Rodriguez test in Colorado

1996After hearing counsel's arguments, the district court denied Rodriguez' motion. [59] R., v. 67 at 18-22. *290 Section 20-1-107, 8B C.R.S (1986) provides that "[i]f the district attorney is interested or has been employed as counsel in any case which it is his duty to prosecute or defend, the court ... may appoint a special prosecutor." In People v. Garcia, 698 P.2d 801 (Colo.1985), we set forth the standard for evaluating a motion to disqualify a district attorney: [T]he determination of whether a district attorney and his staff should be disqualified is a matter largely within the discretion

1996Section 20-1-107, 8B C.R.S (1986) provides that “[i]f the district attorney is interested or has been employed as counsel in any ease which it is his duty to prosecute or defend, the court ... may appoint a special prosecutor.” In People v. Garcia, 698 P.2d 801 (Colo.1985), we set forth the standard for evaluating a motion to disqualify a district attorney: [T]he determination of whether a district attorney and his staff should be disqualified is a matter largely within the discretion of the district court.

1996We will affirm the district court even when it reaches the "correct judgment for the wrong reason.” See State v. Franc, 165 Colo. 69, 76 , 437 P.2d 48, 51 , cert. denied, 392 U.S. 928 , 88 S.Ct. 2284 , 20 L.Ed.2d 1385 (1968); see also Zigan Sand & Gravel v. Cache La Poudre, 758 P.2d 175, 181 (Colo.1988).

1996We will affirm the district court even when it reaches the "correct judgment for the wrong reason.” See State v. Franc, 165 Colo. 69, 76 , 437 P.2d 48, 51 , cert. denied, 392 U.S. 928 , 88 S.Ct. 2284 , 20 L.Ed.2d 1385 (1968); see also Zigan Sand & Gravel v. Cache La Poudre, 758 P.2d 175, 181 (Colo.1988).

1996We will affirm the district court even when it reaches the "correct judgment for the wrong reason." See State v. Franc , 165 Colo. 69 , 76 , 437 P.2d 48 , 51 , cert. denied , 392 U.S. 928 , 88 S.Ct. 2284 , 20 L.Ed.2d 1385 ( 1968 ) ; see also Zigan Sand & Gravel v. Cache La Poudre , 758 P.2d 175, 181 ( Colo. 1988 ) .

1996We will affirm the district court even when it reaches the "correct judgment for the wrong reason.” See State v. Franc, 165 Colo. 69, 76 , 437 P.2d 48, 51 , cert. denied, 392 U.S. 928 , 88 S.Ct. 2284 , 20 L.Ed.2d 1385 (1968); see also Zigan Sand & Gravel v. Cache La Poudre, 758 P.2d 175, 181 (Colo.1988).

1996We will affirm the district court even when it reaches the "correct judgment for the wrong reason." See State v. Franc , 165 Colo. 69 , 76 , 437 P.2d 48 , 51 , cert. denied , 392 U.S. 928 , 88 S.Ct. 2284 , 20 L.Ed.2d 1385 ( 1968 ) ; see also Zigan Sand & Gravel v. Cache La Poudre , 758 P.2d 175, 181 ( Colo. 1988 ) .

1996We will affirm the district court even when it reaches the "correct judgment for the wrong reason.” See State v. Franc, 165 Colo. 69, 76 , 437 P.2d 48, 51 , cert. denied, 392 U.S. 928 , 88 S.Ct. 2284 , 20 L.Ed.2d 1385 (1968); see also Zigan Sand & Gravel v. Cache La Poudre, 758 P.2d 175, 181 (Colo.1988).

1996We will affirm the district court even when it reaches the "correct judgment for the wrong reason." See State v. Franc , 165 Colo. 69 , 76 , 437 P.2d 48 , 51 , cert. denied , 392 U.S. 928 , 88 S.Ct. 2284 , 20 L.Ed.2d 1385 ( 1968 ) ; see also Zigan Sand & Gravel v. Cache La Poudre , 758 P.2d 175, 181 ( Colo. 1988 ) .

