UIM claim (New Jersey) · Go Syfert
← New Jersey issues

UIM claim in New Jersey

61 New Jersey opinions name it 2 courts 1988–2026 9 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by New Jersey courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (21)

CaseFollowedCited
Longworth v. Van Houtengreen
njsuperctappdiv · 1988 · cited in 15 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1989–2023
2 sentences

2010We further hold that UIM carriers may, if they choose, honor demands from their insureds to proceed to arbitration of the UIM claim prior to disposition of the claim against the tortfeasor. [ Id. at 194-95, 538 A. 2d 414 .] The Supreme Court endorsed that procedure in Vassas, supra, 139 N.J. at 171 , 652 A. 2d 162 .

2010We further hold that UIM carriers may, if they choose, honor demands from their insureds to proceed to arbitration of the UIM claim prior to disposition of the claim against the tortfeasor. [ Id. at 194-95, 538 A. 2d 414 .] The Supreme Court endorsed that procedure in Vassas, supra, 139 N.J. at 171 , 652 A. 2d 162 .

515
Ferrante v. N.J. Mfrs. Ins. Grp.green
nj · 2018 · cited in 6 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2018–2023
2 sentences

2023Although the Vassas Court held the insured's failure to comply with the provisions of his insurance contract "bar[red] his action to recover UIM benefits from [his insurer]" and the insured "unfairly prejudiced [the insurer's] subrogation right against [the tortfeasor]" contrary to the requirements of his insurance policy, 139 N.J. at 165, 176 , Ferrante held that prejudice to the UIM carrier need not be weighed in the analysis of whether a UIM claim is barred where an insured "could have, should have, but did not" notify the carrier as required under Longworth. 232 N.J. at 474 .

2023Although the Vassas Court held the insured's failure to comply with the provisions of his insurance contract "bar[red] his action to recover UIM benefits from [his insurer]" and the insured "unfairly prejudiced [the insurer's] subrogation right against [the tortfeasor]" contrary to the requirements of his insurance policy, 139 N.J. at 165, 176 , Ferrante held that prejudice to the UIM carrier need not be weighed in the analysis of whether a UIM claim is barred where an insured "could have, should have, but did not" notify the carrier as required under Longworth. 232 N.J. at 474 .

36
Les Moise, Inc. v. Rossignol Ski Co., Inc.green
wis · 1985 · cited in 3 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1996–2008
2 sentences

2008A cause of action accrues because "there exists a claim capable of present enforcement." [ Id. at 352 , 676 A. 2d 1074 (quoting Les Moise, Inc. v. Rossignol Ski Co., 122 Wis. 2d 51 , 361 N.W. 2d 653, 656 (1985)).] Thus, the factual circumstances here are distinguishable and were expressly anticipated as such in the rationale the Court expressed in Green .

2008A cause of action accrues because "there exists a claim capable of present enforcement." [ Id. at 352 , 676 A. 2d 1074 (quoting Les Moise, Inc. v. Rossignol Ski Co., 122 Wis. 2d 51 , 361 N.W. 2d 653, 656 (1985)).] Thus, the factual circumstances here are distinguishable and were expressly anticipated as such in the rationale the Court expressed in Green .

33
Rutgers Casualty Insurance v. Vassasgreen
nj · 1995 · cited in 7 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1998–2023
2 sentences

2023Although the Vassas Court held the insured's failure to comply with the provisions of his insurance contract "bar[red] his action to recover UIM benefits from [his insurer]" and the insured "unfairly prejudiced [the insurer's] subrogation right against [the tortfeasor]" contrary to the requirements of his insurance policy, 139 N.J. at 165, 176 , Ferrante held that prejudice to the UIM carrier need not be weighed in the analysis of whether a UIM claim is barred where an insured "could have, should have, but did not" notify the carrier as required under Longworth. 232 N.J. at 474 .

