jurors factors (California) · Go Syfert
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jurors factors in California

48 California opinions name it 3 courts 1936–2026 16 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by California courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (27)

CaseFollowedCited
People v. Collinsgreen
cal · 2010 · cited in 3 California opinions naming this issue, 2015–2021
2 sentences

2021(See Collins, supra, 49 Cal.4th at p. 250 [declining to consider “juror opinion, conclusions drawn by others about jurors’ states of mind or level of understanding, and the particular significance jurors attached to the evidence at trial” because “[t]hese were improper intrusions into the subjective reasoning process of the jurors in violation of Evidence Code section 1150”].) We do not consider any juror’s statements as to whether Juror No. 1’s experiment affected the jury’s deliberations or decision-making. 24 ( Collins, supra, 49 Cal.4th at pp. 237-238.) The juror said that he “ ‘worked out

2021(See Collins, supra, 49 Cal.4th at p. 250 [declining to consider “juror opinion, conclusions drawn by others about jurors’ states of mind or level of understanding, and the particular significance jurors attached to the evidence at trial” because “[t]hese were improper intrusions into the subjective reasoning process of the jurors in violation of Evidence Code section 1150”].) We do not consider any juror’s statements as to whether Juror No. 1’s experiment affected the jury’s deliberations or decision-making. 24 ( Collins, supra, 49 Cal.4th at pp. 237-238.) The juror said that he “ ‘worked out

23
People v. Cortezgreen
cal · 2016 · cited in 3 California opinions naming this issue, 2019–2021
2 sentences

2021(People v. Cortez (2016) 63 Cal.4th 101 , 133–134 [“In summary, given that the challenged comments were brief and constituted a tiny, isolated part of the prosecution’s argument, that the prosecution was responding to defense counsel comments, that the prosecution expressly referred the jurors to the instruction they had on reasonable doubt, that both the court and defense counsel properly defined ‘reasonable doubt’ numerous times, and that the jury had written instructions during deliberations that properly defined the standard, we find no reasonable likelihood the jury construed or applied t

2019They informed jurors that their 'belief' about what had happened had to be 'based in the evidence' rather than 'imaginary.' " ( Cortez , supra , 63 Cal.4th at p. 131, 201 Cal.Rptr.3d 846 , 369 P.3d 521 .) "Although this is a correct statement of the law," we continued, "it does not alone suffice as a definition of the beyond-a-reasonable-doubt standard." ( Ibid. ) Viewing the argument and instructions as a whole, however, we found no misconduct. ( Id. , at pp. 133-134, 201 Cal.Rptr.3d 846 , 369 P.3d 521 .) We explained, "given that the challenged comments were brief and constituted a tiny, iso

13
Victor v. Nebraskagreen
scotus · 1994 · cited in 2 California opinions naming this issue, 2006–2022
2 sentences

2006(See Vann, supra, 12 Cal.3d at p. 227 , 115 Cal.Rptr. 352 , 524 P.2d 824 ["The foregoing references to reasonable doubt in isolated applications of that standard of proof fall far short of apprising the jurors that defendants were entitled to acquittal unless each element of the crimes charged was proved to the jurors' satisfaction beyond a reasonable doubt, buttressed by additional instructions on the meaning of that phrase " (italics added)]; see also Elguera, supra, 8 Cal.App.4th at p. 1223 , 10 Cal.Rptr.2d 910 ["[T]he jury was not provided, in the oral or written charge, any definition of

2006(See Vann, supra, 12 Cal.3d at p. 227 , 115 Cal.Rptr. 352 , 524 P.2d 824 ["The foregoing references to reasonable doubt in isolated applications of that standard of proof fall far short of apprising the jurors that defendants were entitled to acquittal unless each element of the crimes charged was proved to the jurors' satisfaction beyond a reasonable doubt, buttressed by additional instructions on the meaning of that phrase " (italics added)]; see also Elguera, supra, 8 Cal.App.4th at p. 1223 , 10 Cal.Rptr.2d 910 ["[T]he jury was not provided, in the oral or written charge, any definition of

