evidence meets standard (Pennsylvania) · Go Syfert
← Pennsylvania issues

evidence meets standard in Pennsylvania

15 Pennsylvania opinions name it 5 courts 1934–2026 1 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Pennsylvania courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (6)

CaseFollowedCited
Gerfin v. Colonial Smelting & Refining Co.green
pa · 1953 · cited in 3 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1953–2004
2 sentences

1962Whether the evidence meets that standard (or any other prescribed standard) of proof is always a question of law for the Court: Gerfin v. Colonial Smelting Co., 374 Pa. 66 , 97 A. 2d 71 ; Tomayko v. Carson, 368 Pa., [ 368 Pa. 379 , 83 A. 2d 907 ]; Wagner v. Somerset County Memorial Park, 372 Pa. 338, 345 , 93 A. 2d 440 ; Stafford v. Reed, 363 Pa. 405, 407 , 70 A. 2d 345 .” Accord : Chadrow v. Kellman, 378 Pa. 237 , 106 A. 2d 594 .

1962Whether the evidence meets that standard (or any other prescribed standard) of proof is always a question of law for the Court: Gerfin v. Colonial Smelting Co., 374 Pa. 66 , 97 A. 2d 71 ; Tomayko v. Carson, 368 Pa., [ 368 Pa. 379 , 83 A. 2d 907 ]; Wagner v. Somerset County Memorial Park, 372 Pa. 338, 345 , 93 A. 2d 440 ; Stafford v. Reed, 363 Pa. 405, 407 , 70 A. 2d 345 .” Accord : Chadrow v. Kellman, 378 Pa. 237 , 106 A. 2d 594 .

13
Commonwealth v. Eubanksgreen
pa · 1986 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
1 sentence

2026Pa.R.E. 402; Commonwealth v. Eubanks, 512 A.2d 619, 624 (Pa. 1986).

11
Mitchell, L. v. E. Shikora, D.O., Aplts.green
pa · 2019 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
1 sentence

2026Mitchell, 209 A.3d at 314, 319 .2 If the evidence meets this standard, it is admissible (unless excluded by another rule of law).

11
Greenwood v. Kadoichgreen
pasuperct · 1976 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
2 sentences

2004Gerfin v. Colonial Smelting & Refining Co. Inc., 374 Pa. 66, 68 , 97 A.2d 71, 72 (1953); Delahanty, 318 Pa. Super at 110 , 464 A.2d at 1253 ; Greenwood, 239 Pa. Super. at 376, 357 A.2d at 606 .

2004Gerfin v. Colonial Smelting & Refining Co. Inc., 374 Pa. 66, 68 , 97 A.2d 71, 72 (1953); Delahanty, 318 Pa. Super at 110 , 464 A.2d at 1253 ; Greenwood, 239 Pa. Super. at 376, 357 A.2d at 606 .

11
Johnson Appealgreen
pa · 1971 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1977–1977
2 sentences

1977Since he did not, the lower court could correctly base its finding of delinquency on that evidence, provided always that the evidence was sufficient. *156 b In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to support an adjudication of delinquency, we must find that the evidence meets the standard of “beyond a reasonable doubt.” Johnson Appeal, 445 Pa. 270, 272 , 284 A.2d 780, 781 (1971); Garner Appeal, 230 Pa.Super. 476 , 326 A.2d 581 (1974).

1977Since he did not, the lower court could correctly base its finding of delinquency on that evidence, provided always that the evidence was sufficient. *156 b In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to support an adjudication of delinquency, we must find that the evidence meets the standard of “beyond a reasonable doubt.” Johnson Appeal, 445 Pa. 270, 272 , 284 A.2d 780, 781 (1971); Garner Appeal, 230 Pa.Super. 476 , 326 A.2d 581 (1974).

11
Commonwealth v. Petrakovichgreen
pa · 1974 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1977–1977
2 sentences

1977I join in the opinion of the majority except insofar as it suggests that the standard for admissibility of photographs of homicide victims, whether the photographs have such essential evidentiary value as to clearly outweigh the likelihood of prejudice, applies only if the photographs are “inflammatory.” See Commonwealth v. Petrakovich, 459 Pa. 511, 527 , 329 A.2d 844, 852 (1974) (dissenting opinion) (“The inflammatory nature of the picture is considered only to determine whether the evidence meets this standard, not whether the test should be applied at all.”).

1977I join in the opinion of the majority except insofar as it suggests that the standard for admissibility of photographs of homicide victims, whether the photographs have such essential evidentiary value as to clearly outweigh the likelihood of prejudice, applies only if the photographs are “inflammatory.” See Commonwealth v. Petrakovich, 459 Pa. 511, 527 , 329 A.2d 844, 852 (1974) (dissenting opinion) (“The inflammatory nature of the picture is considered only to determine whether the evidence meets this standard, not whether the test should be applied at all.”).