2023Although the Vassas Court held the insured's failure to comply with the provisions of his insurance contract "bar[red] his action to recover UIM benefits from [his insurer]" and the insured "unfairly prejudiced [the insurer's] subrogation right against [the tortfeasor]" contrary to the requirements of his insurance policy, 139 N.J. at 165, 176 , Ferrante held that prejudice to the UIM carrier need not be weighed in the analysis of whether a UIM claim is barred where an insured "could have, should have, but did not" notify the carrier as required under Longworth. 232 N.J. at 474 .

27
Breitenbach v. Motor Club of Am. Ins. Co.green
njsuperctappdiv · 1996 · cited in 3 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1998–2007
2 sentences

2007Breitenbach, supra, 295 N.J.Super. at 330, 685 A. 2d 36 .

1998Thus, although he settled with the tortfeasor, plaintiff can also pursue his UIM claim against the carrier. [Id. at 334-35, 685 A.2d 36 (citation omitted).] Applying the Breitenbach reasoning to the unique facts here, we conclude defendant must provide plaintiff with UIM arbitration.

23
Green v. Selective Insurance Co. of Americagreen
nj · 1996 · cited in 4 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1997–2008
2 sentences

2001Co. of America, 144 N.J. 344, 351-353 , 676 A. 2d 1074 (1996), plaintiffs had six years from the date of the accident to commence their UIM claim.

2001Co. of America, 144 N.J. 344, 351-353 , 676 A. 2d 1074 (1996), plaintiffs had six years from the date of the accident to commence their UIM claim.

14
Ainsworth v. State Farm Mut. Ins. Co.green
njsuperctappdiv · 1995 · cited in 3 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2000–2005
2 sentences

2005Co., 284 N.J.Super. 117, 131 , 663 A. 2d 1365 (App.Div.1995) (citing Longworth, 223 N.J.Super. at 195 , 538 A. 2d 414 ), certif. denied, 143 N.J. 328 , 670 A .2d 1068 (1996), a UIM carrier is not required by statute to arbitrate prior to final disposition of the case against the tortfeasor. [3] A UIM carrier which is permitted to intervene as a defendant in its insured's negligence case against the alleged tortfeasor is representing its own interest in minimizing the UIM claim, whereas its subrogation right (to stand in the shoes of its own insured as a plaintiff in the negligence action) can

2005Co., 284 N.J.Super. 117, 131 , 663 A. 2d 1365 (App.Div.1995) (citing Longworth, 223 N.J.Super. at 195 , 538 A. 2d 414 ), certif. denied, 143 N.J. 328 , 670 A .2d 1068 (1996), a UIM carrier is not required by statute to arbitrate prior to final disposition of the case against the tortfeasor. [3] A UIM carrier which is permitted to intervene as a defendant in its insured's negligence case against the alleged tortfeasor is representing its own interest in minimizing the UIM claim, whereas its subrogation right (to stand in the shoes of its own insured as a plaintiff in the negligence action) can

13
Gold v. Aetna Life & Cas. Ins. Co.green
njsuperctappdiv · 1989 · cited in 2 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1996–2021
2 sentences

1996To rule otherwise would lead to the result that underinsured coverage would be eliminated whenever entirely blameless persons involved in an accident happen to be heavily insured. [Id. at 276, 558 A.2d 854 .] In Longworth, supra, the Appellate Division held that “UIM carriers may, if they choose, honor demands from their insureds to proceed to arbitration of the UIM claim prior to disposition of the claim against the tortfeasor.” Longworth, supra, 223 N.J.Super. at 195 , 538 A.2d 414 .

1996To rule otherwise would lead to the result that underinsured coverage would be eliminated whenever entirely blameless persons involved in an accident happen to be heavily insured. [Id. at 276, 558 A.2d 854 .] In Longworth, supra, the Appellate Division held that “UIM carriers may, if they choose, honor demands from their insureds to proceed to arbitration of the UIM claim prior to disposition of the claim against the tortfeasor.” Longworth, supra, 223 N.J.Super. at 195 , 538 A.2d 414 .

12
Brundage v. Estate of Carambiogreen
nj · 2008 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
2 sentences

2026Allstate further maintains that despite the resolution of the UIM claim, the appeal is not moot because the "interests of justice" require us to determine the applicability of the IFCA to claimants in plaintiff's position. (citing Brundage v. Estate of Carambio, 195 N.J. 575, 599 (2008)).