12
People v. Vanngreen
cal · 1974 · cited in 2 California opinions naming this issue, 1992–2006
2 sentences

2006(See Vann, supra, 12 Cal.3d at p. 227 , 115 Cal.Rptr. 352 , 524 P.2d 824 ["The foregoing references to reasonable doubt in isolated applications of that standard of proof fall far short of apprising the jurors that defendants were entitled to acquittal unless each element of the crimes charged was proved to the jurors' satisfaction beyond a reasonable doubt, buttressed by additional instructions on the meaning of that phrase " (italics added)]; see also Elguera, supra, 8 Cal.App.4th at p. 1223 , 10 Cal.Rptr.2d 910 ["[T]he jury was not provided, in the oral or written charge, any definition of

2006(See Vann, supra, 12 Cal.3d at p. 227 , 115 Cal.Rptr. 352 , 524 P.2d 824 ["The foregoing references to reasonable doubt in isolated applications of that standard of proof fall far short of apprising the jurors that defendants were entitled to acquittal unless each element of the crimes charged was proved to the jurors' satisfaction beyond a reasonable doubt, buttressed by additional instructions on the meaning of that phrase " (italics added)]; see also Elguera, supra, 8 Cal.App.4th at p. 1223 , 10 Cal.Rptr.2d 910 ["[T]he jury was not provided, in the oral or written charge, any definition of

12
People v. Doolingreen
cal · 2009 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025Regarding the drawing of an adverse inference from the invocation of the Fifth Amendment privilege, the relevant section of the Benchbook cited by the trial court states: “On the request of a party who may be adversely affected by an unfavorable inference that may be drawn by the jurors from the exercise of the privilege, the judge must instruct the jurors that no presumption arises because of the exercise of the privilege, and that they may not draw any inference from the exercise of the privilege. [Citations.] The judge should give CACI 215 (Exercise of a Communication Privilege) and 216 (Ex

11
People v. Rodriguezgreen
cal · 1999 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
1 sentence

2024The court provided those transcripts but instructed the jury that “[t]he recording is the evidence” and the transcripts were to be used only to assist the jurors in hearing the words spoken on the video. 12 Defense counsel initially objected to the trial court providing the jury with a “dictionary definition” of “permanent.” However, when the trial court stated that it would respond to the jury with the definition described above, defense counsel replied, “That’s fine.” 12 ‘paralysis’ means a major or complete loss of motor function resulting from injury to the nervous system or to a muscular

11
People v. Cudjogreen
cal · 1993 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
2 sentences

2024At trial—but not on appeal—Brooks also objected to this instruction on the ground that it would call the jurors’ attention to a Fifth Amendment invocation “they did not see happen and that they’re completely unaware of.” Although we understand our concurring colleague’s concern about the possibility the trial court erred by alerting the jurors to a privilege invoked outside their presence (see Cudjo, supra, 6 Cal.4th at p. 619 [“[P]ermitting the jury to learn that a witness has invoked the privilege against self-incrimination serves no legitimate purpose and may cause the jury to draw an impro

2024At trial—but not on appeal—Brooks also objected to this instruction on the ground that it would call the jurors’ attention to a Fifth Amendment invocation “they did not see happen and that they’re completely unaware of.” Although we understand our concurring colleague’s concern about the possibility the trial court erred by alerting the jurors to a privilege invoked outside their presence (see Cudjo, supra, 6 Cal.4th at p. 619 [“[P]ermitting the jury to learn that a witness has invoked the privilege against self-incrimination serves no legitimate purpose and may cause the jury to draw an impro

11
People v. Jandresgreen
calctapp · 2014 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
1 sentence

2015We therefore cannot conclude that the evidence of the molestation of Liliana and 9 V. was unduly inflammatory and thus likely to distract or mislead the jurors in their inquiry regarding the rape allegations involving A. We further note that the evidence pertaining to the molestation of Liliana and V. cannot be categorized as stronger than the evidence pertaining to the rapes of A. (Jandres, supra, 226 Cal.App.4th at p. 356 [the “relative strength of the two cases also is relevant to assessing the potentially prejudicial impact” of evidence of uncharged sexual conduct].) There were many incons

11
People v. Steelegreen
cal · 2002 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
1 sentence

2010(People v. Steele, supra, 27 Cal.4th at p. 1261.) As to the testimony of the three jurors, no objections were interposed by either the prosecution or defense on the ground that testimony was inadmissible under Evidence Code section 1150.