11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Pennsylvania. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (37)

CaseCitedYears
In the Interest of DelSignore green
pasuperct · 1977
2 sentences

1991To support the adjudication of delinquency in the face of a claim of insufficiency, we must find that the evidence meets the standard of “beyond a reasonable doubt.” In Interest of DelSignore, 249 Pa.Super. 149 , 375 A.2d 803 (1977); In Re Winship, 397 U.S. 358 , 90 S.Ct. 1068 , 25 L.Ed.2d 368 (1970).

1991To support the adjudication of delinquency in the face of a claim of insufficiency, we must find that the evidence meets the standard of “beyond a reasonable doubt.” In Interest of DelSignore, 249 Pa.Super. 149 , 375 A.2d 803 (1977); In Re Winship, 397 U.S. 358 , 90 S.Ct. 1068 , 25 L.Ed.2d 368 (1970).

21991–1991
In Re WINSHIP green
scotus · 1970
2 sentences

1991To support the adjudication of delinquency in the face of a claim of insufficiency, we must find that the evidence meets the standard of “beyond a reasonable doubt.” In Interest of DelSignore, 249 Pa.Super. 149 , 375 A.2d 803 (1977); In Re Winship, 397 U.S. 358 , 90 S.Ct. 1068 , 25 L.Ed.2d 368 (1970).

1991To support the adjudication of delinquency in the face of a claim of insufficiency, we must find that the evidence meets the standard of “beyond a reasonable doubt.” In Interest of DelSignore, 249 Pa.Super. 149 , 375 A.2d 803 (1977); In Re Winship, 397 U.S. 358 , 90 S.Ct. 1068 , 25 L.Ed.2d 368 (1970).

21991–1991
Stafford v. Reed green
pa · 1950
2 sentences

1962Whether the evidence meets that standard (or any other prescribed standard) of proof is always a question of law for the Court: Gerfin v. Colonial Smelting Co., 374 Pa. 66 , 97 A. 2d 71 ; Tomayko v. Carson, 368 Pa., [ 368 Pa. 379 , 83 A. 2d 907 ]; Wagner v. Somerset County Memorial Park, 372 Pa. 338, 345 , 93 A. 2d 440 ; Stafford v. Reed, 363 Pa. 405, 407 , 70 A. 2d 345 .” Accord : Chadrow v. Kellman, 378 Pa. 237 , 106 A. 2d 594 .

1953Whether the evidence meets that standard (or any other prescribed standard) of proof is always a question of law for the Court: Gerfin v. Colonial Smelting Co., 374 Pa. 66 , 97 A. 2d 71 ; Tomayko v. Carson, 368 Pa., supra; Wagner v. Somerset County Memorial Park, 372 Pa. 338, 345 , 93 A. 2d 440 ; Stafford v. Reed, 363 Pa. 405, 407 , 70 A. 2d 345 .

21953–1962
Wagner v. Somerset County Memorial Park, Inc. green
pa · 1953
2 sentences

1962Whether the evidence meets that standard (or any other prescribed standard) of proof is always a question of law for the Court: Gerfin v. Colonial Smelting Co., 374 Pa. 66 , 97 A. 2d 71 ; Tomayko v. Carson, 368 Pa., [ 368 Pa. 379 , 83 A. 2d 907 ]; Wagner v. Somerset County Memorial Park, 372 Pa. 338, 345 , 93 A. 2d 440 ; Stafford v. Reed, 363 Pa. 405, 407 , 70 A. 2d 345 .” Accord : Chadrow v. Kellman, 378 Pa. 237 , 106 A. 2d 594 .

1962Whether the evidence meets that standard (or any other prescribed standard) of proof is always a question of law for the Court: Gerfin v. Colonial Smelting Co., 374 Pa. 66 , 97 A. 2d 71 ; Tomayko v. Carson, 368 Pa., [ 368 Pa. 379 , 83 A. 2d 907 ]; Wagner v. Somerset County Memorial Park, 372 Pa. 338, 345 , 93 A. 2d 440 ; Stafford v. Reed, 363 Pa. 405, 407 , 70 A. 2d 345 .” Accord : Chadrow v. Kellman, 378 Pa. 237 , 106 A. 2d 594 .

21953–1962
Stafford v. Reed, Admr. green
pa · 1949
2 sentences

1962Whether the evidence meets that standard (or any other prescribed standard) of proof is always a question of law for the Court: Gerfin v. Colonial Smelting Co., 374 Pa. 66 , 97 A. 2d 71 ; Tomayko v. Carson, 368 Pa., [ 368 Pa. 379 , 83 A. 2d 907 ]; Wagner v. Somerset County Memorial Park, 372 Pa. 338, 345 , 93 A. 2d 440 ; Stafford v. Reed, 363 Pa. 405, 407 , 70 A. 2d 345 .” Accord : Chadrow v. Kellman, 378 Pa. 237 , 106 A. 2d 594 .

1953Whether the evidence meets that standard (or any other prescribed standard) of proof is always a question of law for the Court: Gerfin v. Colonial Smelting Co., 374 Pa. 66 , 97 A. 2d 71 ; Tomayko v. Carson, 368 Pa., supra; Wagner v. Somerset County Memorial Park, 372 Pa. 338, 345 , 93 A. 2d 440 ; Stafford v. Reed, 363 Pa. 405, 407 , 70 A. 2d 345 .

