application of the discovery rule (Texas) · Go Syfert
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application of the discovery rule in Texas

86 Texas opinions name it 4 courts 1981–2026 13 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Texas courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (45)

CaseFollowedCited
Rhone-Poulenc, Inc. v. Steelgreen
tex · 1999 · cited in 7 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2011–2026
2 sentences

2026See Steel, 997 S.W.2d at 223 ; KPMG Peat Marwick, 988 S.W.2d at 748 .

2025See Rhone-Poulenc, 997 S.W.2d at 222–23 (confirming non-movant bears no burden to present controverting evidence unless and until summary judgment movant conclusively establishes its right to judgment as a matter of law); Burns, 786 S.W.2d at 267–68 (reversing summary judgment where material fact issue existed as 24 to when legal malpractice was discovered, or should have been discovered in exercise of reasonable diligence).

77
Computer Associates International, Inc. v. Altai, Inc.green
tex · 1996 · cited in 10 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1996–2017
2 sentences

2015The Supreme Court has limited the application of the discovery rule to cases where two elements are met: (1) the evidence of injury is “objectively verifiable,” and (2) the nature of the injury is “inherently undiscoverable.” Computer Associates Intern., Inc., 918 S.W.2d at 456 .

2008The application of the discovery rule is permitted only in “those cases where the nature of the injury incurred is inherently undiseovera-ble and the evidence of injury is objectively verifiable.” Id. at 456 .

510
Wagner & Brown, Ltd. v. Horwoodgreen
tex · 2001 · cited in 5 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2004–2010
2 sentences

2010Co., 211 S.W.3d 310, 313 (Tex.2006) (concluding that discovery rule did not apply to a breach of contract claim that involved a failure to procure the agreed upon insurance coverages); see also Wagner & Brown, Ltd. v. Horwood, 58 S.W.3d 732, 733, 736-37 (Tex.2001) (rejecting the application of the discovery rule to a claim by oil and gas royalty owners against their lease operator involving alleged underpayment of royalties); Little v. Smith, 943 S.W.2d 414, 422 (Tex. 1997) (rejecting discovery rule to claims against an executor, administrator, or heir for failure to seek out or find an adopte

2010Co., 211 S.W.3d 310, 313 (Tex.2006) (concluding that discovery rule did not apply to a breach of contract claim that involved a failure to procure the agreed upon insurance coverages); see also Wagner & Brown, Ltd. v. Horwood, 58 S.W.3d 732, 733, 736-37 (Tex.2001) (rejecting the application of the discovery rule to a claim by oil and gas royalty owners against their lease operator involving alleged underpayment of royalties); Little v. Smith, 943 S.W.2d 414, 422 (Tex.1997) (rejecting discovery rule to claims against an executor, administrator, or heir for failure to seek out or find an adopted

55
Sv v. Rvgreen
tex · 1996 · cited in 11 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1996–2021
2 sentences

2021Pressler and the other defendants further argue that Rollins’s memory-repression theory of tolling is more accurately categorized as an invocation of the discovery rule and that the Supreme Court has already rejected the application of the discovery rule based on repressed memories in S.V. v. R.V., 933 S.W.2d 1 (Tex. 1996).

2021The Convention further argues that Rollins’s memory-repression theory of tolling is more accurately categorized as an invocation of the discovery rule and that the Supreme Court has already rejected the application of the discovery rule based on repressed memories in S.V. v. R.V., 933 S.W.2d 1 (Tex. 1996).

311
HECI Exploration Co. v. Neelgreen
tex · 1999 · cited in 5 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2000–2014
2 sentences

2014See id. at 886 .

2000HECI Exploration Company v. Neel, supra. The court in Computer Associates International, Inc. noted that the application of the discovery rule proves to be a “very limited” exception to statutes of limitation.

