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7 Virginia opinions name it 1 courts 2019–2025 5 in the last five years
The cases below were cited by Virginia courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.
| Case | Followed | Cited |
|---|---|---|
McCain v. Com.green2 sentences2023“To justify the traffic stop, an officer must have reasonable suspicion that the person stopped committed a crime or traffic violation.” Id.; see McCain v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 546, 553 (2008). 2020“To justify the traffic stop, an officer must have reasonable suspicion that the person stopped committed a crime or traffic violation.” Id. (citing McCain v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 546, 553 (2008)). “[T]he ultimate touchstone of the Fourth Amendment is ‘reasonableness.’” Id. (alteration in original) (quoting Kentucky v. King, 563 U.S. 452, 459 (2011)). | 4 | 4 |
Kentucky v. Kinggreen2 sentences2020“To justify the traffic stop, an officer must have reasonable suspicion that the person stopped committed a crime or traffic violation.” Id. (citing McCain v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 546, 553 (2008)). “[T]he ultimate touchstone of the Fourth Amendment is ‘reasonableness.’” Id. (alteration in original) (quoting Kentucky v. King, 563 U.S. 452, 459 (2011)). 2020“To be reasonable is not to be perfect, and so the Fourth Amendment -4- allows for some mistakes on the part of government officials, giving them ‘fair leeway for enforcing the law in the community’s protection.’” Id. at 381 (quoting Heien, 574 U.S. at 60-61). | 2 | 2 |
Hoye v. Commonwealthgreen1 sentence2025“There are no bright line rules to follow when determining whether a reasonable and articulable suspicion exists to justify an investigatory stop.” Mitchell v. Commonwealth, 73 Va. App. 243 , 246 (2021) (quoting Hoye v. Commonwealth, 18 Va. App. 132, 134-35 (1994)). | 1 | 1 |
Parker v. Commonwealthgreen1 sentence2024“In determining whether a police officer had a particularized and objective basis for suspecting that a person stopped may be involved in criminal activity, a court must consider the totality of circumstances.” Parker v. Commonwealth, 255 Va. 96, 104 (1998). | 1 | 1 |
Illinois v. Wardlowgreen1 sentence2023Reasonable suspicion requires more than an “inchoate and unparticularized suspicion or ‘hunch.’” Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 27 (1968); see also Illinois v. Wardlow, 528 U.S. 119, 123-24 (2000). | 1 | 1 |
Terry v. Ohiogreen1 sentence2023Reasonable suspicion requires more than an “inchoate and unparticularized suspicion or ‘hunch.’” Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 27 (1968); see also Illinois v. Wardlow, 528 U.S. 119, 123-24 (2000). | 1 | 1 |
Wayne Antonio Bland, Jr. v. Commonwealth of Virginiagreen1 sentence2023“Although a mere hunch does not create reasonable suspicion,” a “‘reasonable suspicion’ requires only ‘some minimal level of objective justification.’” Mitchell v. Commonwealth, 73 Va. App. 234 , 246-47 (2021) (quoting Bland v. Commonwealth, 66 Va. App. 405, 413 (2016)). | 1 | 1 |
Brigham City v. Stuartgreen1 sentence2019McCain v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 546, 553 (2008). “[T]he ultimate touchstone of the Fourth Amendment is ‘reasonableness.’” Kentucky v. King, 563 U.S. 452, 459 (2011) (quoting Brigham City v. Stuart, 547 U.S. 398, 403 (2006)). | 1 | 1 |
| Case | Negative | Cited |
|---|---|---|
| No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Virginia. Read the followed side critically anyway. | ||
Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.
Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.