21953–1962
Delahanty v. First Pennsylvania Bank, N.A. green
pa · 1984
2 sentences

2004Gerfin v. Colonial Smelting & Refining Co. Inc., 374 Pa. 66, 68 , 97 A.2d 71, 72 (1953); Delahanty, 318 Pa. Super at 110 , 464 A.2d at 1253 ; Greenwood, 239 Pa. Super. at 376, 357 A.2d at 606 .

2004Gerfin v. Colonial Smelting & Refining Co. Inc., 374 Pa. 66, 68 , 97 A.2d 71, 72 (1953); Delahanty, 318 Pa. Super at 110 , 464 A.2d at 1253 ; Greenwood, 239 Pa. Super. at 376, 357 A.2d at 606 .

12004–2004
Commonwealth v. Majorana green
pa · 1983
2 sentences

1992We will first accept arguendo that this evidence meets the standard of relevance annunciated by the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania in Commonwealth v. Majorana, 503 Pa. 602 , 470 A.2d 80 (1983).

1992We will first accept arguendo that this evidence meets the standard of relevance annunciated by the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania in Commonwealth v. Majorana, 503 Pa. 602 , 470 A.2d 80 (1983).

11992–1992
In Re William L. green
pa · 1978
2 sentences

1985Santosky v. Kramer, supra. Nevertheless, when the evidence meets that standard, “the interest of the parent in keeping the child conflicts with the interest of the child in its essential physical and emotional needs and the Legislature has constitutionally mandated that the interests of the weaker party, the child, should prevail.” In re William L., supra, 477 Pa. at 339 , 383 A.2d at 1236 .

1985Santosky v. Kramer, supra. Nevertheless, when the evidence meets that standard, “the interest of the parent in keeping the child conflicts with the interest of the child in its essential physical and emotional needs and the Legislature has constitutionally mandated that the interests of the weaker party, the child, should prevail.” In re William L., supra, 477 Pa. at 339 , 383 A.2d at 1236 .

11985–1985
Garner Appeal green
pasuperct · 1974
2 sentences

1977Since he did not, the lower court could correctly base its finding of delinquency on that evidence, provided always that the evidence was sufficient. *156 b In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to support an adjudication of delinquency, we must find that the evidence meets the standard of “beyond a reasonable doubt.” Johnson Appeal, 445 Pa. 270, 272 , 284 A.2d 780, 781 (1971); Garner Appeal, 230 Pa.Super. 476 , 326 A.2d 581 (1974).

1977Since he did not, the lower court could correctly base its finding of delinquency on that evidence, provided always that the evidence was sufficient. *156 b In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to support an adjudication of delinquency, we must find that the evidence meets the standard of “beyond a reasonable doubt.” Johnson Appeal, 445 Pa. 270, 272 , 284 A.2d 780, 781 (1971); Garner Appeal, 230 Pa.Super. 476 , 326 A.2d 581 (1974).

11977–1977
Commonwealth v. Shaffer green
pa · 1972
2 sentences

1975All of the evidence of surrounding circumstances in this case was con sidered by the jury in arriving at a finding that defendant was the thief and defendant’s conviction may be based upon circumstantial evidence alone, provided the evidence meets the standard of proof beyond a reasonable doubt: Commonwealth v. Shaffer, 447 Pa. 91 , 288 A. 2d 727 (1972), cert. denied, 409 U. S. 867 , 93 S. Ct. 164 , 34 L.

1975All of the evidence of surrounding circumstances in this case was con sidered by the jury in arriving at a finding that defendant was the thief and defendant’s conviction may be based upon circumstantial evidence alone, provided the evidence meets the standard of proof beyond a reasonable doubt: Commonwealth v. Shaffer, 447 Pa. 91 , 288 A. 2d 727 (1972), cert. denied, 409 U. S. 867 , 93 S. Ct. 164 , 34 L.

11975–1975
Commonwealth v. Henderson green
pa · 1973
2 sentences

1975Ed. 2d 116 (1972); Commonwealth v. Simmons, supra; although possession of recently stolen goods with little or no other evidence no longer raises any inference from which guilt may be found: Commonwealth v. Henderson, 451 Pa. 452 , 304 A. 2d 154 (1973).

1975Ed. 2d 116 (1972); Commonwealth v. Simmons, supra; although possession of recently stolen goods with little or no other evidence no longer raises any inference from which guilt may be found: Commonwealth v. Henderson, 451 Pa. 452 , 304 A. 2d 154 (1973).

11975–1975
Crow v. Eyman green
scotus · 1972
1 sentence

1975All of the evidence of surrounding circumstances in this case was con sidered by the jury in arriving at a finding that defendant was the thief and defendant’s conviction may be based upon circumstantial evidence alone, provided the evidence meets the standard of proof beyond a reasonable doubt: Commonwealth v. Shaffer, 447 Pa. 91 , 288 A. 2d 727 (1972), cert. denied, 409 U. S. 867 , 93 S. Ct. 164 , 34 L.