1996We will affirm the district court even when it reaches the "correct judgment for the wrong reason.” See State v. Franc, 165 Colo. 69, 76 , 437 P.2d 48, 51 , cert. denied, 392 U.S. 928 , 88 S.Ct. 2284 , 20 L.Ed.2d 1385 (1968); see also Zigan Sand & Gravel v. Cache La Poudre, 758 P.2d 175, 181 (Colo.1988).

1996The prosecutor should not intentionally misstate the evidence or mislead the jury as to the inferences it may draw. (b) The prosecutor should not express his or her personal belief or opinion as to the truth or falsity of any testimony or evidence or the guilt of the defendant . (c) The prosecutor should not make arguments calculated to appeal to the prejudices of the jury. (d) The prosecutor should refrain from argument which would divert the jury from its duty to decide the case on the evidence. 52 We decline to adopt the portion of Clark which holds that "the trial court has no discretion t

1996The prosecutor should not intentionally misstate the evidence or mislead the jury as to the inferences it may draw. (b) The prosecutor should not express his or her personal belief or opinion as to the truth or falsity of any testimony or evidence or the guilt of the defendant. (c) The prosecutor should not make arguments calculated to appeal to the prejudices of the jury. (d) The prosecutor should refrain from argument which would divert the jury from its duty to decide the case on the evidence. [52] We decline to adopt the portion of Clark which holds that "the trial court has no discretion

1996We find no error in the court’s ruling. 69 In Jones v. Barnes, 463 U.S. 745, 754 , 103 S.Ct. 3308, 3314 , 77 L.Ed.2d 987 (1983), the United States Supreme Court held that appellate counsel’s failure to include every conceivable issue available for appeal does not amount to ineffective assistance.

1996We find no error in the court’s ruling. 69 In Jones v. Barnes, 463 U.S. 745, 754 , 103 S.Ct. 3308, 3314 , 77 L.Ed.2d 987 (1983), the United States Supreme Court held that appellate counsel’s failure to include every conceivable issue available for appeal does not amount to ineffective assistance.

1985In assessing whether education is a fundamental right under Colorado’s constitution in Lujan , we rejected the Rodriguez test and held that whether rights are fundamental does not necessarily depend on whether they are guaranteed explicitly or implicitly by our state constitution, but whether they “have been recognized as having a value essential to individual liberty in our society.” Lujan, 649 P.2d at 1015 n. 7.

1985In assessing whether education is a fundamental right under Colorado’s constitution in Lujan , we rejected the Rodriguez test and held that whether rights are fundamental does not necessarily depend on whether they are guaranteed explicitly or implicitly by our state constitution, but whether they “have been recognized as having a value essential to individual liberty in our society.” Lujan, 649 P.2d at 1015 n. 7.

1997We granted certiorari in People v. Rodriguez, 924 P.2d 1100 (Colo.App.1996), to re view the judgment of the court of appeals overturning the conviction of respondent Rodriguez for possession of a schedule I controlled substance, heroin. 1 The court of appeals reversed the district court’s denial of Rodriguez’s motion to suppress, holding that the detention of Rodriguez constituted an illegal arrest which tainted Rodriguez’s later consent to search.

1997We granted certiorari in People v. Rodriguez, 924 P.2d 1100 (Colo.App.1996), to review *1355 the judgment of the court of appeals overturning the conviction of respondent Rodriguez for possession of a schedule I controlled substance, heroin. [1] The court of appeals reversed the district court's denial of Rodriguez's motion to suppress, holding that the detention of Rodriguez constituted an illegal arrest which tainted Rodriguez's later consent to search.

1996Rather, the trial court stated: "I am not saying she can't testify, but I am just saying that [the prosecution ] then [has] a right to cross-examine her." Id. at 147 .