2026Allstate further maintains that despite the resolution of the UIM claim, the appeal is not moot because the "interests of justice" require us to determine the applicability of the IFCA to claimants in plaintiff's position. (citing Brundage v. Estate of Carambio, 195 N.J. 575, 599 (2008)).

11
Bilotti v. Accurate Forming Corp.green
nj · 1963 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
1 sentence

2021Super. 451 , 463–64 (App. Div. 2000) (holding appellate review of the grant of summary judgment is limited to the record that existed before the A-2543-20 3 motion judge (citing Bilotti v. Accurate Forming Corp., 39 N.J. 184, 188 (1963))).1 In January 2013, NJM acknowledged the Kobrin firm's Longworth2 notice, advising of a proposed settlement with the other driver involved in the accident for her policy limits of $15,000, and plaintiffs' UIM claim under their policy, which included a $300,000 UIM limit.

11
Morrison v. AMERICAN INTERN. INS.green
njsuperctappdiv · 2005 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
2 sentences

2019In Morrison v. American International Insurance Co. of America, 381 N.J.

2019In Morrison v. American International Insurance Co. of America, 381 N.J.

11
Busik v. Levinegreen
nj · 1973 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
11
Turner v. Egangreen
scotus · 1973 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
11
Outpost Development Corp. v. United Statesgreen
scotus · 1973 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
11
Levine v. Busickgreen
scotus · 1973 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
11
MacChi v. CONNECTICUT GENERAL INS.green
njsuperctappdiv · 2002 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
11
Magnifico v. Rutgers Casualty Insurancegreen
nj · 1998 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000
11
Metropolitan Property & Liability Insurance v. Walkergreen
nh · 1993 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1996–1996
11
Parks v. Colonial Penn Insurancegreen
nj · 1984 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1996–1996
11
Eugene A. Fisher, Administrator of the Estate of Julie Lynn Fisher, Deceased v. Usaa Casualty Insurance Companygreen
ca3 · 1992 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1996–1996
11
Ellmex Const. Co., Inc. v. Republic Ins. Co.green
njsuperctappdiv · 1985 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1995–1995
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in New Jersey. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (30)

CaseCitedYears
Zirger v. General Accident Insurance green
nj · 1996
2 sentences

2005NJM's reliance upon Zirger is misplaced, and its contention that Zirger and Longworth are mutually exclusive is mistaken. [7] In Zirger , the Court held that a UIM carrier's acquiescence in its insured's intention to try its damage claim against the underinsured tortfeasor, without first seeking contractual arbitration of the UIM claim, constituted a waiver of its right to *1092 arbitration, with the result that it was bound by the jury's verdict on damages under principles of collateral estoppel. 144 N.J. at 342 , 676 A. 2d 1065 .

2005NJM's reliance upon Zirger is misplaced, and its contention that Zirger and Longworth are mutually exclusive is mistaken. [7] In Zirger , the Court held that a UIM carrier's acquiescence in its insured's intention to try its damage claim against the underinsured tortfeasor, without first seeking contractual arbitration of the UIM claim, constituted a waiver of its right to *1092 arbitration, with the result that it was bound by the jury's verdict on damages under principles of collateral estoppel. 144 N.J. at 342 , 676 A. 2d 1065 .

41996–2005
Aubrey v. Harleysville Insurance Companies green
nj · 1995
2 sentences

1998Cos., 140 N.J. 397 , 658 A.2d 1246 (1995), and its interplay with other opinions, ruled that Prudential was responsible for the whole of Osterman’s UIM claim.

1998Cos., 140 N.J. 397 , 658 A.2d 1246 (1995), and its interplay with other opinions, ruled that Prudential was responsible for the whole of Osterman’s UIM claim.

41997–1998
Riccio v. Prudential Property & Casualty Insurance green
nj · 1987
2 sentences

2005Co., 108 N.J. 493, 499 , 531 *1232 A. 2d 717 (1987) (noting the conceptual difference between the nature of a UIM claim and a recovery in tort).