11975–1975
Krikmanis v. Montgomery green
scotus · 1972
1 sentence

1975All of the evidence of surrounding circumstances in this case was con sidered by the jury in arriving at a finding that defendant was the thief and defendant’s conviction may be based upon circumstantial evidence alone, provided the evidence meets the standard of proof beyond a reasonable doubt: Commonwealth v. Shaffer, 447 Pa. 91 , 288 A. 2d 727 (1972), cert. denied, 409 U. S. 867 , 93 S. Ct. 164 , 34 L.

11975–1975
Commonwealth v. Scaramuzzino green
pa · 1974
11974–1974
Commonwealth v. Koch green
pa · 1972
11974–1974
Commonwealth v. Eckhart green
pa · 1968
2 sentences

1974Commonwealth v. Scaramuzzino, 455 Pa. 378 , 317 A.2d 225 (1974); Commonwealth v. Yount, 455 Pa. 303 , 314 A.2d 242 (1974); Commonwealth v. Woods, 454 Pa. 250 , 311 A.2d 582 (1973); Commonwealth v. Dankel, 450 Pa. 437 , 301 A.2d 365 (1973); Commonwealth v. Biebinghauser, 450 Pa. 336 , 300 A.2d 70 (1973); Commonwealth v. Sullivan, 450 Pa. 273 , 299 A.2d 608 , cert. denied, 412 U.S. 923 , 93 S.Ct. 2745 , 37 L.Ed.2d 150 (1973); Commonwealth v. Koch, 446 Pa. 469 , 288 A.2d 791 (1972); Commonwealth v. Collins, 440 Pa. 368 , 269 A.2d 882 (1970); Commonwealth v. Wilson, 431 Pa. 21 , 244 A.2d 734 (1968

1974Commonwealth v. Scaramuzzino, 455 Pa. 378 , 317 A.2d 225 (1974); Commonwealth v. Yount, 455 Pa. 303 , 314 A.2d 242 (1974); Commonwealth v. Woods, 454 Pa. 250 , 311 A.2d 582 (1973); Commonwealth v. Dankel, 450 Pa. 437 , 301 A.2d 365 (1973); Commonwealth v. Biebinghauser, 450 Pa. 336 , 300 A.2d 70 (1973); Commonwealth v. Sullivan, 450 Pa. 273 , 299 A.2d 608 , cert. denied, 412 U.S. 923 , 93 S.Ct. 2745 , 37 L.Ed.2d 150 (1973); Commonwealth v. Koch, 446 Pa. 469 , 288 A.2d 791 (1972); Commonwealth v. Collins, 440 Pa. 368 , 269 A.2d 882 (1970); Commonwealth v. Wilson, 431 Pa. 21 , 244 A.2d 734 (1968

11974–1974
Commonwealth v. Woods green
pa · 1973
2 sentences

1974Commonwealth v. Scaramuzzino, 455 Pa. 378 , 317 A.2d 225 (1974); Commonwealth v. Yount, 455 Pa. 303 , 314 A.2d 242 (1974); Commonwealth v. Woods, 454 Pa. 250 , 311 A.2d 582 (1973); Commonwealth v. Dankel, 450 Pa. 437 , 301 A.2d 365 (1973); Commonwealth v. Biebinghauser, 450 Pa. 336 , 300 A.2d 70 (1973); Commonwealth v. Sullivan, 450 Pa. 273 , 299 A.2d 608 , cert. denied, 412 U.S. 923 , 93 S.Ct. 2745 , 37 L.Ed.2d 150 (1973); Commonwealth v. Koch, 446 Pa. 469 , 288 A.2d 791 (1972); Commonwealth v. Collins, 440 Pa. 368 , 269 A.2d 882 (1970); Commonwealth v. Wilson, 431 Pa. 21 , 244 A.2d 734 (1968

1974Commonwealth v. Scaramuzzino, 455 Pa. 378 , 317 A.2d 225 (1974); Commonwealth v. Yount, 455 Pa. 303 , 314 A.2d 242 (1974); Commonwealth v. Woods, 454 Pa. 250 , 311 A.2d 582 (1973); Commonwealth v. Dankel, 450 Pa. 437 , 301 A.2d 365 (1973); Commonwealth v. Biebinghauser, 450 Pa. 336 , 300 A.2d 70 (1973); Commonwealth v. Sullivan, 450 Pa. 273 , 299 A.2d 608 , cert. denied, 412 U.S. 923 , 93 S.Ct. 2745 , 37 L.Ed.2d 150 (1973); Commonwealth v. Koch, 446 Pa. 469 , 288 A.2d 791 (1972); Commonwealth v. Collins, 440 Pa. 368 , 269 A.2d 882 (1970); Commonwealth v. Wilson, 431 Pa. 21 , 244 A.2d 734 (1968