35
Krohn v. Marcus Cable Associates, L.P.green
texapp · 2006 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
2 sentences

2007See Krohn v. Marcus Cable Assocs., L.P., 201 S.W.3d 876, 880 (Tex.App.-Waco 2006, pet. denied) (“If a plaintiff asserts the discovery rule in response to a summary judgment motion raising the statute of limitations, even though the discovery rule has not been pleaded in the plaintiffs petition, the parties will be deemed to have tried the issue by consent unless the defendant objects to the plaintiffs assertion of the discovery rule.”). 1 MLAW also contends that the discovery rule does not apply to Kizer’s claims in the district court lawsuit because, according to MLAW, limitations began to ru

2007See Krohn v. Marcus Cable Assocs., L.P., 201 S.W.3d 876, 880 (Tex. App.—Waco 2006, pet. denied) (“If a plaintiff asserts the discovery rule in response to a summary judgment motion raising the statute of limitations, even though the discovery rule has not been pleaded in the plaintiff’s petition, the parties will be deemed to have tried the issue by consent unless the defendant objects to the plaintiff’s assertion of the discovery rule.”).1 1 MLAW replied to Kizer’s assertion of the application of the discovery rule arguing that the trial court should not apply the discovery rule to a claim fo

33
Via Net v. TIG Insurance Co.green
tex · 2006 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2010–2022
2 sentences

2010Co., 211 S.W.3d 310, 313 (Tex.2006) (concluding that discovery rule did not apply to a breach of contract claim that involved a failure to procure the agreed upon insurance coverages); see also Wagner & Brown, Ltd. v. Horwood, 58 S.W.3d 732, 733, 736-37 (Tex.2001) (rejecting the application of the discovery rule to a claim by oil and gas royalty owners against their lease operator involving alleged underpayment of royalties); Little v. Smith, 943 S.W.2d 414, 422 (Tex. 1997) (rejecting discovery rule to claims against an executor, administrator, or heir for failure to seek out or find an adopte

2010Co., 211 S.W.3d 310, 313 (Tex.2006) (concluding that discovery rule did not apply to a breach of contract claim that involved a failure to procure the agreed upon insurance coverages); see also Wagner & Brown, Ltd. v. Horwood, 58 S.W.3d 732, 733, 736-37 (Tex.2001) (rejecting the application of the discovery rule to a claim by oil and gas royalty owners against their lease operator involving alleged underpayment of royalties); Little v. Smith, 943 S.W.2d 414, 422 (Tex.1997) (rejecting discovery rule to claims against an executor, administrator, or heir for failure to seek out or find an adopted

23
Childs v. Hausseckergreen
tex · 1998 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1998–2016
2 sentences

2016See Childs, 974 S.W.2d at 40 .

2014See, e.g., Childs v. Haussecker, 974 S.W.2d 31, 44 (Tex.1998) (stating that the application of the discovery rule to the statute of limitations usually entails questions for the trier of fact); Tex. State Bd. of Dental Examiners v. Brown, 281 S.W.3d 692, 708 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 2009, pet. denied) (stating that whether res judicata applies in a given instance may be a mixed question of law and fact).

23
Exxon Corp. v. Emerald Oil & Gas Co., LCgreen
tex · 2011 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2025
2 sentences

2025A fraud claim accrues on the date the fraud is perpetrated, i.e., when the defendant makes the allegedly false representation, see Exxon Corp. v. Emerald Oil & Gas Co., 348 S.W.3d 194, 216 (Tex. 2011), and a conspiracy claim shares the accrual date of the underlying wrong, see Agar Corp. v. Electro Cirs., Int’l, LLC, 580 S.W.3d 136 , 144 (Tex. 2019).

2015See id. (not reaching question of whether fraudulent concealment or discovery rule tolled limitations where plaintiffs had actual knowledge of alleged wrongful conduct more than two years prior to filing suit).