11
People v. Andersonred
cal · 1987 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
11
People v. Sandersgreen
cal · 1995 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
11
Brown v. Kelly Broadcasting Co.green
cal · 1989 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
11
People v. Elgueragreen
calctapp · 1992 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
11
People v. Sengpadychithgreen
cal · 2001 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
11
People v. Clevelandgreen
cal · 2001 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
11
People v. Burroughsgreen
cal · 1984 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1996–1996
11
People v. Mickeygreen
cal · 1991 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1995–1995
11
People v. Davenportgreen
cal · 1985 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1988–1988
11
Enmund v. Floridagreen
scotus · 1982 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1988–1988
11
People v. McIntyregreen
calctapp · 1981 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1982–1982
11
People v. Reesegreen
cal · 1956 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1958–1958
11
People v. Morlockgreen
cal · 1956 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1958–1958
11
People v. Jensengreen
cal · 1954 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1958–1958
11
People v. O'Donnell (1938)green
cal · 1938 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1958–1958
11
People v. Barclaygreen
cal · 1953 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1957–1957
11
Thomas v. Studio Amusements, Inc.green
calctapp · 1942 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1948–1948
11
Fay v. District Court of Appealgreen
cal · 1927 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1936–1936
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (1)

CaseNegativeCited
People v. Hillgreen
cal · 1992 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
1 sentence

2024At trial—but not on appeal—Brooks also objected to this instruction on the ground that it would call the jurors’ attention to a Fifth Amendment invocation “they did not see happen and that they’re completely unaware of.” Although we understand our concurring colleague’s concern about the possibility the trial court erred by alerting the jurors to a privilege invoked outside their presence (see Cudjo, supra, 6 Cal.4th at p. 619 [“[P]ermitting the jury to learn that a witness has invoked the privilege against self-incrimination serves no legitimate purpose and may cause the jury to draw an impro

11

Also cited on this issue (32)

CaseCitedYears
Crawford v. Washington green
scotus · 2004
2 sentences

2022Confrontation Clause Claim Defendant contends that the trial court impermissibly allowed the prosecution’s gang expert to relay testimonial hearsay to the jurors in violation the confrontation clause and Crawford, supra, 541 U.S. 36 .

2018Confrontation Clause Claim Defendant contends that the trial court impermissibly allowed the prosecution's *179 gang expert to relay testimonial hearsay to the jurors in violation the confrontation clause and Crawford, supra , 541 U.S. 36 , 124 S.Ct. 1354 .

42018–2022
People v. Holloway green
cal · 2004
2 sentences

2025Regarding the drawing of an adverse inference from the invocation of the Fifth Amendment privilege, the relevant section of the Benchbook cited by the trial court states: “On the request of a party who may be adversely affected by an unfavorable inference that may be drawn by the jurors from the exercise of the privilege, the judge must instruct the jurors that no presumption arises because of the exercise of the privilege, and that they may not draw any inference from the exercise of the privilege. [Citations.] The judge should give CACI 215 (Exercise of a Communication Privilege) and 216 (Ex

2015(People v. Holloway (2004) 33 Cal.4th 96, 152-153 .) The court also instructed the jurors on the standard of proof beyond a reasonable doubt.

32014–2025
Peracchi v. Superior Court green
cal · 2003
2 sentences

2020Our partial reversal requires that the case be reopened, with an actual trial if necessary; furthermore, our partial reversal reflected our view that the trial judge erred in a crucial decision of law.” (Id. at p. 766.) As discussed, resolution 13 We also find instructive the Peracchi court’s consideration of the fact “a defendant’s interest in a full and fair sentencing hearing usually is best served when the hearing is presided over by the same judge who heard the evidence at trial.” (Peracchi, supra, 30 Cal.4th at p. 1261 .) The same policy consideration weighs in favor of having Judge Mohr

