ethics rule (California) · Go Syfert
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ethics rule in California

8 California opinions name it 3 courts 1983–2023 1 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by California courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (12)

CaseFollowedCited
Dornbirer v. Kaiser Foundation Health Plan, Inc.green
calctapp · 2008 · cited in 2 California opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
2 sentences

2018(See Dornbirer v. Kaiser Foundation Health Plan, Inc. (2008) 166 Cal.App.4th 831 , 846, 83 Cal.Rptr.3d 116 [under section 1281.91, subdivision (c), a claimant waives the right to disqualify the arbitrator by "consent[ing] to proceed with the arbitration despite being aware of the deficiencies in [the arbitrator's] disclosure" and cannot "challenge the arbitration award on the ground that [the arbitrator's] failure to provide" sufficient information in the disclosure "constitutes a 'ground for disqualification' "].) Honeycutt's remedy for the arbitrator's violations of Ethics standard 12(b) was

2018(See Dornbirer v. Kaiser Foundation Health Plan, Inc. (2008) 166 Cal.App.4th 831 , 846, 83 Cal.Rptr.3d 116 [under section 1281.91, subdivision (c), a claimant waives the right to disqualify the arbitrator by "consent[ing] to proceed with the arbitration despite being aware of the deficiencies in [the arbitrator's] disclosure" and cannot "challenge the arbitration award on the ground that [the arbitrator's] failure to provide" sufficient information in the disclosure "constitutes a 'ground for disqualification' "].) Honeycutt's remedy for the arbitrator's violations of Ethics standard 12(b) was

12
Ovitz v. Schulmangreen
calctapp · 2005 · cited in 2 California opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
2 sentences

2018Ethics Standards 7 and 12 The Ethics Standards at issue in this appeal are standards 7 and 12, which the Judicial Council adopted to address the " 'bias, or appearance of bias, that may flow from one side in an arbitration being a source or potential source of additional employment, and thus additional income, for the arbitrator.' " ( Ovitz , supra , 133 Cal.App.4th at p. 839 , 35 Cal.Rptr.3d 117 .) Ethics standard 7 describes the disclosure obligations of a "person nominated or appointed as an arbitrator." The proposed arbitrator must make the initial disclosures listed in standard 7 in writi

2018Ethics Standards 7 and 12 The Ethics Standards at issue in this appeal are standards 7 and 12, which the Judicial Council adopted to address the " 'bias, or appearance of bias, that may flow from one side in an arbitration being a source or potential source of additional employment, and thus additional income, for the arbitrator.' " ( Ovitz , supra , 133 Cal.App.4th at p. 839 , 35 Cal.Rptr.3d 117 .) Ethics standard 7 describes the disclosure obligations of a "person nominated or appointed as an arbitrator." The proposed arbitrator must make the initial disclosures listed in standard 7 in writi

12
Mt. Holyoke Homes, L.P. v. Jeffer Mangels Butler & Mitchell, LLPgreen
calctapp · 2013 · cited in 2 California opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
2 sentences

2018Holyoke , supra , 219 Cal.App.4th at p. 1315 , 162 Cal.Rptr.3d 597 [arbitrator's "failure to timely disclose [a] ground for disqualification of which he was then aware compels the vacation of the arbitrator's award"]; Comment to Standard 7 ["[f]ailure to disclose, within the time required for disclosure, a ground for disqualification of which the arbitrator was then aware is a ground for vacatur of the arbitrator's award"].) To vacate an arbitration award under section 1286.2 for a violation of Ethics standard 7(d), the party challenging the award must show that the arbitrator was aware he or

2018Holyoke , supra , 219 Cal.App.4th at p. 1315 , 162 Cal.Rptr.3d 597 [arbitrator's "failure to timely disclose [a] ground for disqualification of which he was then aware compels the vacation of the arbitrator's award"]; Comment to Standard 7 ["[f]ailure to disclose, within the time required for disclosure, a ground for disqualification of which the arbitrator was then aware is a ground for vacatur of the arbitrator's award"].) To vacate an arbitration award under section 1286.2 for a violation of Ethics standard 7(d), the party challenging the award must show that the arbitrator was aware he or

12
Huskinson & Brown, Limited Liability Partnership v. Wolfgreen
cal · 2004 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
2 sentences

