model instruction in Arkansas

45 Arkansas opinions name it 2 courts 1984–2020 0 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Arkansas courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (18)

Case	Followed	Cited
Fincham v. Stategreen ark · 2013 · cited in 7 Arkansas opinions naming this issue, 2013–2020 2 sentences 2020The supreme court has held that “a trial court should not give a nonmodel instruction unless the court concludes that the model instruction does not accurately state the law.” Harmon v. State, 2020 Ark. 217 , at 13, 600 S.W.3d 586, 594 ; Fincham v. State, 2013 Ark. 204, at 5 , 427 S.W.3d 643, 647 . 2020The supreme court has held that “a trial court should not give a nonmodel instruction unless the court concludes that the model instruction does not accurately state the law.” Harmon v. State, 2020 Ark. 217 , at 13, 600 S.W.3d 586, 594 ; Fincham v. State, 2013 Ark. 204, at 5 , 427 S.W.3d 643, 647 .	2	7
Moore v. Stategreen ark · 1994 · cited in 4 Arkansas opinions naming this issue, 1998–2020 2 sentences 2002See also Jones v. State, 336 Ark. 191 , 984 S.W02d 432 (1999); Smith v. State, 334 Ark. 190 , 974 S.W.2d 427 (1998); Calloway v. State, 330 Ark. 143 , 953 S.W.2d 571 (1997); Webb v. State, 326 Ark. 878 , 935 S.W.2d 250 (1996); Kemp v. State, 324 Ark. 178 , 919 S.W.2d 943 , cert. denied, 519 U.S. 982 (1996); Hill v. State, 318 Ark. 408 , 887 S.W.2d 275 (1994); Moore v. State, 317 Ark. 630 , 882 S.W.2d 667 (1994); Campbell v. State, 294 Ark. 639 , 746 S.W.2d 37 (1988) (collectively holding that the trial court should not give a non-modei instruction unless it finds or concludes that the model in 2002See also Jones v. State, 336 Ark. 191 , 984 S.W02d 432 (1999); Smith v. State, 334 Ark. 190 , 974 S.W.2d 427 (1998); Calloway v. State, 330 Ark. 143 , 953 S.W.2d 571 (1997); Webb v. State, 326 Ark. 878 , 935 S.W.2d 250 (1996); Kemp v. State, 324 Ark. 178 , 919 S.W.2d 943 , cert. denied, 519 U.S. 982 (1996); Hill v. State, 318 Ark. 408 , 887 S.W.2d 275 (1994); Moore v. State, 317 Ark. 630 , 882 S.W.2d 667 (1994); Campbell v. State, 294 Ark. 639 , 746 S.W.2d 37 (1988) (collectively holding that the trial court should not give a non-modei instruction unless it finds or concludes that the model in	2	4
McCoy v. Stategreen ark · 2002 · cited in 4 Arkansas opinions naming this issue, 2003–2010 2 sentences 2003In McCoy v. State, 348 Ark. 239, 240 , 74 S.W.3d 599, 600 (2000), this court said: [Tjhis court has consistendy recognized that a trial court is required to give a model instruction unless it finds that the instruction does not accurately state the law. . . . 2003In McCoy v. State, 348 Ark. 239, 240 , 74 S.W.3d 599, 600 (2000), this court said: [Tjhis court has consistendy recognized that a trial court is required to give a model instruction unless it finds that the instruction does not accurately state the law. . . .	2	4