2020Our partial reversal requires that the case be reopened, with an actual trial if necessary; furthermore, our partial reversal reflected our view that the trial judge erred in a crucial decision of law.” (Id. at p. 766.) As discussed, resolution 13 We also find instructive the Peracchi court’s consideration of the fact “a defendant’s interest in a full and fair sentencing hearing usually is best served when the hearing is presided over by the same judge who heard the evidence at trial.” (Peracchi, supra, 30 Cal.4th at p. 1261 .) The same policy consideration weighs in favor of having Judge Mohr

22020–2020
Holmes v. South Carolina green
scotus · 2006
2 sentences

2014Further, the court instructed the jurors as to the factors they could consider when weighing the credibility of eyewitness testimony." (Ibid., fn. omitted.) Contreras argues "that a recent decision of the United States Supreme Court [Holmes v. South Carolina (2006) 547 U.S. 319 , 126 S.Ct. 1727 , 164 L.Ed.2d 503 ] supports his contention that the trial court's exclusion of expert testimony regarding eyewitness identification violated his constitutional right to a meaningful opportunity 6 to present a complete defense . . . ." (People v. Goodwillie, supra, 147 Cal.App.4th at p. 727 .) After a l

2014Further, the court instructed the jurors as to the factors they could consider when weighing the credibility of eyewitness testimony." (Ibid., fn. omitted.) Contreras argues "that a recent decision of the United States Supreme Court [Holmes v. South Carolina (2006) 547 U.S. 319 , 126 S.Ct. 1727 , 164 L.Ed.2d 503 ] supports his contention that the trial court's exclusion of expert testimony regarding eyewitness identification violated his constitutional right to a meaningful opportunity 6 to present a complete defense . . . ." (People v. Goodwillie, supra, 147 Cal.App.4th at p. 727 .) After a l

22014–2014
People v. GOODWILLIE green
calctapp · 2007
2 sentences

2014Further, the court instructed the jurors as to the factors they could consider when weighing the credibility of eyewitness testimony." (Ibid., fn. omitted.) Contreras argues "that a recent decision of the United States Supreme Court [Holmes v. South Carolina (2006) 547 U.S. 319 , 126 S.Ct. 1727 , 164 L.Ed.2d 503 ] supports his contention that the trial court's exclusion of expert testimony regarding eyewitness identification violated his constitutional right to a meaningful opportunity 6 to present a complete defense . . . ." (People v. Goodwillie, supra, 147 Cal.App.4th at p. 727 .) After a l

2014Further, the court instructed the jurors as to the factors they could consider when weighing the credibility of eyewitness testimony." (Ibid., fn. omitted.) Contreras argues "that a recent decision of the United States Supreme Court [Holmes v. South Carolina (2006) 547 U.S. 319 , 126 S.Ct. 1727 , 164 L.Ed.2d 503 ] supports his contention that the trial court's exclusion of expert testimony regarding eyewitness identification violated his constitutional right to a meaningful opportunity 6 to present a complete defense . . . ." (People v. Goodwillie, supra, 147 Cal.App.4th at p. 727 .) After a l

22014–2014
Raymond F. Riley v. George Deeds green
ca9 · 1995
1 sentence

2026He relies on Riley v. Deeds (9th Cir. 1995) 56 F.3d 1117, 1121 , in which the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals held that the trial court’s absence during jury deliberations and the law clerk’s reading back of trial testimony amounted to a “complete 175 PEOPLE v. BERTSCH and HRONIS Opinion of the Court by Guerrero, C.

12026–2026
People v. Wilson green
cal · 2008
1 sentence

2024The court provided those transcripts but instructed the jury that “[t]he recording is the evidence” and the transcripts were to be used only to assist the jurors in hearing the words spoken on the video. 12 Defense counsel initially objected to the trial court providing the jury with a “dictionary definition” of “permanent.” However, when the trial court stated that it would respond to the jury with the definition described above, defense counsel replied, “That’s fine.” 12 ‘paralysis’ means a major or complete loss of motor function resulting from injury to the nervous system or to a muscular

12024–2024
People v. Cowan green
cal · 2010
1 sentence

2024Under these circumstances, the trial court reasonably concluded there were no grounds for believing good cause might exist to excuse any of the jurors and no inquiry was necessary. ( Cowan, supra, at 508 .) 26 Defendant contends the trial court must inquire of jurors “even when the possibility of bias [is] essentially speculative.” Defendant relies on People v. Adcox (1988) 47 Cal.3d 207 , in which the defendant argued jurors may have read news reports in which the prosecution allegedly discussed the trial.