22
Bayou Bend Towers Council of Co-Owners v. Manhattan Construction Co.green
texapp · 1993 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2006–2016
2 sentences

2016See Hixon v. Tyco Int’l, Ltd., No. 01-04-01109-CV, 2006 WL 3095326 , at 12 *8 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Oct. 31, 2006, no pet.) (mem. op.) (“‘Serious problems’ and complaints about those problems generally end the application of the discovery rule because complaints compel the conclusion that the complaining party is aware of a defect.”) (citing Bayou Bend, 866 S.W.2d at 743 ).

2016See Hixon v. Tyco Int'l, Ltd., No. 01-04-01109-CV, 2006 WL 3095326 , at *8 (Tex.App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Oct. 31, 2006, no pet.) (mem. op.) (“ ‘Serious problems’ and complaints about those problems generally end the application of the discovery rule because complaints compel the conclusion that the complaining party is aware of a defect.”) (citing Bayou Bend, 866 S.W.2d at 743 ).

22
Trinity-Universal Ins. Co. v. Maxwellgreen
texapp · 1937 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
2 sentences

2014See generally id.

2014See generally id.

22
Parker v. Parkergreen
texapp · 1995 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2002–2013
2 sentences

2013Parker v. Parker, 897 S.W.2d 918, 929 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1995), disapproved of on other grounds, Formosa Plastics Corp. USA v. Presidio Eng’rs and Contractors, Inc., 960 S.W.2d 41, 47 (Tex. 1998); see generally Murray v. O & A Express, Inc., 630 S.W.2d 633, 636-37 (Tex. 1982).

2002Parker v. Parker, 897 S.W.2d 918, 929 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 1995), overruled on other grounds, Formosa Plastics Corp. USA v. Presidio Engineers and Contractors, Inc., 960 S.W.2d 41 (Tex.1998).

22
Murphy v. Campbellgreen
tex · 1998 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2007–2010
2 sentences

2010The court noted the supreme court's "efforts to confine the application of the discovery rule," id., citing Murphy v. Campbell, 964 S.W.2d 265, 271 (Tex.1997), for the proposition that "an action accrues, not when injury becomes certain, but when the claimant should know of the injury.” Advent Trust, 12 S.W.3d at 540 .

2007See Murphy v. Campbell, 964 S.W.2d 265, 270 (Tex. 1997) (stating that “[a] person suffers legal injury from faulty professional advice when the advice is taken”).

22
Streetman v. University of Texas Health Science Centergreen
texapp · 1997 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2001–2003
2 sentences

2003Because we find the discovery *486 rule does not apply to the TTCA notice provision, we overrule appellants’ points of error. 952 S.W.2d at 56 (citations omitted).

2001Despite the effect on appellants’ special situation, we have no alternative but to defer to the legislature for any statutory changes designed to permit the application of the discovery rule [to the notice provision of the Act], Streetman, 952 S.W.2d at 56 (citations omitted).

22
Morrison v. Changreen
tex · 1985 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1991–1996
2 sentences

1996Morrison v. Chan, 699 S.W.2d 205, 208 (Tex.1985).

1991Morrison v. Chan, 699 S.W.2d 205, 208 (Tex.1985).

22
Thomson v. Espey Huston & Associates, Inc.green
texapp · 1995 · cited in 4 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2007–2025
2 sentences

2007This Court upheld the application of the discovery rule to toll the running of limitations, reasoning that ordinary laypersons could not detect any problems with the engineering firm’s services until “flooding occurred and the damage to the buildings became manifest.” Id. at 423 .

2007This Court upheld the application of the discovery rule to toll the running of limitations, reasoning that ordinary laypersons could not detect any problems with the engineering firm's services until "flooding occurred and the damage to the buildings became manifest." Id. at 423 .

