clinical analysis in Virginia

2017It is not predicated upon a clinical analysis applied by legal technicians.” Hollis v. Commonwealth, -3- 216 Va. 874, 876-77 , 223 S.E.2d 887, 889 (1976) (citing Brinegar v. United States, 338 U.S. 160, 175 (1949)).

2017It is not predicated upon a clinical analysis applied by legal technicians.” Hollis v. Commonwealth, -3- 216 Va. 874, 876-77 , 223 S.E.2d 887, 889 (1976) (citing Brinegar v. United States, 338 U.S. 160, 175 (1949)).

2016It is not predicated upon a clinical analysis applied by legal technicians.” Lawson v. Commonwealth, 217 Va. 354, 358 , 228 S.E.2d 685, 687 (1976).

2016It is not predicated upon a clinical analysis applied by legal technicians.” Lawson v. Commonwealth, 217 Va. 354, 358 , 228 S.E.2d 685, 687 (1976).

2004In determining whether probable cause exists courts will test what the totality of the circumstances meant to police officers trained in analyzing the observed conduct for purposes of crime control.” DePriest v. Commonwealth, 4 Va. App. 577, 584 , 359 S.E.2d 540, 543 (1987) (quoting Washington v. Commonwealth, 219 Va. 857, 862 , 252 S.E.2d 326, 329 (1979)) (other citations omitted).

1998In determining whether probable cause exists courts will test what the totality of the circumstances meant to police officers trained in analyzing the observed conduct for purposes of crime control.” DePriest, 4 Va.App. at 584, 359 S.E.2d at 543 (quoting Washington v. Commonwealth, 219 Va. 857, 862 , 252 S.E.2d 326, 329 (1979)) (other citations omitted).

2004In determining whether probable cause exists courts will test what the totality of the circumstances meant to police officers trained in analyzing the observed conduct for purposes of crime control.” DePriest v. Commonwealth, 4 Va. App. 577, 584 , 359 S.E.2d 540, 543 (1987) (quoting Washington v. Commonwealth, 219 Va. 857, 862 , 252 S.E.2d 326, 329 (1979)) (other citations omitted).

2004In determining whether probable cause exists courts will test what the totality of the circumstances meant to police officers trained in analyzing the observed conduct for purposes of crime control.” DePriest v. Commonwealth, 4 Va. App. 577, 584 , 359 S.E.2d 540, 543 (1987) (quoting Washington v. Commonwealth, 219 Va. 857, 862 , 252 S.E.2d 326, 329 (1979)) (other citations omitted).

2017It is not predicated upon a clinical analysis applied by legal technicians.” Hollis v. Commonwealth, -3- 216 Va. 874, 876-77 , 223 S.E.2d 887, 889 (1976) (citing Brinegar v. United States, 338 U.S. 160, 175 (1949)).

1991Brinegar v. United States, 338 U.S. 160 [ 69 S.Ct. 1302 , 93 L.Ed. 1879 ] (1949); Schaum v. Commonwealth, 215 Va. 498 , 211 S.E.2d 73 (1975).

2016Thus, “[p]robable cause exists when the facts and circumstances within the arresting officer’s knowledge and of which he has reasonably trustworthy information are sufficient in themselves to warrant a man of reasonable caution in the belief that an offense has been or is being committed.” Mazza v. Commonwealth, 16 Va. App. 907, 911 , 434 S.E.2d 339, 342 (1993).

2016Thus, “[p]robable cause exists when the facts and circumstances within the arresting officer’s knowledge and of which he has reasonably trustworthy information are sufficient in themselves to warrant a man of reasonable caution in the belief that an offense has been or is being committed.” Mazza v. Commonwealth, 16 Va. App. 907, 911 , 434 S.E.2d 339, 342 (1993).

2014“In determining whether the affidavit provides a sufficient nexus, ‘the nexus between the place to be searched and the items to be seized may be established by the nature of the item and the normal inferences of where one would likely keep such evidence.’” Gregory v. Commonwealth, 46 Va. App. 683, 691 , 621 S.E.2d 162, 166 (2005) (quoting United States v. Anderson, 851 F.2d 727, 729 (4th Cir. 1988)).

2014It is not predicated upon a clinical analysis applied by legal technicians.” Lawson v. Commonwealth, 217 Va. 354, 358 , 228 S.E.2d 685, 687 (1976). “[O]ur cases indicate that a sufficient nexus can exist between a defendant’s criminal conduct and his residence even when the affidavit supporting the warrant ‘contains no factual -5- assertions directly linking the items sought to the defendant’s residence.’” United States v. Grossman, 400 F.3d 212, 217 (4th Cir. 2005) (quoting United States v. Servance, 394 F.3d 222, 230 (4th Cir. 2005)).

2014It is not predicated upon a clinical analysis applied by legal technicians.” Lawson v. Commonwealth, 217 Va. 354, 358 , 228 S.E.2d 685, 687 (1976). “[O]ur cases indicate that a sufficient nexus can exist between a defendant’s criminal conduct and his residence even when the affidavit supporting the warrant ‘contains no factual -5- assertions directly linking the items sought to the defendant’s residence.’” United States v. Grossman, 400 F.3d 212, 217 (4th Cir. 2005) (quoting United States v. Servance, 394 F.3d 222, 230 (4th Cir. 2005)).

2014“In determining whether the affidavit provides a sufficient nexus, ‘the nexus between the place to be searched and the items to be seized may be established by the nature of the item and the normal inferences of where one would likely keep such evidence.’” Gregory v. Commonwealth, 46 Va. App. 683, 691 , 621 S.E.2d 162, 166 (2005) (quoting United States v. Anderson, 851 F.2d 727, 729 (4th Cir. 1988)).

2014“In determining whether the affidavit provides a sufficient nexus, ‘the nexus between the place to be searched and the items to be seized may be established by the nature of the item and the normal inferences of where one would likely keep such evidence.’” Gregory v. Commonwealth, 46 Va. App. 683, 691 , 621 S.E.2d 162, 166 (2005) (quoting United States v. Anderson, 851 F.2d 727, 729 (4th Cir. 1988)).

1996In determining whether probable 4 cause exists courts will test what the totality of the circumstances meant to police officers trained in analyzing the observed conduct for purposes of crime control." Lawson v. Commonwealth, 217 Va. 354, 359 , 228 S.E.2d 685, 687 (1976) (quoting Hollis v. Commonwealth, 216 Va. 874, 876-77 , 223 S.E.2d 883, 889 (1976)).