12024–2024
People v. Adcox green
cal · 1988
1 sentence

2024Under these circumstances, the trial court reasonably concluded there were no grounds for believing good cause might exist to excuse any of the jurors and no inquiry was necessary. ( Cowan, supra, at 508 .) 26 Defendant contends the trial court must inquire of jurors “even when the possibility of bias [is] essentially speculative.” Defendant relies on People v. Adcox (1988) 47 Cal.3d 207 , in which the defendant argued jurors may have read news reports in which the prosecution allegedly discussed the trial.

12024–2024
People v. Bryant, Smith and Wheeler green
cal · 2014
1 sentence

2024(See People v. Bryant, Smith and Wheeler (2014) 60 Cal.4th 335, 419 .) 17 Here, the prosecution requested the instruction, claiming the jury may perceive its failure to call R.J. as a witness as a failure of proof.

12024–2024
Strickland v. Washington green
scotus · 1984
1 sentence

2022(See Strickland v. Washington, supra, 466 U.S. at p. 694 .) F. Prosecutor Told the Jury “We’re Beyond” that Now Defendant contends the prosecutor committed misconduct when she “told the jurors that the presumption of innocence lasted until the start of the evidentiary portion of the trial, but now that all the evidence has been taken, ‘we’re beyond that now.’” The defendant contends the prosecutor erred when she told the jury “we’re beyond” the 27. presumption of innocence before the start of deliberations, suggesting to “‘the jury it need no longer apply the presumption because it is no longe

12022–2022
People v. Moore green
calctapp · 2002
1 sentence

2022“The fact the jury was able to reach a verdict relatively quickly after being further instructed reflects the court properly exercised its discretion.” (Moore, supra, 96 Cal.App.4th at p. 1122 .) That progress was not enough to warrant still further deliberations, argues Ramos, because when the foreperson reported two verdicts had been reached, she also stated she did not think additional deliberations would 8 result in agreement on the other 27 counts.

12022–2022
People v. Johnson green
calctapp · 2000
1 sentence

2022(Johnson, supra, 77 Cal.App.4th at p. 419 .) In fact, this assumption is incorporated into Evidence Code section 1109’s definition of domestic violence.

12022–2022
People v. Hung Hao Nguyen green
calctapp · 1995
1 sentence

2022She was merely disagreeing with the argument of Ritter’s counsel that the reasonable doubt standard applied to “the type of decision you really got to be sure about, like when you decided who[m] to marry.” The disagreement was apt. “[S]ince the decision to marry is often based on a standard far less than reasonable doubt, as reflected in statistics indicating 33 to 60 percent of all marriages end in divorce,” this court “strongly disapprove[d] of arguments suggesting the reasonable doubt standard is used in daily life to decide such questions as whether to . . . marry.” (People v. Nguyen (1995

12022–2022
People v. Potts green
cal · 2019
1 sentence

2022(Victor v. Nebraska (1994) 511 U.S. 1, 14-15 ; People v. Potts (2019) 6 Cal.5th 1012, 1033 ; see CALCRIM No. 220.) In thus taking exception to Ritter’s counsel’s marriage analogy, the prosecutor did nothing likely to mislead the jury on the applicable burden of proof.

12022–2022
People v. Brady green
calctapp · 2005
1 sentence

2021Brady, found at 129 Cal.App.4th 1314 , which is a 2005 case, and in that case, while this Court’s not going to review the facts with counsel since both counsel are familiar with the fact pattern in that case, in that case the trial court did instruct the jurors with an instruction that has been reviewed on appeal and has, more importantly, been affirmed on appeal, finding that the instruction provided in that case did adequately instruct the jurors on the applicable law in this area given a fact pattern that while it is not necessarily similar to this case, it is similar enough as it relates t

12021–2021
People v. Watson green
cal · 1981
2 sentences

2021This Court is far more 16 People v. Watson, supra, 30 Cal.3d 290 . 28. comfortable with providing law to this jury that has been tested, reviewed, and, most importantly, affirmed in properly instructing the jurors about the law in a particular area that is a factual issue in dispute.