11974–1974
Commonwealth v. Dankel green
pa · 1973
2 sentences

1974Commonwealth v. Scaramuzzino, 455 Pa. 378 , 317 A.2d 225 (1974); Commonwealth v. Yount, 455 Pa. 303 , 314 A.2d 242 (1974); Commonwealth v. Woods, 454 Pa. 250 , 311 A.2d 582 (1973); Commonwealth v. Dankel, 450 Pa. 437 , 301 A.2d 365 (1973); Commonwealth v. Biebinghauser, 450 Pa. 336 , 300 A.2d 70 (1973); Commonwealth v. Sullivan, 450 Pa. 273 , 299 A.2d 608 , cert. denied, 412 U.S. 923 , 93 S.Ct. 2745 , 37 L.Ed.2d 150 (1973); Commonwealth v. Koch, 446 Pa. 469 , 288 A.2d 791 (1972); Commonwealth v. Collins, 440 Pa. 368 , 269 A.2d 882 (1970); Commonwealth v. Wilson, 431 Pa. 21 , 244 A.2d 734 (1968

1974Commonwealth v. Scaramuzzino, 455 Pa. 378 , 317 A.2d 225 (1974); Commonwealth v. Yount, 455 Pa. 303 , 314 A.2d 242 (1974); Commonwealth v. Woods, 454 Pa. 250 , 311 A.2d 582 (1973); Commonwealth v. Dankel, 450 Pa. 437 , 301 A.2d 365 (1973); Commonwealth v. Biebinghauser, 450 Pa. 336 , 300 A.2d 70 (1973); Commonwealth v. Sullivan, 450 Pa. 273 , 299 A.2d 608 , cert. denied, 412 U.S. 923 , 93 S.Ct. 2745 , 37 L.Ed.2d 150 (1973); Commonwealth v. Koch, 446 Pa. 469 , 288 A.2d 791 (1972); Commonwealth v. Collins, 440 Pa. 368 , 269 A.2d 882 (1970); Commonwealth v. Wilson, 431 Pa. 21 , 244 A.2d 734 (1968

11974–1974
Commonwealth v. Watson green
pa · 1973
2 sentences

1974Commonwealth v. Scaramuzzino, 455 Pa. 378 , 317 A.2d 225 (1974); Commonwealth v. Yount, 455 Pa. 303 , 314 A.2d 242 (1974); Commonwealth v. Woods, 454 Pa. 250 , 311 A.2d 582 (1973); Commonwealth v. Dankel, 450 Pa. 437 , 301 A.2d 365 (1973); Commonwealth v. Biebinghauser, 450 Pa. 336 , 300 A.2d 70 (1973); Commonwealth v. Sullivan, 450 Pa. 273 , 299 A.2d 608 , cert. denied, 412 U.S. 923 , 93 S.Ct. 2745 , 37 L.Ed.2d 150 (1973); Commonwealth v. Koch, 446 Pa. 469 , 288 A.2d 791 (1972); Commonwealth v. Collins, 440 Pa. 368 , 269 A.2d 882 (1970); Commonwealth v. Wilson, 431 Pa. 21 , 244 A.2d 734 (1968

1974Commonwealth v. Scaramuzzino, 455 Pa. 378 , 317 A.2d 225 (1974); Commonwealth v. Yount, 455 Pa. 303 , 314 A.2d 242 (1974); Commonwealth v. Woods, 454 Pa. 250 , 311 A.2d 582 (1973); Commonwealth v. Dankel, 450 Pa. 437 , 301 A.2d 365 (1973); Commonwealth v. Biebinghauser, 450 Pa. 336 , 300 A.2d 70 (1973); Commonwealth v. Sullivan, 450 Pa. 273 , 299 A.2d 608 , cert. denied, 412 U.S. 923 , 93 S.Ct. 2745 , 37 L.Ed.2d 150 (1973); Commonwealth v. Koch, 446 Pa. 469 , 288 A.2d 791 (1972); Commonwealth v. Collins, 440 Pa. 368 , 269 A.2d 882 (1970); Commonwealth v. Wilson, 431 Pa. 21 , 244 A.2d 734 (1968

11974–1974
Huntingdon Industries Inc. v. Pennsylvania Manufacturers' Ass'n green
pa · 1970
11974–1974
Commonwealth v. Collins green
pa · 1970
11974–1974
Commonwealth v. Biebighauser green
pa · 1973
11974–1974
Commonwealth v. Yount green
pa · 1974
2 sentences

1974Commonwealth v. Scaramuzzino, 455 Pa. 378 , 317 A.2d 225 (1974); Commonwealth v. Yount, 455 Pa. 303 , 314 A.2d 242 (1974); Commonwealth v. Woods, 454 Pa. 250 , 311 A.2d 582 (1973); Commonwealth v. Dankel, 450 Pa. 437 , 301 A.2d 365 (1973); Commonwealth v. Biebinghauser, 450 Pa. 336 , 300 A.2d 70 (1973); Commonwealth v. Sullivan, 450 Pa. 273 , 299 A.2d 608 , cert. denied, 412 U.S. 923 , 93 S.Ct. 2745 , 37 L.Ed.2d 150 (1973); Commonwealth v. Koch, 446 Pa. 469 , 288 A.2d 791 (1972); Commonwealth v. Collins, 440 Pa. 368 , 269 A.2d 882 (1970); Commonwealth v. Wilson, 431 Pa. 21 , 244 A.2d 734 (1968