2018Code, §§ 6147, subd. (b), 6148, subd. (c).) "Allowing quantum meruit recovery when two law firms negotiate a fee-sharing agreement without complying with [the ethics rule's] written client consent requirement is consistent with the Legislature's policy determination that, even if a particular fee or compensation agreement is not in writing or signed by the client, a law firm laboring under such an agreement nonetheless deserves reasonable compensation for its services." ( Huskinson , at p. 460, 9 Cal.Rptr.3d 693 , 84 P.3d 379 .) Finally, we considered in Huskinson whether allowing recovery in

2018Code, §§ 6147, subd. (b), 6148, subd. (c).) "Allowing quantum meruit recovery when two law firms negotiate a fee-sharing agreement without complying with [the ethics rule's] written client consent requirement is consistent with the Legislature's policy determination that, even if a particular fee or compensation agreement is not in writing or signed by the client, a law firm laboring under such an agreement nonetheless deserves reasonable compensation for its services." ( Huskinson , at p. 460, 9 Cal.Rptr.3d 693 , 84 P.3d 379 .) Finally, we considered in Huskinson whether allowing recovery in

11
Linnick v. State Bargreen
cal · 1964 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
2 sentences

2004As summarized by the court in Emmons, Williams, Mires & Leech v. State Bar (1970) 6 Cal.App.3d 565 [ 86 Cal.Rptr. 367 ] (Emmons): “Prohibited fee-splitting between lawyer and layman carries with it the danger of competitive solicitation (Crawford v. State Bar [1960] 54 Cal.2d 659, 666 [ 7 Cal.Rptr. 746 , 355 P.2d 490 ]); poses the possibility of control by the lay person, interested in his own profit rather than the client’s fate (Utz v. State Bar [1942] 21 Cal.2d 100, 108 [ 130 P.2d 377 ]); facilitates the lay intermediary’s tendency to select the most generous, not the most competent, attorn

2004As summarized by the court in Emmons, Williams, Mires & Leech v. State Bar (1970) 6 Cal.App.3d 565 [ 86 Cal.Rptr. 367 ] (Emmons): “Prohibited fee-splitting between lawyer and layman carries with it the danger of competitive solicitation (Crawford v. State Bar [1960] 54 Cal.2d 659, 666 [ 7 Cal.Rptr. 746 , 355 P.2d 490 ]); poses the possibility of control by the lay person, interested in his own profit rather than the client’s fate (Utz v. State Bar [1942] 21 Cal.2d 100, 108 [ 130 P.2d 377 ]); facilitates the lay intermediary’s tendency to select the most generous, not the most competent, attorn

11
Hildebrand v. State Bargreen
cal · 1950 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
2 sentences

2004As summarized by the court in Emmons, Williams, Mires & Leech v. State Bar (1970) 6 Cal.App.3d 565 [ 86 Cal.Rptr. 367 ] (Emmons): “Prohibited fee-splitting between lawyer and layman carries with it the danger of competitive solicitation (Crawford v. State Bar [1960] 54 Cal.2d 659, 666 [ 7 Cal.Rptr. 746 , 355 P.2d 490 ]); poses the possibility of control by the lay person, interested in his own profit rather than the client’s fate (Utz v. State Bar [1942] 21 Cal.2d 100, 108 [ 130 P.2d 377 ]); facilitates the lay intermediary’s tendency to select the most generous, not the most competent, attorn

2004As summarized by the court in Emmons, Williams, Mires & Leech v. State Bar (1970) 6 Cal.App.3d 565 [ 86 Cal.Rptr. 367 ] (Emmons): “Prohibited fee-splitting between lawyer and layman carries with it the danger of competitive solicitation (Crawford v. State Bar [1960] 54 Cal.2d 659, 666 [ 7 Cal.Rptr. 746 , 355 P.2d 490 ]); poses the possibility of control by the lay person, interested in his own profit rather than the client’s fate (Utz v. State Bar [1942] 21 Cal.2d 100, 108 [ 130 P.2d 377 ]); facilitates the lay intermediary’s tendency to select the most generous, not the most competent, attorn