1994See United States v. Salinas-Cano, 959 F.2d 861, 865 (10th Cir.1992) (where police knew that the apartment searched was rented by the consenter and that the suitcase therein belonged to defendant, the information known to the officers was insufficient to support a reasonable belief in the consenter’s authority, and the apparent authority exception to the warrant requirement is inapplicable); Kennedy v. State, 578 N.E.2d 633, 638 (Ind.1991) (search of gym bag constitutional under Rodriguez where police reasonably believed that consenting party had sufficient authority to consent to a search of

1982For decisions finding that education is not a fundamental right, see McDaniel v. Thomas, 248 Ga. 632 , 285 S.E.2d 156 (1981); Board of Education of the City School Dist. of Cincinnati v. Walter, 58 Ohio St.2d 368 , 390 N.E.2d 813 (1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1015 , 100 S.Ct. 665 , 62 L.Ed.2d 644 (1980); Matter of Levy, 38 N.Y.2d 653 , 382 N.Y.S.2d 13 , 345 N.E.2d 556 , appeal dismissed for want of Fed'l question, 429 U.S. 805 , 97 S.Ct. 39 , 50 L.Ed.2d 66 (1976); Olsen v. State, 276 Or. 9 , 554 P.2d 139 (1976); Thompson v. Engleking, 96 Idaho 793 , 537 P.2d 635 (1975); Milliken v. Green, 390

1982For decisions finding that education is not a fundamental right, see McDaniel v. Thomas, 248 Ga. 632 , 285 S.E.2d 156 (1981); Board of Education of the City School Dist. of Cincinnati v. Walter, 58 Ohio St.2d 368 , 390 N.E.2d 813 (1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1015 , 100 S.Ct. 665 , 62 L.Ed.2d 644 (1980); Matter of Levy, 38 N.Y.2d 653 , 382 N.Y.S.2d 13 , 345 N.E.2d 556 , appeal dismissed for want of Fed'l question, 429 U.S. 805 , 97 S.Ct. 39 , 50 L.Ed.2d 66 (1976); Olsen v. State, 276 Or. 9 , 554 P.2d 139 (1976); Thompson v. Engleking, 96 Idaho 793 , 537 P.2d 635 (1975); Milliken v. Green, 390

1982For decisions finding that education is not a fundamental right, see McDaniel v. Thomas, 248 Ga. 632 , 285 S.E.2d 156 (1981); Board of Education of the City School Dist. of Cincinnati v. Walter, 58 Ohio St.2d 368 , 390 N.E.2d 813 (1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1015 , 100 S.Ct. 665 , 62 L.Ed.2d 644 (1980); Matter of Levy, 38 N.Y.2d 653 , 382 N.Y.S.2d 13 , 345 N.E.2d 556 , appeal dismissed for want of Fed'l question, 429 U.S. 805 , 97 S.Ct. 39 , 50 L.Ed.2d 66 (1976); Olsen v. State, 276 Or. 9 , 554 P.2d 139 (1976); Thompson v. Engleking, 96 Idaho 793 , 537 P.2d 635 (1975); Milliken v. Green, 390

1982For decisions finding that education is not a fundamental right, see McDaniel v. Thomas, 248 Ga. 632 , 285 S.E.2d 156 (1981); Board of Education of the City School Dist. of Cincinnati v. Walter, 58 Ohio St.2d 368 , 390 N.E.2d 813 (1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1015 , 100 S.Ct. 665 , 62 L.Ed.2d 644 (1980); Matter of Levy, 38 N.Y.2d 653 , 382 N.Y.S.2d 13 , 345 N.E.2d 556 , appeal dismissed for want of Fed'l question, 429 U.S. 805 , 97 S.Ct. 39 , 50 L.Ed.2d 66 (1976); Olsen v. State, 276 Or. 9 , 554 P.2d 139 (1976); Thompson v. Engleking, 96 Idaho 793 , 537 P.2d 635 (1975); Milliken v. Green, 390

