four-step test (Colorado) · Go Syfert
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four-step test in Colorado

6 Colorado opinions name it 2 courts 1990–2026 2 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Colorado courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (11)

CaseFollowedCited
People v. Spotogreen
colo · 1990 · cited in 4 Colorado opinions naming this issue, 2009–2026
2 sentences

2026“A conviction will not be overturned on appeal when the trial court [used] an erroneous standard in analyzing the admissibility” of evidence if the evidence was “admissible, and the proper foundation [was] laid for its admission.” People v. Cousins, 181 P.3d 365, 370 (Colo. App. 2007). ¶ 86 The record supports a determination the manipulation evidence was admissible under CRE 404(b) and under the four-step test announced in People v. Spoto, 795 P.2d 1314, 1318 (Colo. 1990).

2009As explained in People v. Spoto, 795 P.2d 1314 (Colo.1990), this is a four-step inquiry: 1.

34
Masters v. Peoplegreen
colo · 2002 · cited in 1 Colorado opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
1 sentence

2026The evidence 50 • related to the material fact of whether the prosecution could prove beyond a reasonable doubt defendant was sane at the time of the crime; • was logically relevant to this material fact because it provided a basis for testimony that some of defendant’s conduct was manipulative, meaning she was malingering her claim of a mental disease or defect; • had logical relevance independent of the prohibited inference that defendant committed the crime on account of her bad character because it gave the jury information with which to assess the validity of her insanity defense; and • h

11
People v. Jamesgreen
coloctapp · 2004 · cited in 1 Colorado opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
1 sentence

2026The evidence 50 • related to the material fact of whether the prosecution could prove beyond a reasonable doubt defendant was sane at the time of the crime; • was logically relevant to this material fact because it provided a basis for testimony that some of defendant’s conduct was manipulative, meaning she was malingering her claim of a mental disease or defect; • had logical relevance independent of the prohibited inference that defendant committed the crime on account of her bad character because it gave the jury information with which to assess the validity of her insanity defense; and • h

11
People v. Cousinsgreen
coloctapp · 2007 · cited in 1 Colorado opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
1 sentence

2026“A conviction will not be overturned on appeal when the trial court [used] an erroneous standard in analyzing the admissibility” of evidence if the evidence was “admissible, and the proper foundation [was] laid for its admission.” People v. Cousins, 181 P.3d 365, 370 (Colo. App. 2007). ¶ 86 The record supports a determination the manipulation evidence was admissible under CRE 404(b) and under the four-step test announced in People v. Spoto, 795 P.2d 1314, 1318 (Colo. 1990).

11
Yusem v. Peoplegreen
colo · 2009 · cited in 1 Colorado opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
1 sentence

2012People v. Spoto, 795 P.2d 1314, 1318 (Colo.1990); see also Yusem v. People, 210 P.3d 458, 463 (Colo.2009).

11
People v. Griffingreen
coloctapp · 2009 · cited in 1 Colorado opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
1 sentence

2012See also People v. Griffin, 224 P.3d 292, 296 (Colo.App.2009) ("[When the prosecution seeks to admit any evidence which suggests that the defendant is a person of bad character, ... it must be prepared to explain why the logical relevance of that evidence does not depend on the inference that the defendant acted in conformity with his bad character."). {48 And under CRE 404(b), the admissibility of evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is determined by applying a four-step test.

11
Melton v. City Of Oklahoma Citygreen
ca10 · 1989 · cited in 1 Colorado opinions naming this issue, 1998–1998
1 sentence

1998See also Melton v. City of Oklahoma City, 879 F.2d 706 (10th Cir.1989), modified, on other grounds, 928 F.2d 920 (10th Cir.1991) (en banc), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 906 , 112 S.Ct. 296 , 116 L.Ed.2d 241 (1991); Kemp v. State Board of Agriculture, 803 P.2d 498 (Colo.1990).

11
Melton v. City Of Oklahoma Citygreen
ca10 · 1991 · cited in 1 Colorado opinions naming this issue, 1998–1998
1 sentence

1998See also Melton v. City of Oklahoma City, 879 F.2d 706 (10th Cir.1989), modified, on other grounds, 928 F.2d 920 (10th Cir.1991) (en banc), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 906 , 112 S.Ct. 296 , 116 L.Ed.2d 241 (1991); Kemp v. State Board of Agriculture, 803 P.2d 498 (Colo.1990).