11
Utz v. State Bargreen
cal · 1942 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
2 sentences

2004As summarized by the court in Emmons, Williams, Mires & Leech v. State Bar (1970) 6 Cal.App.3d 565 [ 86 Cal.Rptr. 367 ] (Emmons): “Prohibited fee-splitting between lawyer and layman carries with it the danger of competitive solicitation (Crawford v. State Bar [1960] 54 Cal.2d 659, 666 [ 7 Cal.Rptr. 746 , 355 P.2d 490 ]); poses the possibility of control by the lay person, interested in his own profit rather than the client’s fate (Utz v. State Bar [1942] 21 Cal.2d 100, 108 [ 130 P.2d 377 ]); facilitates the lay intermediary’s tendency to select the most generous, not the most competent, attorn

2004As summarized by the court in Emmons, Williams, Mires & Leech v. State Bar (1970) 6 Cal.App.3d 565 [ 86 Cal.Rptr. 367 ] (Emmons): “Prohibited fee-splitting between lawyer and layman carries with it the danger of competitive solicitation (Crawford v. State Bar [1960] 54 Cal.2d 659, 666 [ 7 Cal.Rptr. 746 , 355 P.2d 490 ]); poses the possibility of control by the lay person, interested in his own profit rather than the client’s fate (Utz v. State Bar [1942] 21 Cal.2d 100, 108 [ 130 P.2d 377 ]); facilitates the lay intermediary’s tendency to select the most generous, not the most competent, attorn

11
Chambers v. Kaygreen
cal · 2002 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
2 sentences

2004(Chambers v. Kay (2002) 29 Cal.4th 142, 148 [ 126 Cal.Rptr.2d 536 , 56 P.3d 645 ].) Subject to exceptions manifestly inapplicable here, current rule 1-320(A) of the CPRC* 11 admonishes with stark brevity: “Neither a member [of the State Bar] nor a law firm shall directly or indirectly share legal fees with a person who is not a lawyer, . . .” This is not an ethics rule of recent vintage, for the State Bar’s general prohibition against sharing fees with nonmembers was adopted by the California Supreme Court as part of former rule 3 on December 1, 1944, 12 and was later reenacted as rule 3-102(A

2004(Chambers v. Kay (2002) 29 Cal.4th 142, 148 [ 126 Cal.Rptr.2d 536 , 56 P.3d 645 ].) Subject to exceptions manifestly inapplicable here, current rule 1-320(A) of the CPRC* 11 admonishes with stark brevity: “Neither a member [of the State Bar] nor a law firm shall directly or indirectly share legal fees with a person who is not a lawyer, . . .” This is not an ethics rule of recent vintage, for the State Bar’s general prohibition against sharing fees with nonmembers was adopted by the California Supreme Court as part of former rule 3 on December 1, 1944, 12 and was later reenacted as rule 3-102(A

11
Crawford v. State Bar of Californiagreen
cal · 1960 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
2 sentences

2004As summarized by the court in Emmons, Williams, Mires & Leech v. State Bar (1970) 6 Cal.App.3d 565 [ 86 Cal.Rptr. 367 ] (Emmons): “Prohibited fee-splitting between lawyer and layman carries with it the danger of competitive solicitation (Crawford v. State Bar [1960] 54 Cal.2d 659, 666 [ 7 Cal.Rptr. 746 , 355 P.2d 490 ]); poses the possibility of control by the lay person, interested in his own profit rather than the client’s fate (Utz v. State Bar [1942] 21 Cal.2d 100, 108 [ 130 P.2d 377 ]); facilitates the lay intermediary’s tendency to select the most generous, not the most competent, attorn

2004As summarized by the court in Emmons, Williams, Mires & Leech v. State Bar (1970) 6 Cal.App.3d 565 [ 86 Cal.Rptr. 367 ] (Emmons): “Prohibited fee-splitting between lawyer and layman carries with it the danger of competitive solicitation (Crawford v. State Bar [1960] 54 Cal.2d 659, 666 [ 7 Cal.Rptr. 746 , 355 P.2d 490 ]); poses the possibility of control by the lay person, interested in his own profit rather than the client’s fate (Utz v. State Bar [1942] 21 Cal.2d 100, 108 [ 130 P.2d 377 ]); facilitates the lay intermediary’s tendency to select the most generous, not the most competent, attorn

11
People Ex Rel. Clancy v. Superior Courtgreen
cal · 1985 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1991–1991
2 sentences