2021This Court is far more 16 People v. Watson, supra, 30 Cal.3d 290 . 28. comfortable with providing law to this jury that has been tested, reviewed, and, most importantly, affirmed in properly instructing the jurors about the law in a particular area that is a factual issue in dispute.

12021–2021
People v. Carasi green
cal · 2008
1 sentence

2021(Carasi, supra, 44 Cal.4th at p. 1287 .) The record demonstrates that voir dire in defendant’s case was not so cursory that it constituted an abuse of discretion or deprived her of a fundamentally fair trial.

12021–2021
People v. Robertson green
calctapp · 2012
1 sentence

2015(People v. Robertson (2012) 208 Cal.App.4th 965 , 989- 990.) When a defendant is charged with a sex offense, Evidence Code section 1108 5 In his opening brief on appeal, defendant mistakenly assumed the uncharged sex offense evidence was presented to the jury under both Evidence Code sections 1108 and 1101, subdivision (b), and he challenged its admissibility under both of these sections.

12015–2015
People v. Von Villas green
calctapp · 1992
1 sentence

2013The trial court denied the motion for new trial, stating there was no evidence the alleged misconduct " 'effected [sic] the finding of their guilt.' " (Von Villas, supra, 11 Cal.App.4th at p. 253 .) The Von Villas court, noting that "a series of errors on all sides . . . brought about an untenable situation for the trial judge who, in turn, committed error by applying an incorrect legal analysis of the jury misconduct issue" (id. at p. 257), held (relying on Perez) the appropriate remedy was to remand for a new hearing at which the trial court would examine the jurors to test their credibility

12013–2013
People v. Phillips green
calctapp · 1997
12006–2006
People v. Crawford green
calctapp · 1997
12006–2006
People v. Stuart green
cal · 1956
11996–1996
People v. Vineberg green
calctapp · 1981
11990–1990
People v. Brown green
cal · 1985
11989–1989
People v. Lemus green
calctapp · 1988
11989–1989
People v. Patrick green
calctapp · 1981
11989–1989
People v. Milner green
cal · 1988
11989–1989
People v. De Moss green
cal · 1935
11958–1958
People v. Byrd green
cal · 1954
11958–1958
People v. Gosden green
cal · 1936
11958–1958
People v. Ottey green
cal · 1936
11958–1958

Statutes the citing opinions construe

CA § Cal. Penal Code § 187 (19) CA § Cal. Evidence Code § 1200 (7) CA § Cal. Evidence Code § 352 (7) CA § Cal. Evidence Code § 353 (5) CA § Cal. Penal Code § 1239 (5) CA § Cal. Evidence Code § 1101 (4) CA § Cal. Evidence Code § 1150 (4) CA § Cal. Penal Code § 245 (4) CA § Cal. Evidence Code § 210 (3) CA § Cal. Penal Code § 190.2 (3) CA § Cal. Penal Code § 211 (3) CA § Cal. Penal Code § 664 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

CA 48 (1936–2026) TX 22 (1883–2016) IL 14 (1956–2025) FL 11 (1976–2025) GA 10 (1949–2024) NY 9 (1976–2006) MI 9 (1943–2022) PA 7 (1923–2025) AL 7 (1981–2025) LA 7 (1989–2018) AZ 6 (2002–2026) CT 5 (1993–2022) KS 5 (1992–2018) OH 4 (1996–2015) CO 4 (1994–2026) MA 3 (1982–2003) MO 3 (1969–2004) MD 3 (1968–2009) MS 3 (1986–1999) NJ 2 (1904–2006) WI 2 (1998–2004) NM 2 (1952–2010) UT 2 (1988–2008) NV 2 (1980–2013) MT 2 (2002–2005) WV 2 (1968–2003) NC 2 (1932–1989)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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