1974Commonwealth v. Scaramuzzino, 455 Pa. 378 , 317 A.2d 225 (1974); Commonwealth v. Yount, 455 Pa. 303 , 314 A.2d 242 (1974); Commonwealth v. Woods, 454 Pa. 250 , 311 A.2d 582 (1973); Commonwealth v. Dankel, 450 Pa. 437 , 301 A.2d 365 (1973); Commonwealth v. Biebinghauser, 450 Pa. 336 , 300 A.2d 70 (1973); Commonwealth v. Sullivan, 450 Pa. 273 , 299 A.2d 608 , cert. denied, 412 U.S. 923 , 93 S.Ct. 2745 , 37 L.Ed.2d 150 (1973); Commonwealth v. Koch, 446 Pa. 469 , 288 A.2d 791 (1972); Commonwealth v. Collins, 440 Pa. 368 , 269 A.2d 882 (1970); Commonwealth v. Wilson, 431 Pa. 21 , 244 A.2d 734 (1968

11974–1974
Commonwealth v. Sullivan green
pa · 1973
2 sentences

1974Commonwealth v. Scaramuzzino, 455 Pa. 378 , 317 A.2d 225 (1974); Commonwealth v. Yount, 455 Pa. 303 , 314 A.2d 242 (1974); Commonwealth v. Woods, 454 Pa. 250 , 311 A.2d 582 (1973); Commonwealth v. Dankel, 450 Pa. 437 , 301 A.2d 365 (1973); Commonwealth v. Biebinghauser, 450 Pa. 336 , 300 A.2d 70 (1973); Commonwealth v. Sullivan, 450 Pa. 273 , 299 A.2d 608 , cert. denied, 412 U.S. 923 , 93 S.Ct. 2745 , 37 L.Ed.2d 150 (1973); Commonwealth v. Koch, 446 Pa. 469 , 288 A.2d 791 (1972); Commonwealth v. Collins, 440 Pa. 368 , 269 A.2d 882 (1970); Commonwealth v. Wilson, 431 Pa. 21 , 244 A.2d 734 (1968

1974Commonwealth v. Scaramuzzino, 455 Pa. 378 , 317 A.2d 225 (1974); Commonwealth v. Yount, 455 Pa. 303 , 314 A.2d 242 (1974); Commonwealth v. Woods, 454 Pa. 250 , 311 A.2d 582 (1973); Commonwealth v. Dankel, 450 Pa. 437 , 301 A.2d 365 (1973); Commonwealth v. Biebinghauser, 450 Pa. 336 , 300 A.2d 70 (1973); Commonwealth v. Sullivan, 450 Pa. 273 , 299 A.2d 608 , cert. denied, 412 U.S. 923 , 93 S.Ct. 2745 , 37 L.Ed.2d 150 (1973); Commonwealth v. Koch, 446 Pa. 469 , 288 A.2d 791 (1972); Commonwealth v. Collins, 440 Pa. 368 , 269 A.2d 882 (1970); Commonwealth v. Wilson, 431 Pa. 21 , 244 A.2d 734 (1968

11974–1974
Commonwealth v. Wilson green
pa · 1968
2 sentences

1974Commonwealth v. Scaramuzzino, 455 Pa. 378 , 317 A.2d 225 (1974); Commonwealth v. Yount, 455 Pa. 303 , 314 A.2d 242 (1974); Commonwealth v. Woods, 454 Pa. 250 , 311 A.2d 582 (1973); Commonwealth v. Dankel, 450 Pa. 437 , 301 A.2d 365 (1973); Commonwealth v. Biebinghauser, 450 Pa. 336 , 300 A.2d 70 (1973); Commonwealth v. Sullivan, 450 Pa. 273 , 299 A.2d 608 , cert. denied, 412 U.S. 923 , 93 S.Ct. 2745 , 37 L.Ed.2d 150 (1973); Commonwealth v. Koch, 446 Pa. 469 , 288 A.2d 791 (1972); Commonwealth v. Collins, 440 Pa. 368 , 269 A.2d 882 (1970); Commonwealth v. Wilson, 431 Pa. 21 , 244 A.2d 734 (1968

1974Commonwealth v. Scaramuzzino, 455 Pa. 378 , 317 A.2d 225 (1974); Commonwealth v. Yount, 455 Pa. 303 , 314 A.2d 242 (1974); Commonwealth v. Woods, 454 Pa. 250 , 311 A.2d 582 (1973); Commonwealth v. Dankel, 450 Pa. 437 , 301 A.2d 365 (1973); Commonwealth v. Biebinghauser, 450 Pa. 336 , 300 A.2d 70 (1973); Commonwealth v. Sullivan, 450 Pa. 273 , 299 A.2d 608 , cert. denied, 412 U.S. 923 , 93 S.Ct. 2745 , 37 L.Ed.2d 150 (1973); Commonwealth v. Koch, 446 Pa. 469 , 288 A.2d 791 (1972); Commonwealth v. Collins, 440 Pa. 368 , 269 A.2d 882 (1970); Commonwealth v. Wilson, 431 Pa. 21 , 244 A.2d 734 (1968