2005Co., 108 N.J. 493, 499 , 531 *1232 A. 2d 717 (1987) (noting the conceptual difference between the nature of a UIM claim and a recovery in tort).

31988–2005
James J. Procopio, Jr. v. Government Employees Insurance Company, A/K/A and D/B/A Geico green
njsuperctappdiv · 2013
2 sentences

2026A-0742-25 23 In this case, we are convinced that similar to a common law bad faith claim, severing and staying discovery in an IFCA claim until the underlying UIM claim is resolved generally promotes judicial economy and efficiency by holding in abeyance "expensive, time-consuming, and potentially wasteful discovery that may be rendered moot by a favorable ruling for the insurer in the UM or UIM litigation." Procopio, 433 N.J.

2026A-0742-25 23 In this case, we are convinced that similar to a common law bad faith claim, severing and staying discovery in an IFCA claim until the underlying UIM claim is resolved generally promotes judicial economy and efficiency by holding in abeyance "expensive, time-consuming, and potentially wasteful discovery that may be rendered moot by a favorable ruling for the insurer in the UM or UIM litigation." Procopio, 433 N.J.

22015–2026
Nikiper v. Motor Club of America Cos. green
njsuperctappdiv · 1989
2 sentences

2023Id. at 397 ; see also Prudential Prop. & Cas.

1990Nevertheless, we held that "where the amount paid by the insurors for the multiple tortfeasors equals or exceeds the amount of UIM coverage, plaintiff has no UIM claim." 232 N.J.

21990–2023
CNA Ins. Companies v. Cave green
njsuperctappdiv · 2000
2 sentences

2010In CNA Insurance Cos. v. Cave, 332 N.J.Super. 185, 187 , 753 A. 2d 141 (App. Div.), certif. denied, 165 N.J. 678 , 762 A. 2d 659 (2000), the defendant pursued a UIM claim under his policy when he was badly injured as a passenger in a car whose driver ran a stop sign and collided with another car.

2010In CNA Insurance Cos. v. Cave, 332 N.J.Super. 185, 187 , 753 A. 2d 141 (App. Div.), certif. denied, 165 N.J. 678 , 762 A. 2d 659 (2000), the defendant pursued a UIM claim under his policy when he was badly injured as a passenger in a car whose driver ran a stop sign and collided with another car.

22001–2010
Roig v. Kelsey green
nj · 1994
2 sentences

2007Just as defendant’s decision to pay PIP benefits would not have been admissible in that trial, see Roig, supra, 135 N.J. at 513, 641 A.2d 248 , it was similarly inadmissible in the UIM trial.

2007Just as defendant's decision to pay PIP benefits would not have been admissible in that trial, see Roig, supra, 135 N.J. at 513, 641 A. 2d 248 , it was similarly inadmissible in the UIM trial.

22007–2007
Rivers v. Allstate Insurance green
njsuperctappdiv · 1998
2 sentences

2005Co., 312 N.J.Super. 379, 383-84 , 711 A. 2d 974 (App.Div.1998) (summarizing the "three-step procedure" required of the injured party by Vassas and Longworth to protect a UIM claim).

2005Co., 312 N.J.Super. 379, 383-84 , 711 A. 2d 974 (App.Div.1998) (summarizing the "three-step procedure" required of the injured party by Vassas and Longworth to protect a UIM claim).

22001–2005
Cook-Sauvageau v. PMA GROUP green
njsuperctappdiv · 1996
2 sentences

2004We concluded: Consequently, it would be manifestly inconsistent with the plain language of the UIM endorsement of [the insurer]'s business automobile policy and with the reasonable expectations of both the employer and employee to deny the benefits of UIM coverage to an employee injured while operating one of the employer's vehicles during the course of employment. [ Ibid. ] We also noted that if the UIM provision of the standard business auto policy was construed to cover only the employer, "the premium paid for UIM coverage would not provide any meaningful benefit either to the employer or t

2004We concluded: Consequently, it would be manifestly inconsistent with the plain language of the UIM endorsement of [the insurer]'s business automobile policy and with the reasonable expectations of both the employer and employee to deny the benefits of UIM coverage to an employee injured while operating one of the employer's vehicles during the course of employment. [ Ibid. ] We also noted that if the UIM provision of the standard business auto policy was construed to cover only the employer, "the premium paid for UIM coverage would not provide any meaningful benefit either to the employer or t

21997–2004
Tyler v. NJ Auto. Full Ins. green
njsuperctappdiv · 1988
2 sentences

2003Underwriting Ass'n, 228 N.J.Super. 463, 466 , 550 A. 2d 168 (App.Div.1988), plaintiff is precluded from pursuing her UIM claim.