14
Little v. Smithgreen
tex · 1997 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
2 sentences

2010Co., 211 S.W.3d 310, 313 (Tex.2006) (concluding that discovery rule did not apply to a breach of contract claim that involved a failure to procure the agreed upon insurance coverages); see also Wagner & Brown, Ltd. v. Horwood, 58 S.W.3d 732, 733, 736-37 (Tex.2001) (rejecting the application of the discovery rule to a claim by oil and gas royalty owners against their lease operator involving alleged underpayment of royalties); Little v. Smith, 943 S.W.2d 414, 422 (Tex. 1997) (rejecting discovery rule to claims against an executor, administrator, or heir for failure to seek out or find an adopte

2010Co., 211 S.W.3d 310, 313 (Tex.2006) (concluding that discovery rule did not apply to a breach of contract claim that involved a failure to procure the agreed upon insurance coverages); see also Wagner & Brown, Ltd. v. Horwood, 58 S.W.3d 732, 733, 736-37 (Tex.2001) (rejecting the application of the discovery rule to a claim by oil and gas royalty owners against their lease operator involving alleged underpayment of royalties); Little v. Smith, 943 S.W.2d 414, 422 (Tex.1997) (rejecting discovery rule to claims against an executor, administrator, or heir for failure to seek out or find an adopted

13
Pirtle v. Kahngreen
texapp · 2005 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2019–2024
2 sentences

2024See In re Springs Condos., 2021 WL 5814292 , at *3 (limitations period accrued when claimant “had knowledge of her injury, the date that she and her physician reviewed [sic] her diagnosis to exposure to mold and [sic] was provided with the kit to test for mold in her apartment.”); Pirtle v. Kahn, 177 S.W.3d 567, 573 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, pet denied) (plaintiff’s cause of action accrued when she found a leak, saw mold, and drew inference mold caused her illness).

2019Whether Shah’s claims have a two-year or four-year limitations period, Remels was required to conclusively negate the application of the discovery rule. 19 the likelihood that it was caused by the wrongful acts of another.”4 See Pirtle, 177 S.W.3d at 571 ; accord Glassdoor, 2019 WL 321934 , at *5; Schlumberger Tech., 544 S.W.3d at 834 (citing S.V., 933 S.W.2d at 4 ); KPMG Peat Marwick, 988 S.W.2d at 748 ; Kingsbury, 2015 WL 1457538 , at *6.

12
Formosa Plastics Corp. USA v. Presidio Engineers and Contractors, Inc.green
tex · 1998 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2002–2013
2 sentences

2013Parker v. Parker, 897 S.W.2d 918, 929 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1995), disapproved of on other grounds, Formosa Plastics Corp. USA v. Presidio Eng’rs and Contractors, Inc., 960 S.W.2d 41, 47 (Tex. 1998); see generally Murray v. O & A Express, Inc., 630 S.W.2d 633, 636-37 (Tex. 1982).

2002Parker v. Parker, 897 S.W.2d 918, 929 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 1995), overruled on other grounds, Formosa Plastics Corp. USA v. Presidio Engineers and Contractors, Inc., 960 S.W.2d 41 (Tex.1998).

12
Hunton v. Guardian Life Insurance Co. of Americagreen
txsd · 2002 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
1 sentence

2026Id. at 701 (footnotes omitted).

11
Kizer v. Meyer, Lytton, Alen & Whitaker, Inc.green
texapp · 2007 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
2 sentences

2025See Kizer v. Meyer, Lytton, Alen & Whitaker, Inc., 228 S.W.3d 384, 389 (Tex. App.—Austin 2007, no pet.).

2025Id. at 389 (citing Thomson v. Espey Huston & Assocs., 899 S.W.2d 415, 423 (Tex. App.—Austin 1995, no writ)) (confirming discovery rule applied where real estate developer could not detect drainage system design defects until “flooding . . . and damage to the buildings became manifest”).