11974–1974
Dikovics v. District Court, Jefferson County green
scotus · 1969
2 sentences

1974Commonwealth v. Scaramuzzino, 455 Pa. 378 , 317 A.2d 225 (1974); Commonwealth v. Yount, 455 Pa. 303 , 314 A.2d 242 (1974); Commonwealth v. Woods, 454 Pa. 250 , 311 A.2d 582 (1973); Commonwealth v. Dankel, 450 Pa. 437 , 301 A.2d 365 (1973); Commonwealth v. Biebinghauser, 450 Pa. 336 , 300 A.2d 70 (1973); Commonwealth v. Sullivan, 450 Pa. 273 , 299 A.2d 608 , cert. denied, 412 U.S. 923 , 93 S.Ct. 2745 , 37 L.Ed.2d 150 (1973); Commonwealth v. Koch, 446 Pa. 469 , 288 A.2d 791 (1972); Commonwealth v. Collins, 440 Pa. 368 , 269 A.2d 882 (1970); Commonwealth v. Wilson, 431 Pa. 21 , 244 A.2d 734 (1968

1974Commonwealth v. Scaramuzzino, 455 Pa. 378 , 317 A.2d 225 (1974); Commonwealth v. Yount, 455 Pa. 303 , 314 A.2d 242 (1974); Commonwealth v. Woods, 454 Pa. 250 , 311 A.2d 582 (1973); Commonwealth v. Dankel, 450 Pa. 437 , 301 A.2d 365 (1973); Commonwealth v. Biebinghauser, 450 Pa. 336 , 300 A.2d 70 (1973); Commonwealth v. Sullivan, 450 Pa. 273 , 299 A.2d 608 , cert. denied, 412 U.S. 923 , 93 S.Ct. 2745 , 37 L.Ed.2d 150 (1973); Commonwealth v. Koch, 446 Pa. 469 , 288 A.2d 791 (1972); Commonwealth v. Collins, 440 Pa. 368 , 269 A.2d 882 (1970); Commonwealth v. Wilson, 431 Pa. 21 , 244 A.2d 734 (1968

11974–1974
Gates v. California green
scotus · 1969
2 sentences

1974Commonwealth v. Scaramuzzino, 455 Pa. 378 , 317 A.2d 225 (1974); Commonwealth v. Yount, 455 Pa. 303 , 314 A.2d 242 (1974); Commonwealth v. Woods, 454 Pa. 250 , 311 A.2d 582 (1973); Commonwealth v. Dankel, 450 Pa. 437 , 301 A.2d 365 (1973); Commonwealth v. Biebinghauser, 450 Pa. 336 , 300 A.2d 70 (1973); Commonwealth v. Sullivan, 450 Pa. 273 , 299 A.2d 608 , cert. denied, 412 U.S. 923 , 93 S.Ct. 2745 , 37 L.Ed.2d 150 (1973); Commonwealth v. Koch, 446 Pa. 469 , 288 A.2d 791 (1972); Commonwealth v. Collins, 440 Pa. 368 , 269 A.2d 882 (1970); Commonwealth v. Wilson, 431 Pa. 21 , 244 A.2d 734 (1968

1974Commonwealth v. Scaramuzzino, 455 Pa. 378 , 317 A.2d 225 (1974); Commonwealth v. Yount, 455 Pa. 303 , 314 A.2d 242 (1974); Commonwealth v. Woods, 454 Pa. 250 , 311 A.2d 582 (1973); Commonwealth v. Dankel, 450 Pa. 437 , 301 A.2d 365 (1973); Commonwealth v. Biebinghauser, 450 Pa. 336 , 300 A.2d 70 (1973); Commonwealth v. Sullivan, 450 Pa. 273 , 299 A.2d 608 , cert. denied, 412 U.S. 923 , 93 S.Ct. 2745 , 37 L.Ed.2d 150 (1973); Commonwealth v. Koch, 446 Pa. 469 , 288 A.2d 791 (1972); Commonwealth v. Collins, 440 Pa. 368 , 269 A.2d 882 (1970); Commonwealth v. Wilson, 431 Pa. 21 , 244 A.2d 734 (1968