1991Clancy v. Superior Court (1985) 39 Cal.3d 740, 746 [ 218 Cal. Rptr. 24 , 705 P.2d 347 ].) The prosecutor was also factually correct in noting that discovery in the criminal context was not a two-way street; the prosecution's disclosure obligations were not reciprocated by the defense. ( In re Misener (1985) 38 Cal.3d 543 [ 213 Cal. Rptr. 569 , 698 P.2d 637 ]; but see Izazaga v. Superior Court (1991) 54 Cal.3d 356 [ 285 Cal. Rptr. 231 , 815 P.2d 304 ].) Nor do we believe the jury could reasonably have interpreted the remarks as impugning the ethics of defense counsel, or as an improper attempt

1991Clancy v. Superior Court (1985) 39 Cal.3d 740, 746 [ 218 Cal. Rptr. 24 , 705 P.2d 347 ].) The prosecutor was also factually correct in noting that discovery in the criminal context was not a two-way street; the prosecution's disclosure obligations were not reciprocated by the defense. ( In re Misener (1985) 38 Cal.3d 543 [ 213 Cal. Rptr. 569 , 698 P.2d 637 ]; but see Izazaga v. Superior Court (1991) 54 Cal.3d 356 [ 285 Cal. Rptr. 231 , 815 P.2d 304 ].) Nor do we believe the jury could reasonably have interpreted the remarks as impugning the ethics of defense counsel, or as an improper attempt

11
People Ex Rel. Deukmejian v. Browngreen
cal · 1981 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1985–1985
2 sentences

1985Deukmejian v. Brown (1981) 29 Cal.3d 150, 155 [ 172 Cal.Rptr. 478 , 624 P.2d 1206 ].) We express no view on whether a dating relationship is covered by this ethics rule.

1985Deukmejian v. Brown (1981) 29 Cal.3d 150, 155 [ 172 Cal.Rptr. 478 , 624 P.2d 1206 ].) We express no view on whether a dating relationship is covered by this ethics rule.

11
Codiga v. State Bargreen
cal · 1978 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1985–1985
2 sentences

1985(But see Codiga v. State Bar (1978) 20 Cal.3d 788, 792 [ 144 Cal.Rptr. 404 , 575 P.2d 1186 ], construing the identical language of former State Bar rule 6 as applying to an in-law.) See also Cross, Ethical Issues Facing Lawyer-Spouses and Their Employers (1981) 34 Vanderbilt L.Rev. 1435; Comment, Ethical Concerns of Lawyers Who Are Related by Kinship or Marriage, supra, 60 Ore.L.Rev. 399; Note, Legal Ethics—Representation of Differing Interests by Husband and Wife: Appearance of Impropriety and Unavoidable Conflicts of Interest? (1975) 52 Denver L.J. 735. 2 The Maxwell and Mroczko decisions in

1985(But see Codiga v. State Bar (1978) 20 Cal.3d 788, 792 [ 144 Cal.Rptr. 404 , 575 P.2d 1186 ], construing the identical language of former State Bar rule 6 as applying to an in-law.) See also Cross, Ethical Issues Facing Lawyer-Spouses and Their Employers (1981) 34 Vanderbilt L.Rev. 1435; Comment, Ethical Concerns of Lawyers Who Are Related by Kinship or Marriage, supra, 60 Ore.L.Rev. 399; Note, Legal Ethics—Representation of Differing Interests by Husband and Wife: Appearance of Impropriety and Unavoidable Conflicts of Interest? (1975) 52 Denver L.J. 735. 2 The Maxwell and Mroczko decisions in

11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (1)

CaseNegativeCited
Izazaga v. Superior Courtgreen
cal · 1991 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1991–1991
2 sentences

1991Clancy v. Superior Court (1985) 39 Cal.3d 740, 746 [ 218 Cal. Rptr. 24 , 705 P.2d 347 ].) The prosecutor was also factually correct in noting that discovery in the criminal context was not a two-way street; the prosecution's disclosure obligations were not reciprocated by the defense. ( In re Misener (1985) 38 Cal.3d 543 [ 213 Cal. Rptr. 569 , 698 P.2d 637 ]; but see Izazaga v. Superior Court (1991) 54 Cal.3d 356 [ 285 Cal. Rptr. 231 , 815 P.2d 304 ].) Nor do we believe the jury could reasonably have interpreted the remarks as impugning the ethics of defense counsel, or as an improper attempt