11
Carl M. Archer Trust No. Three, Mary Frances G. Archer Trust No. Three, and Mary Archer Dixon and Carla Archer Johnson, Trustees v. Ronald Ralph Tregellas and Donnita Tregellasgreen
tex · 2018 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025Id. (quoting Lewey, 31 A. at 263 ) (emphasis added); cf., Archer, 566 S.W.3d at 292 (confirming those considerations which favor the application of the discovery rule include “ensuring claims are not barred before a party even knows he is injured . . . .”).

11
In Re Sensitive Care Inc.green
texapp · 2000 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
1 sentence

2022“Waiver and estoppel do not apply, however, when a trial court renders a judgment it has no power to render.” In re Sensitive Care Inc., 28 S.W.3d 35, 38 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2000, no pet.) (orig. proceeding).

11
the Estate of Taylor H. Jobe v. John F. Berry and John F. Berry, P.C.green
texapp · 2014 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
1 sentence

2022See Estate of Jobe v. Berry, 428 S.W.3d 888, 898-99 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2014, no pet.) (explaining the application of the discovery rule).

11
Murray v. San Jacinto Agency, Inc.green
tex · 1991 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
1 sentence

2021See Murray v. San Jacinto Agency, Inc., 800 S.W.2d 826, 828 (Tex. 1990).

11
Velsicol Chemical Corp. v. Winogradgreen
tex · 1997 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
11
Barker v. Eckmangreen
tex · 2006 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
11
In Re the Estate of Herringgreen
texapp · 1998 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
11
Matter of Estate of Matejekgreen
texapp · 1996 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
11
Texas State Board of Dental Examiners v. Browngreen
texapp · 2009 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
11
Houston Endowment, Inc. v. Atlantic Richfield Co.green
texapp · 1998 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
11
Murray v. O & a Express, Inc.green
tex · 1982 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
11
PPG Industries, Inc. v. JMB/Houston Centers Partners Ltd. Partnershipgreen
tex · 2004 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
11
Willis v. Maverickgreen
tex · 1988 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2003–2003
11
Bayouth v. Lion Oil Co.green
tex · 1984 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
11
Phipps v. Millergreen
texapp · 1980 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
11
Gillespie v. Fieldsgreen
texapp · 1997 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000
11
Diesel Fuel Injection Service, Inc. v. Gabourelgreen
texapp · 1995 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
11
Pitman v. Lightfootgreen
texapp · 1996 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
11
Love v. Woerndellgreen
texapp · 1987 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1996–1996
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Texas. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (23)

CaseCitedYears
KPMG Peat Marwick v. Harrison County Housing Finance Corp. green
tex · 1999
2 sentences

2019Whether Shah’s claims have a two-year or four-year limitations period, Remels was required to conclusively negate the application of the discovery rule. 19 the likelihood that it was caused by the wrongful acts of another.”4 See Pirtle, 177 S.W.3d at 571 ; accord Glassdoor, 2019 WL 321934 , at *5; Schlumberger Tech., 544 S.W.3d at 834 (citing S.V., 933 S.W.2d at 4 ); KPMG Peat Marwick, 988 S.W.2d at 748 ; Kingsbury, 2015 WL 1457538 , at *6.

2016The defendant negates the application of the discovery rule “by proving as a matter of law that there is no genuine issue of material fact about when the plaintiff discovered, or in the exercise of reasonable diligence should have discovered the nature of its injury.” Id. 6 There is no dispute between the parties that the discovery rule applies to Garner’s claims or that it was raised by Garner in its live petition.

32016–2026
Gaddis v. Smith red
tex · 1967
2 sentences

1981Whether suit is barred by limitation depends on an application of the discovery rule pronounced by the Supreme Court in Gaddis v. Smith, 417 S.W.2d 577 (Tex.1967).

1981Whether suit is barred by limitation depends on an application of the discovery rule pronounced by the Supreme Court in Gaddis v. Smith, 417 S.W.2d 577 (Tex.1967).