1982For decisions finding that education is not a fundamental right, see McDaniel v. Thomas, 248 Ga. 632 , 285 S.E.2d 156 (1981); Board of Education of the City School Dist. of Cincinnati v. Walter, 58 Ohio St.2d 368 , 390 N.E.2d 813 (1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1015 , 100 S.Ct. 665 , 62 L.Ed.2d 644 (1980); Matter of Levy, 38 N.Y.2d 653 , 382 N.Y.S.2d 13 , 345 N.E.2d 556 , appeal dismissed for want of Fed'l question, 429 U.S. 805 , 97 S.Ct. 39 , 50 L.Ed.2d 66 (1976); Olsen v. State, 276 Or. 9 , 554 P.2d 139 (1976); Thompson v. Engleking, 96 Idaho 793 , 537 P.2d 635 (1975); Milliken v. Green, 390

1982For decisions finding that education is not a fundamental right, see McDaniel v. Thomas, 248 Ga. 632 , 285 S.E.2d 156 (1981); Board of Education of the City School Dist. of Cincinnati v. Walter, 58 Ohio St.2d 368 , 390 N.E.2d 813 (1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1015 , 100 S.Ct. 665 , 62 L.Ed.2d 644 (1980); Matter of Levy, 38 N.Y.2d 653 , 382 N.Y.S.2d 13 , 345 N.E.2d 556 , appeal dismissed for want of Fed'l question, 429 U.S. 805 , 97 S.Ct. 39 , 50 L.Ed.2d 66 (1976); Olsen v. State, 276 Or. 9 , 554 P.2d 139 (1976); Thompson v. Engleking, 96 Idaho 793 , 537 P.2d 635 (1975); Milliken v. Green, 390

1982For decisions finding that education is not a fundamental right, see McDaniel v. Thomas, 248 Ga. 632 , 285 S.E.2d 156 (1981); Board of Education of the City School Dist. of Cincinnati v. Walter, 58 Ohio St.2d 368 , 390 N.E.2d 813 (1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1015 , 100 S.Ct. 665 , 62 L.Ed.2d 644 (1980); Matter of Levy, 38 N.Y.2d 653 , 382 N.Y.S.2d 13 , 345 N.E.2d 556 , appeal dismissed for want of Fed'l question, 429 U.S. 805 , 97 S.Ct. 39 , 50 L.Ed.2d 66 (1976); Olsen v. State, 276 Or. 9 , 554 P.2d 139 (1976); Thompson v. Engleking, 96 Idaho 793 , 537 P.2d 635 (1975); Milliken v. Green, 390

1982For decisions finding that education is not a fundamental right, see McDaniel v. Thomas, 248 Ga. 632 , 285 S.E.2d 156 (1981); Board of Education of the City School Dist. of Cincinnati v. Walter, 58 Ohio St.2d 368 , 390 N.E.2d 813 (1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1015 , 100 S.Ct. 665 , 62 L.Ed.2d 644 (1980); Matter of Levy, 38 N.Y.2d 653 , 382 N.Y.S.2d 13 , 345 N.E.2d 556 , appeal dismissed for want of Fed'l question, 429 U.S. 805 , 97 S.Ct. 39 , 50 L.Ed.2d 66 (1976); Olsen v. State, 276 Or. 9 , 554 P.2d 139 (1976); Thompson v. Engleking, 96 Idaho 793 , 537 P.2d 635 (1975); Milliken v. Green, 390

1982For decisions finding that education is not a fundamental right, see McDaniel v. Thomas, 248 Ga. 632 , 285 S.E.2d 156 (1981); Board of Education of the City School Dist. of Cincinnati v. Walter, 58 Ohio St.2d 368 , 390 N.E.2d 813 (1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1015 , 100 S.Ct. 665 , 62 L.Ed.2d 644 (1980); Matter of Levy, 38 N.Y.2d 653 , 382 N.Y.S.2d 13 , 345 N.E.2d 556 , appeal dismissed for want of Fed'l question, 429 U.S. 805 , 97 S.Ct. 39 , 50 L.Ed.2d 66 (1976); Olsen v. State, 276 Or. 9 , 554 P.2d 139 (1976); Thompson v. Engleking, 96 Idaho 793 , 537 P.2d 635 (1975); Milliken v. Green, 390