1991Clancy v. Superior Court (1985) 39 Cal.3d 740, 746 [ 218 Cal. Rptr. 24 , 705 P.2d 347 ].) The prosecutor was also factually correct in noting that discovery in the criminal context was not a two-way street; the prosecution's disclosure obligations were not reciprocated by the defense. ( In re Misener (1985) 38 Cal.3d 543 [ 213 Cal. Rptr. 569 , 698 P.2d 637 ]; but see Izazaga v. Superior Court (1991) 54 Cal.3d 356 [ 285 Cal. Rptr. 231 , 815 P.2d 304 ].) Nor do we believe the jury could reasonably have interpreted the remarks as impugning the ethics of defense counsel, or as an improper attempt

11

Also cited on this issue (6)

CaseCitedYears
Lasalle v. Vogel green
calctapp5d · 2019
1 sentence

2023The defendant in Lasalle was an attorney sued for malpractice, and an ethics rule called into question the sharp litigation tactics of plaintiff’s counsel in giving her notice before seeking default. ( Lasalle, supra, 36 Cal.App.5th at pp. 137−138.) More to the point, while the defendant’s declaration “might have been more polished,” it adequately explained how her circumstances as a single parent burdened with a heavy family law caseload and navigating a messy divorce with “significant family emergencies of her own, including an urgent need to take care of taxes and unpaid mortgage payments l

12023–2023
Layton v. State Bar green
cal · 1990
2 sentences

2018(See Layton v. State Bar (1990) 50 Cal.3d 889 , 900, 268 Cal.Rptr. 845 , 789 P.2d 1026 [an attorney "cannot escape responsibility for his failure ... by blaming his secretary" because "[a]n attorney has an obligation to adequately supervise his employees"]; Vaughn v. State Bar (1972) 6 Cal.3d 847 , 857, 100 Cal.Rptr. 713 , 494 P.2d 1257 ["though an attorney cannot be held responsible for every detail of office procedure, he must accept responsibility to supervise the work of his staff"].) Ethics standard 7(b)(2)(b) similarly provides that, if the arbitrator "has informed the parties in the pen

2018(See Layton v. State Bar (1990) 50 Cal.3d 889 , 900, 268 Cal.Rptr. 845 , 789 P.2d 1026 [an attorney "cannot escape responsibility for his failure ... by blaming his secretary" because "[a]n attorney has an obligation to adequately supervise his employees"]; Vaughn v. State Bar (1972) 6 Cal.3d 847 , 857, 100 Cal.Rptr. 713 , 494 P.2d 1257 ["though an attorney cannot be held responsible for every detail of office procedure, he must accept responsibility to supervise the work of his staff"].) Ethics standard 7(b)(2)(b) similarly provides that, if the arbitrator "has informed the parties in the pen

12018–2018
Vaughn v. State Bar green
cal · 1972
2 sentences

2018(See Layton v. State Bar (1990) 50 Cal.3d 889 , 900, 268 Cal.Rptr. 845 , 789 P.2d 1026 [an attorney "cannot escape responsibility for his failure ... by blaming his secretary" because "[a]n attorney has an obligation to adequately supervise his employees"]; Vaughn v. State Bar (1972) 6 Cal.3d 847 , 857, 100 Cal.Rptr. 713 , 494 P.2d 1257 ["though an attorney cannot be held responsible for every detail of office procedure, he must accept responsibility to supervise the work of his staff"].) Ethics standard 7(b)(2)(b) similarly provides that, if the arbitrator "has informed the parties in the pen

2018(See Layton v. State Bar (1990) 50 Cal.3d 889 , 900, 268 Cal.Rptr. 845 , 789 P.2d 1026 [an attorney "cannot escape responsibility for his failure ... by blaming his secretary" because "[a]n attorney has an obligation to adequately supervise his employees"]; Vaughn v. State Bar (1972) 6 Cal.3d 847 , 857, 100 Cal.Rptr. 713 , 494 P.2d 1257 ["though an attorney cannot be held responsible for every detail of office procedure, he must accept responsibility to supervise the work of his staff"].) Ethics standard 7(b)(2)(b) similarly provides that, if the arbitrator "has informed the parties in the pen

