the prosecutor's meeting where the decision to file a habitual criminal information is made" (State v. Anderson, supra at 174), Clark's challenge cannot be summarily dismissed.

11977–1977
State v. Lee green
wash · 1976
2 sentences

1977App. 171 , 528 P.2d 1003 (1974) and State v. Lee, 87 Wn.2d 932 , 558 P.2d 236 (1976), it is held that constitutional "due process" and "equal protection" do not require "an opportunity to be heard at the prosecutor's meeting where the decision to file a habitual criminal information is made" (State v. Anderson, supra at 174), Clark's challenge cannot be summarily dismissed.

1977App. 171 , 528 P.2d 1003 (1974) and State v. Lee, 87 Wn.2d 932 , 558 P.2d 236 (1976), it is held that constitutional "due process" and "equal protection" do not require "an opportunity to be heard at the prosecutor's meeting where the decision to file a habitual criminal information is made" (State v. Anderson, supra at 174), Clark's challenge cannot be summarily dismissed.

11977–1977

Statutes the citing opinions construe

WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 2.06.040 (5) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 13.40.010 (3) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 13.40.020 (3) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 9A.44.120 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

CA 198 (1956–2026) TX 32 (1989–2026) OH 32 (1978–2025) GA 24 (1977–2026) WA 19 (1977–2026) FL 14 (1991–2026) MS 14 (1984–2025) OR 11 (1988–2008) MT 11 (1979–2021) IA 9 (1991–2025) MO 8 (1982–2018) AL 7 (1918–2009) WI 7 (1979–2024) LA 7 (1983–2019) MI 7 (1967–2017) IL 7 (1997–2026) MD 7 (2007–2025) AR 6 (1994–2026) IN 5 (1994–2017) NY 5 (1979–2025) TN 4 (1998–2025) DE 4 (1969–2025) PA 4 (1981–2020) CO 4 (2004–2026) KS 4 (2014–2025) RI 3 (1976–1994) KY 3 (1933–2010) NM 3 (1989–2021) ME 3 (2008–2018) VA 3 (2011–2024) NC 3 (2020–2022) MN 2 (1996–2014) SC 2 (2016–2021) SD 2 (1993–2004) HI 2 (1996–1997) UT 2 (1995–1998) ID 2 (2008–2024) AZ 2 (2020–2021) NV 2 (1993–2014) AK 2 (1984–1992) MA 2 (1988–2015)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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