1982For decisions finding that education is not a fundamental right, see McDaniel v. Thomas, 248 Ga. 632 , 285 S.E.2d 156 (1981); Board of Education of the City School Dist. of Cincinnati v. Walter, 58 Ohio St.2d 368 , 390 N.E.2d 813 (1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1015 , 100 S.Ct. 665 , 62 L.Ed.2d 644 (1980); Matter of Levy, 38 N.Y.2d 653 , 382 N.Y.S.2d 13 , 345 N.E.2d 556 , appeal dismissed for want of Fed'l question, 429 U.S. 805 , 97 S.Ct. 39 , 50 L.Ed.2d 66 (1976); Olsen v. State, 276 Or. 9 , 554 P.2d 139 (1976); Thompson v. Engleking, 96 Idaho 793 , 537 P.2d 635 (1975); Milliken v. Green, 390

1982For decisions finding that education is not a fundamental right, see McDaniel v. Thomas, 248 Ga. 632 , 285 S.E.2d 156 (1981); Board of Education of the City School Dist. of Cincinnati v. Walter, 58 Ohio St.2d 368 , 390 N.E.2d 813 (1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1015 , 100 S.Ct. 665 , 62 L.Ed.2d 644 (1980); Matter of Levy, 38 N.Y.2d 653 , 382 N.Y.S.2d 13 , 345 N.E.2d 556 , appeal dismissed for want of Fed'l question, 429 U.S. 805 , 97 S.Ct. 39 , 50 L.Ed.2d 66 (1976); Olsen v. State, 276 Or. 9 , 554 P.2d 139 (1976); Thompson v. Engleking, 96 Idaho 793 , 537 P.2d 635 (1975); Milliken v. Green, 390

1982As the New Jersey Court pointed out in Robinson v. Cahill, 62 N.J. 473, 491 , 303 A.2d 273, 282 (1973): "... the proposition discussed in Rodriguez, that a right is `fundamental' if it is explicitly or implicitly guaranteed in the constitution, is immediately vulnerable, for the right to acquire and hold property is guaranteed in the Federal and State Constitutions, and surely that right is not a likely candidate for such preferred treatment." Accord, Board of Education of the City School District, Etc. v. Walter, 58 Ohio St.2d 368 , 390 N.E.2d 813 (1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1015 , 100 S.C

1982For decisions finding that education is not a fundamental right, see McDaniel v. Thomas, 248 Ga. 632 , 285 S.E.2d 156 (1981); Board of Education of the City School Dist. of Cincinnati v. Walter, 58 Ohio St.2d 368 , 390 N.E.2d 813 (1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1015 , 100 S.Ct. 665 , 62 L.Ed.2d 644 (1980); Matter of Levy, 38 N.Y.2d 653 , 382 N.Y.S.2d 13 , 345 N.E.2d 556 , appeal dismissed for want of Fed'l question, 429 U.S. 805 , 97 S.Ct. 39 , 50 L.Ed.2d 66 (1976); Olsen v. State, 276 Or. 9 , 554 P.2d 139 (1976); Thompson v. Engleking, 96 Idaho 793 , 537 P.2d 635 (1975); Milliken v. Green, 390