2003Underwriting Ass'n, 228 N.J.Super. 463, 466 , 550 A. 2d 168 (App.Div.1988), plaintiff is precluded from pursuing her UIM claim.

21989–2003
French v. New Jersey School Board Ass'n Insurance Group green
nj · 1997
2 sentences

2000French, supra, 149 N.J. at 495 , 694 A.2d 1008 ; Magnifico, supra, 153 N.J. at 415, 710 A.2d 412 .

2000French, supra, 149 N.J. at 495 , 694 A.2d 1008 ; Magnifico, supra, 153 N.J. at 415, 710 A.2d 412 .

21997–2000
Prudential Property & Casualty Insurance v. Monmouth County Municipal Joint Insurance Fund green
njsuperctappdiv · 1994
2 sentences

1995Co. * * *. [ 274 N.J.Super. at 347-48 , 644 A.2d 133 (citations omitted).] We granted certification, 138 N.J. 268 , 649 A.2d 1288 (1994), and now affirm substantially for the reasons stated in the Appellate Division opinion.

1995Co. * * *. [ 274 N.J.Super. at 347-48 , 644 A.2d 133 (citations omitted).] We granted certification, 138 N.J. 268 , 649 A.2d 1288 (1994), and now affirm substantially for the reasons stated in the Appellate Division opinion.

21995–1995
Katchen v. Gov't Emps. Ins. Co. green
· 2019
2 sentences

2022As we concluded in Katchen, "[w]hether the clause is ambiguous as to the UM benefits has no bearing on whether the clause is ambiguous in regard to UIM benefits." Katchen, 457 N.J.

2022As we concluded in Katchen, "[w]hether the clause is ambiguous as to the UM benefits has no bearing on whether the clause is ambiguous in regard to UIM benefits." Katchen, 457 N.J.

12022–2022
Price v. New Jersey Manufacturers Insurance green
nj · 2005
2 sentences

2020It also assumed NJM was "first provided with information it request[ed] and need[ed] to evaluate the UIM claim in order to be in a position to settle and resolve it short of arbitration." The trial court found application of the statute of limitations was "warranted and necessary" to relieve NJM from being required to "litigate a stale claim." On appeal, plaintiffs argue the trial court's order granting summary judgment to NJM should be reversed because the decision is contrary to the Supreme Court's holding in Price v. New Jersey Manufacturers Insurance Co., 182 N.J. 519 (2005).

2020It also assumed NJM was "first provided with information it request[ed] and need[ed] to evaluate the UIM claim in order to be in a position to settle and resolve it short of arbitration." The trial court found application of the statute of limitations was "warranted and necessary" to relieve NJM from being required to "litigate a stale claim." On appeal, plaintiffs argue the trial court's order granting summary judgment to NJM should be reversed because the decision is contrary to the Supreme Court's holding in Price v. New Jersey Manufacturers Insurance Co., 182 N.J. 519 (2005).

12020–2020
International Union of Operating Engineers Local No. 68 Welfare Fund v. Merck & Co. green
nj · 2007
1 sentence

2015We recognize predominance does not require "all issues be identical among class members or that each class member be affected in precisely the same manner." Local No. 68 Welfare Fund, supra, 192 N.J. at 383 (citing Fiore v. Hudson Cnty.

12015–2015
Hreshko v. Harleysville Ins. Co. green
njsuperctappdiv · 2001
2 sentences

2010Hreshko, supra, involved a UIM claim by the driver of the first car rear-ended in a three car collision. 337 N.J.Super. at 106 , 766 A. 2d 776 .