12018–2018
Emmons, Williams, Mires & Leech v. State Bar green
calctapp · 1970
2 sentences

2004As summarized by the court in Emmons, Williams, Mires & Leech v. State Bar (1970) 6 Cal.App.3d 565 [ 86 Cal.Rptr. 367 ] (Emmons): “Prohibited fee-splitting between lawyer and layman carries with it the danger of competitive solicitation (Crawford v. State Bar [1960] 54 Cal.2d 659, 666 [ 7 Cal.Rptr. 746 , 355 P.2d 490 ]); poses the possibility of control by the lay person, interested in his own profit rather than the client’s fate (Utz v. State Bar [1942] 21 Cal.2d 100, 108 [ 130 P.2d 377 ]); facilitates the lay intermediary’s tendency to select the most generous, not the most competent, attorn

2004As summarized by the court in Emmons, Williams, Mires & Leech v. State Bar (1970) 6 Cal.App.3d 565 [ 86 Cal.Rptr. 367 ] (Emmons): “Prohibited fee-splitting between lawyer and layman carries with it the danger of competitive solicitation (Crawford v. State Bar [1960] 54 Cal.2d 659, 666 [ 7 Cal.Rptr. 746 , 355 P.2d 490 ]); poses the possibility of control by the lay person, interested in his own profit rather than the client’s fate (Utz v. State Bar [1942] 21 Cal.2d 100, 108 [ 130 P.2d 377 ]); facilitates the lay intermediary’s tendency to select the most generous, not the most competent, attorn

12004–2004
In Re Misener green
cal · 1985
2 sentences

1991Clancy v. Superior Court (1985) 39 Cal.3d 740, 746 [ 218 Cal. Rptr. 24 , 705 P.2d 347 ].) The prosecutor was also factually correct in noting that discovery in the criminal context was not a two-way street; the prosecution's disclosure obligations were not reciprocated by the defense. ( In re Misener (1985) 38 Cal.3d 543 [ 213 Cal. Rptr. 569 , 698 P.2d 637 ]; but see Izazaga v. Superior Court (1991) 54 Cal.3d 356 [ 285 Cal. Rptr. 231 , 815 P.2d 304 ].) Nor do we believe the jury could reasonably have interpreted the remarks as impugning the ethics of defense counsel, or as an improper attempt

1991Clancy v. Superior Court (1985) 39 Cal.3d 740, 746 [ 218 Cal. Rptr. 24 , 705 P.2d 347 ].) The prosecutor was also factually correct in noting that discovery in the criminal context was not a two-way street; the prosecution's disclosure obligations were not reciprocated by the defense. ( In re Misener (1985) 38 Cal.3d 543 [ 213 Cal. Rptr. 569 , 698 P.2d 637 ]; but see Izazaga v. Superior Court (1991) 54 Cal.3d 356 [ 285 Cal. Rptr. 231 , 815 P.2d 304 ].) Nor do we believe the jury could reasonably have interpreted the remarks as impugning the ethics of defense counsel, or as an improper attempt

11991–1991
Majestic v. Louisville & NR Co. green
ca6 · 1945
1 sentence

1983Co. (6th Cir. 1945) 147 F.2d 621, 627 ; see also Beall, Wrongful Death and Survivorship, NACCA Seminar 1957, § 3.12, p. 85.) *543 Until the reasons for the exclusion rule are shown to be no longer valid we should follow the established law, to wit: In measuring a plaintiff’s damages in a wrongful death action income tax consequences on a decedent’s projected future earnings are irrelevant and so subject to “intense speculation” as to preclude admissibility.

11983–1983

Where else courts name it

WA 24 (1982–2024) NJ 20 (1987–2025) IA 14 (1989–2022) CA 8 (1983–2023) TX 7 (2005–2020) WV 5 (1988–2025) MS 5 (1982–2017) ME 4 (2009–2024) CT 4 (2004–2026) AL 4 (2000–2004) VT 4 (2005–2024) NY 3 (2004–2017) OH 3 (1987–2026) OR 3 (1995–2020) IN 3 (2002–2010) FL 2 (1991–2018) CO 2 (1979–2026) IL 2 (1972–2023) PA 2 (2019–2020) WI 2 (2004–2005) NM 2 (1974–2007) LA 2 (2019–2019)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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