11
Darden v. Nationwide Mutual Insurancegreen
scotus · 1991 · cited in 1 Colorado opinions naming this issue, 1998–1998
1 sentence

1998See also Melton v. City of Oklahoma City, 879 F.2d 706 (10th Cir.1989), modified, on other grounds, 928 F.2d 920 (10th Cir.1991) (en banc), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 906 , 112 S.Ct. 296 , 116 L.Ed.2d 241 (1991); Kemp v. State Board of Agriculture, 803 P.2d 498 (Colo.1990).

11
American Postal Workers Union v. United States Postal Servicegreen
scotus · 1991 · cited in 1 Colorado opinions naming this issue, 1998–1998
1 sentence

1998See also Melton v. City of Oklahoma City, 879 F.2d 706 (10th Cir.1989), modified, on other grounds, 928 F.2d 920 (10th Cir.1991) (en banc), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 906 , 112 S.Ct. 296 , 116 L.Ed.2d 241 (1991); Kemp v. State Board of Agriculture, 803 P.2d 498 (Colo.1990).

11
Brown v. Georgiagreen
scotus · 1991 · cited in 1 Colorado opinions naming this issue, 1998–1998
1 sentence

1998See also Melton v. City of Oklahoma City, 879 F.2d 706 (10th Cir.1989), modified, on other grounds, 928 F.2d 920 (10th Cir.1991) (en banc), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 906 , 112 S.Ct. 296 , 116 L.Ed.2d 241 (1991); Kemp v. State Board of Agriculture, 803 P.2d 498 (Colo.1990).

11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Colorado. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (3)

CaseCitedYears
Connick Ex Rel. Parish of Orleans v. Myers green
scotus · 1983
2 sentences

1998In reviewing a public employee’s First Amendment retaliation claim, we apply the four-step test derived from Pickering v. Board of Education, 391 U.S. 563 , 88 S.Ct. 1731 , 20 L.Ed.2d 811 (1968) and Connick v. Myers, 461 U.S. 138 , 103 S.Ct. 1684 , 75 L.Ed.2d 708 (1983).

1998In reviewing a public employee’s First Amendment retaliation claim, we apply the four-step test derived from Pickering v. Board of Education, 391 U.S. 563 , 88 S.Ct. 1731 , 20 L.Ed.2d 811 (1968) and Connick v. Myers, 461 U.S. 138 , 103 S.Ct. 1684 , 75 L.Ed.2d 708 (1983).

21990–1998
Kemp v. State Board of Agriculture green
colo · 1990
1 sentence

1998See also Melton v. City of Oklahoma City, 879 F.2d 706 (10th Cir.1989), modified, on other grounds, 928 F.2d 920 (10th Cir.1991) (en banc), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 906 , 112 S.Ct. 296 , 116 L.Ed.2d 241 (1991); Kemp v. State Board of Agriculture, 803 P.2d 498 (Colo.1990).

11998–1998
Pickering v. Board of Ed. of Township High School Dist. 205, Will Cty. green
scotus · 1968
2 sentences

1998In reviewing a public employee’s First Amendment retaliation claim, we apply the four-step test derived from Pickering v. Board of Education, 391 U.S. 563 , 88 S.Ct. 1731 , 20 L.Ed.2d 811 (1968) and Connick v. Myers, 461 U.S. 138 , 103 S.Ct. 1684 , 75 L.Ed.2d 708 (1983).

1998In reviewing a public employee’s First Amendment retaliation claim, we apply the four-step test derived from Pickering v. Board of Education, 391 U.S. 563 , 88 S.Ct. 1731 , 20 L.Ed.2d 811 (1968) and Connick v. Myers, 461 U.S. 138 , 103 S.Ct. 1684 , 75 L.Ed.2d 708 (1983).

11998–1998

Where else courts name it

FL 41 (1982–2024) KS 19 (1995–2026) WA 13 (1995–2025) MI 11 (1990–2026) OR 11 (2003–2016) PA 9 (1983–2022) MO 9 (2006–2023) NJ 7 (1996–2024) LA 7 (1994–2010) TN 7 (2001–2024) CO 6 (1990–2026) KY 5 (2010–2016) CA 5 (1982–2014) NY 5 (1984–2010) IA 3 (1974–2009) OH 2 (2003–2010) NC 2 (2005–2026) MD 2 (2000–2000) DE 2 (2023–2024) IL 2 (1975–2020) VA 2 (2003–2020) WV 2 (1996–2014) IN 2 (1991–2003) NV 2 (1995–2014)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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