2010Hreshko, supra, involved a UIM claim by the driver of the first car rear-ended in a three car collision. 337 N.J.Super. at 106 , 766 A. 2d 776 .

12010–2010
Bardis v. First Trenton Insurance green
nj · 2009
2 sentences

2010Co., 199 N.J. 265, 275 , 971 A. 2d 1062 (2009).

2010Co., 199 N.J. 265, 275 , 971 A. 2d 1062 (2009).

12010–2010
Atlantic Mut. Ins. Co. v. Hillside Bottling Co., Inc. green
njsuperctappdiv · 2006
2 sentences

2010Co., supra, 387 N.J.Super. at 231 , 903 A. 2d 513 . (a) A "UIM claim is a contractual one, arising out of the insurance policy issued to plaintiff by his own insurer." Bardis v. First Trenton Ins.

2010Co., supra, 387 N.J.Super. at 231 , 903 A. 2d 513 . (a) A "UIM claim is a contractual one, arising out of the insurance policy issued to plaintiff by his own insurer." Bardis v. First Trenton Ins.

12010–2010
Olkusz v. Brown green
njsuperctappdiv · 2008
2 sentences

2009The statutory prohibition at issue cannot be viewed as "curative," because the holding in Pinto was not predicated on a misapprehension of established legislative policy. [ Id. at 499 , 951 A. 2d 1069 .] As a result, they held that "[a]ny UM/UIM claim predicated upon an accident which predates the adoption of N.J.S.A. 17:28-1.1(f) must be governed by the legal principles articulated by the Supreme Court in Pinto [.]" Id. at 506 , 951 A. 2d 1069 .

2009The statutory prohibition at issue cannot be viewed as "curative," because the holding in Pinto was not predicated on a misapprehension of established legislative policy. [ Id. at 499 , 951 A. 2d 1069 .] As a result, they held that "[a]ny UM/UIM claim predicated upon an accident which predates the adoption of N.J.S.A. 17:28-1.1(f) must be governed by the legal principles articulated by the Supreme Court in Pinto [.]" Id. at 506 , 951 A. 2d 1069 .

12009–2009
Pinto v. New Jersey Manufacturers Insurance green
· 2005
12008–2008
Matter of Ca green
nj · 1996
12005–2005
Habick v. Liberty Mutual Fire Insurance green
njsuperctappdiv · 1999
12004–2004
Kor v. National Consumers Insurance green
njsuperctappdiv · 1998
12002–2002
Walsh v. State Farm Insurance neutral
njsuperctappdiv · 1997
11998–1998
Landi v. Gray red
njsuperctappdiv · 1988
11996–1996
Blutreich v. Liberty Mutual Insurance green
arizctapp · 1991
11996–1996
Matits v. Nationwide Mutual Insurance green
nj · 1960
11995–1995
Aubrey v. Harleysville Insurance Companies green
njsuperctappdiv · 1994
11995–1995
Patzau v. New Jersey Department of Transportation green
nj · 1994
11995–1995
Rox v. Allstate Ins. Co. green
njsuperctappdiv · 1991
11994–1994

Statutes the citing opinions construe

NJ § N.J. Stat. § 17:28-1.1 (11)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

NJ 61 (1988–2026) TX 50 (2001–2025) WA 46 (1992–2026) OH 45 (1999–2024) PA 30 (1998–2025) MN 28 (1988–2016) OR 16 (1993–2022) IA 15 (1995–2023) NC 13 (1996–2024) AL 11 (2002–2025) CO 10 (2001–2024) CA 10 (2007–2024) KY 8 (1999–2024) WI 8 (2000–2022) IL 8 (2005–2025) HI 7 (1997–2026) IN 7 (2003–2025) AZ 6 (1997–2024) NM 6 (2007–2019) MD 6 (2001–2025) SD 5 (2001–2025) KS 5 (2002–2025) MI 5 (2015–2025) UT 4 (1996–2026) OK 4 (2001–2011) MT 4 (2013–2020) ID 3 (2011–2025) ME 3 (2006–2010) RI 2 (2003–2013) AK 2 (2001–2008)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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