21981–1990
Lewey v. H. C. Fricke Coke Co. green
pa · 1895
2 sentences

2025Id. (quoting Lewey, 31 A. at 263 ) (emphasis added); cf., Archer, 566 S.W.3d at 292 (confirming those considerations which favor the application of the discovery rule include “ensuring claims are not barred before a party even knows he is injured . . . .”).

2025Id. (quoting Lewey, 31 A. at 263 ) (emphasis added); cf., Archer, 566 S.W.3d at 292 (confirming those considerations which favor the application of the discovery rule include “ensuring claims are not barred before a party even knows he is injured . . . .”).

12025–2025
Burns v. Thomas green
tex · 1990
1 sentence

2025See Rhone-Poulenc, 997 S.W.2d at 222–23 (confirming non-movant bears no burden to present controverting evidence unless and until summary judgment movant conclusively establishes its right to judgment as a matter of law); Burns, 786 S.W.2d at 267–68 (reversing summary judgment where material fact issue existed as 24 to when legal malpractice was discovered, or should have been discovered in exercise of reasonable diligence).

12025–2025
Kerry Heckman, on Behalf of Themselves and All Other Persons Similarly Situated v. Williamson County green
tex · 2012
12021–2021
McClung v. Johnson green
texapp · 1981
1 sentence

2021Appellants also argued that because their civil barratry claims were not time barred, their civil conspiracy and aiding and abetting 12 The representation agreement or attorney-client contract also includes a power of attorney. 13 See McClung v. Johnson, 620 S.W.2d 644 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1981, writ ref’d n.r.e.). 20 claims were also not time barred.

12021–2021
Hughes v. Mahaney & Higgins green
tex · 1992
12021–2021
Schlumberger Technology Corporation v. Michael Pasko and Peggy Pasko green
tex · 2018
12019–2019
In Re JSP green
texapp · 2008
12018–2018
Baker Hughes, Inc. v. KECO R. & D., INC. green
tex · 2000
12015–2015
Brown v. Havard green
tex · 1980
12014–2014
Lesley v. VETERANS LAND BD. OF STATE green
tex · 2011
12014–2014
Sanchez v. Archdiocese of San Antonio green
texapp · 1994
12014–2014
VANDERBILT MORTG. AND FINANCE, INC. v. Flores green
txsd · 2010
12013–2013
Steinhagen v. Ehl green
texapp · 2004
12012–2012
BP America Production Co. v. Marshall green
texapp · 2009
12011–2011
Advent Trust Co. v. Hyder green
texapp · 1999
12010–2010
Richker v. United Gas Corporation green
texapp · 1968
12006–2006
Houston Water Works v. Kennedy green
tex · 1888
12004–2004
Meridith v. Massie green
texapp · 1943
12001–2001
Kelley v. Rinkle green
tex · 1976
11996–1996
Clade v. Larsen green
texapp · 1992
11995–1995
Polk Terrace, Inc. v. Curtis green
texapp · 1967
11981–1981

Where else courts name it

TX 86 (1981–2026) IL 43 (1975–2025) PA 33 (1985–2025) NJ 28 (1978–2025) CA 26 (1998–2022) WA 15 (1983–2020) OH 13 (1983–2020) IA 12 (1981–2023) WV 11 (1965–2017) MS 11 (2002–2020) UT 10 (1990–2024) MD 10 (1980–2016) TN 10 (1995–2024) MI 9 (1989–2018) LA 8 (1994–2017) OK 8 (1992–2021) IN 8 (1996–2016) NM 8 (2005–2024) WI 7 (1991–2015) SC 7 (1997–2016) ME 7 (1981–2018) RI 7 (1991–2023) WY 7 (2000–2018) AZ 6 (1988–2023) MA 6 (1993–2024) VI 6 (2002–2025) ND 5 (1999–2019) AK 4 (2002–2014) HI 4 (1967–2021) DC 4 (1979–1994) NH 4 (1977–2021) OR 3 (1993–2015) KS 2 (1995–1996) MT 2 (1988–2002) NE 2 (1997–2006)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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