11974–1974
Reese v. Marsino green
scotus · 1973
2 sentences

1974Commonwealth v. Scaramuzzino, 455 Pa. 378 , 317 A.2d 225 (1974); Commonwealth v. Yount, 455 Pa. 303 , 314 A.2d 242 (1974); Commonwealth v. Woods, 454 Pa. 250 , 311 A.2d 582 (1973); Commonwealth v. Dankel, 450 Pa. 437 , 301 A.2d 365 (1973); Commonwealth v. Biebinghauser, 450 Pa. 336 , 300 A.2d 70 (1973); Commonwealth v. Sullivan, 450 Pa. 273 , 299 A.2d 608 , cert. denied, 412 U.S. 923 , 93 S.Ct. 2745 , 37 L.Ed.2d 150 (1973); Commonwealth v. Koch, 446 Pa. 469 , 288 A.2d 791 (1972); Commonwealth v. Collins, 440 Pa. 368 , 269 A.2d 882 (1970); Commonwealth v. Wilson, 431 Pa. 21 , 244 A.2d 734 (1968

1974Commonwealth v. Scaramuzzino, 455 Pa. 378 , 317 A.2d 225 (1974); Commonwealth v. Yount, 455 Pa. 303 , 314 A.2d 242 (1974); Commonwealth v. Woods, 454 Pa. 250 , 311 A.2d 582 (1973); Commonwealth v. Dankel, 450 Pa. 437 , 301 A.2d 365 (1973); Commonwealth v. Biebinghauser, 450 Pa. 336 , 300 A.2d 70 (1973); Commonwealth v. Sullivan, 450 Pa. 273 , 299 A.2d 608 , cert. denied, 412 U.S. 923 , 93 S.Ct. 2745 , 37 L.Ed.2d 150 (1973); Commonwealth v. Koch, 446 Pa. 469 , 288 A.2d 791 (1972); Commonwealth v. Collins, 440 Pa. 368 , 269 A.2d 882 (1970); Commonwealth v. Wilson, 431 Pa. 21 , 244 A.2d 734 (1968

11974–1974
Solomon v. Tennessee green
scotus · 1973
2 sentences

1974Commonwealth v. Scaramuzzino, 455 Pa. 378 , 317 A.2d 225 (1974); Commonwealth v. Yount, 455 Pa. 303 , 314 A.2d 242 (1974); Commonwealth v. Woods, 454 Pa. 250 , 311 A.2d 582 (1973); Commonwealth v. Dankel, 450 Pa. 437 , 301 A.2d 365 (1973); Commonwealth v. Biebinghauser, 450 Pa. 336 , 300 A.2d 70 (1973); Commonwealth v. Sullivan, 450 Pa. 273 , 299 A.2d 608 , cert. denied, 412 U.S. 923 , 93 S.Ct. 2745 , 37 L.Ed.2d 150 (1973); Commonwealth v. Koch, 446 Pa. 469 , 288 A.2d 791 (1972); Commonwealth v. Collins, 440 Pa. 368 , 269 A.2d 882 (1970); Commonwealth v. Wilson, 431 Pa. 21 , 244 A.2d 734 (1968

1974Commonwealth v. Scaramuzzino, 455 Pa. 378 , 317 A.2d 225 (1974); Commonwealth v. Yount, 455 Pa. 303 , 314 A.2d 242 (1974); Commonwealth v. Woods, 454 Pa. 250 , 311 A.2d 582 (1973); Commonwealth v. Dankel, 450 Pa. 437 , 301 A.2d 365 (1973); Commonwealth v. Biebinghauser, 450 Pa. 336 , 300 A.2d 70 (1973); Commonwealth v. Sullivan, 450 Pa. 273 , 299 A.2d 608 , cert. denied, 412 U.S. 923 , 93 S.Ct. 2745 , 37 L.Ed.2d 150 (1973); Commonwealth v. Koch, 446 Pa. 469 , 288 A.2d 791 (1972); Commonwealth v. Collins, 440 Pa. 368 , 269 A.2d 882 (1970); Commonwealth v. Wilson, 431 Pa. 21 , 244 A.2d 734 (1968

11974–1974
Tomayko v. Carson green
pa · 1951
11962–1962
Chadrow v. Kellman green
pa · 1954
11962–1962
Bessen Bros. v. Brooks green
pasuperct · 1954
11959–1959
Broida v. Travelers Insurance green
pa · 1934
11958–1958
Connell's Estate green
pa · 1925
11953–1953
Chapple's Estate green
pa · 1938
11953–1953
Rowand v. Finney neutral
pa · 1880
11934–1934
Sylvius v. Kosek green
pa · 1887
11934–1934

Statutes the citing opinions construe

PA § 18 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 3921 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

TX 61 (1956–2026) GA 41 (1935–2025) MI 29 (2015–2026) PA 15 (1934–2026) IL 11 (1972–2022) CA 11 (1953–2020) TN 8 (1949–2020) NY 7 (1935–2024) OH 6 (1999–2025) FL 5 (1953–2021) WA 5 (1966–2016) IA 4 (1947–2001) CO 3 (2019–2025) MA 3 (1967–2001) ND 3 (2019–2025) MO 3 (1990–2013) MS 3 (1972–2016) CT 3 (2001–2019) AR 2 (1948–1973) UT 2 (2001–2004) IN 2 (1982–2015) SD 2 (1983–1983) NM 2 (1959–2000)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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