1982For decisions finding that education is not a fundamental right, see McDaniel v. Thomas, 248 Ga. 632 , 285 S.E.2d 156 (1981); Board of Education of the City School Dist. of Cincinnati v. Walter, 58 Ohio St.2d 368 , 390 N.E.2d 813 (1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1015 , 100 S.Ct. 665 , 62 L.Ed.2d 644 (1980); Matter of Levy, 38 N.Y.2d 653 , 382 N.Y.S.2d 13 , 345 N.E.2d 556 , appeal dismissed for want of Fed'l question, 429 U.S. 805 , 97 S.Ct. 39 , 50 L.Ed.2d 66 (1976); Olsen v. State, 276 Or. 9 , 554 P.2d 139 (1976); Thompson v. Engleking, 96 Idaho 793 , 537 P.2d 635 (1975); Milliken v. Green, 390

1982For decisions finding that education is not a fundamental right, see McDaniel v. Thomas, 248 Ga. 632 , 285 S.E.2d 156 (1981); Board of Education of the City School Dist. of Cincinnati v. Walter, 58 Ohio St.2d 368 , 390 N.E.2d 813 (1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1015 , 100 S.Ct. 665 , 62 L.Ed.2d 644 (1980); Matter of Levy, 38 N.Y.2d 653 , 382 N.Y.S.2d 13 , 345 N.E.2d 556 , appeal dismissed for want of Fed'l question, 429 U.S. 805 , 97 S.Ct. 39 , 50 L.Ed.2d 66 (1976); Olsen v. State, 276 Or. 9 , 554 P.2d 139 (1976); Thompson v. Engleking, 96 Idaho 793 , 537 P.2d 635 (1975); Milliken v. Green, 390

1982For decisions finding that education is not a fundamental right, see McDaniel v. Thomas, 248 Ga. 632 , 285 S.E.2d 156 (1981); Board of Education of the City School Dist. of Cincinnati v. Walter, 58 Ohio St.2d 368 , 390 N.E.2d 813 (1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1015 , 100 S.Ct. 665 , 62 L.Ed.2d 644 (1980); Matter of Levy, 38 N.Y.2d 653 , 382 N.Y.S.2d 13 , 345 N.E.2d 556 , appeal dismissed for want of Fed'l question, 429 U.S. 805 , 97 S.Ct. 39 , 50 L.Ed.2d 66 (1976); Olsen v. State, 276 Or. 9 , 554 P.2d 139 (1976); Thompson v. Engleking, 96 Idaho 793 , 537 P.2d 635 (1975); Milliken v. Green, 390

1982For decisions finding that education is not a fundamental right, see McDaniel v. Thomas, 248 Ga. 632 , 285 S.E.2d 156 (1981); Board of Education of the City School Dist. of Cincinnati v. Walter, 58 Ohio St.2d 368 , 390 N.E.2d 813 (1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1015 , 100 S.Ct. 665 , 62 L.Ed.2d 644 (1980); Matter of Levy, 38 N.Y.2d 653 , 382 N.Y.S.2d 13 , 345 N.E.2d 556 , appeal dismissed for want of Fed'l question, 429 U.S. 805 , 97 S.Ct. 39 , 50 L.Ed.2d 66 (1976); Olsen v. State, 276 Or. 9 , 554 P.2d 139 (1976); Thompson v. Engleking, 96 Idaho 793 , 537 P.2d 635 (1975); Milliken v. Green, 390

1982For decisions finding that education is not a fundamental right, see McDaniel v. Thomas, 248 Ga. 632 , 285 S.E.2d 156 (1981); Board of Education of the City School Dist. of Cincinnati v. Walter, 58 Ohio St.2d 368 , 390 N.E.2d 813 (1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1015 , 100 S.Ct. 665 , 62 L.Ed.2d 644 (1980); Matter of Levy, 38 N.Y.2d 653 , 382 N.Y.S.2d 13 , 345 N.E.2d 556 , appeal dismissed for want of Fed'l question, 429 U.S. 805 , 97 S.Ct. 39 , 50 L.Ed.2d 66 (1976); Olsen v. State, 276 Or. 9 , 554 P.2d 139 (1976); Thompson v. Engleking, 96 Idaho 793 , 537 P.2d 635 (1975); Milliken v. Green, 390