Jones v. Stategreen ark · 1999 · cited in 4 Arkansas opinions naming this issue, 2001–2009 2 sentences 2002See also Jones v. State, 336 Ark. 191 , 984 S.W02d 432 (1999); Smith v. State, 334 Ark. 190 , 974 S.W.2d 427 (1998); Calloway v. State, 330 Ark. 143 , 953 S.W.2d 571 (1997); Webb v. State, 326 Ark. 878 , 935 S.W.2d 250 (1996); Kemp v. State, 324 Ark. 178 , 919 S.W.2d 943 , cert. denied, 519 U.S. 982 (1996); Hill v. State, 318 Ark. 408 , 887 S.W.2d 275 (1994); Moore v. State, 317 Ark. 630 , 882 S.W.2d 667 (1994); Campbell v. State, 294 Ark. 639 , 746 S.W.2d 37 (1988) (collectively holding that the trial court should not give a non-modei instruction unless it finds or concludes that the model in 2002See also Jones v. State, 336 Ark. 191 , 984 S.W.2d 432 (1999); Smith v. State, 334 Ark. 190 , 974 S.W.2d 427 (1998); Calloway v. State, 330 Ark. 143 , 953 S.W.2d 571 (1997); Webb v. State, 326 Ark. 878 , 935 S.W.2d 250 (1996); Kemp v. State, 324 Ark. 178 , 919 S.W.2d 943 , cert. denied, 519 U.S. 982 , 117 S.Ct. 436 , 136 L.Ed.2d 334 (1996); Hill v. State, 318 Ark. 408 , 887 S.W.2d 275 (1994); Moore v. State, 317 Ark. 630 , 882 S.W.2d 667 (1994); Campbell v. State, 294 Ark. 639 , 746 S.W.2d 37 (1988) (collectively holding that the trial court should not give a non-model instruction unless it fi	2	4
Ventress v. Stategreen ark · 1990 · cited in 2 Arkansas opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020 2 sentences 2020Ventress v. State, 303 Ark. 194, 197 , 794 S.W.2d 619, 620 (1990). 2020Ventress v. State, 303 Ark. 194, 197 , 794 S.W.2d 619, 620 (1990).	2	2
Thomas v. Stategreen ark · 2007 · cited in 2 Arkansas opinions naming this issue, 2016–2017 2 sentences 2017Thomas v. State, 370 Ark. 70, 84 , 257 S.W.3d 92, 103 (2007). 2017Thomas v. State, 370 Ark. 70, 84 , 257 S.W.3d 92, 103 (2007).	2	2
Taylor v. Riddellgreen ark · 1995 · cited in 2 Arkansas opinions naming this issue, 2012–2017 2 sentences 2017See, e.g., Taylor v. Riddell, 320 Ark. 394 , 896 S.W.2d 891 (1995). 2017See, e.g., Taylor v. Riddell, 320 Ark. 394 , 896 S.W.2d 891 (1995).	2	2
Phavixay v. Stategreen ark · 2009 · cited in 3 Arkansas opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013 2 sentences 2013Phavixay v. State, 2009 Ark. 452, at 10 , 352 S.W.3d 311, 318 (2009). 2013Phavixay v. State, 2009 Ark. 452, at 10 , 352 S.W.3d 311, 318 (2009).	1	3
Calloway v. Stategreen ark · 1997 · cited in 3 Arkansas opinions naming this issue, 1998–2002 2 sentences 2002See also Jones v. State, 336 Ark. 191 , 984 S.W02d 432 (1999); Smith v. State, 334 Ark. 190 , 974 S.W.2d 427 (1998); Calloway v. State, 330 Ark. 143 , 953 S.W.2d 571 (1997); Webb v. State, 326 Ark. 878 , 935 S.W.2d 250 (1996); Kemp v. State, 324 Ark. 178 , 919 S.W.2d 943 , cert. denied, 519 U.S. 982 (1996); Hill v. State, 318 Ark. 408 , 887 S.W.2d 275 (1994); Moore v. State, 317 Ark. 630 , 882 S.W.2d 667 (1994); Campbell v. State, 294 Ark. 639 , 746 S.W.2d 37 (1988) (collectively holding that the trial court should not give a non-modei instruction unless it finds or concludes that the model in 2002See also Jones v. State, 336 Ark. 191 , 984 S.W02d 432 (1999); Smith v. State, 334 Ark. 190 , 974 S.W.2d 427 (1998); Calloway v. State, 330 Ark. 143 , 953 S.W.2d 571 (1997); Webb v. State, 326 Ark. 878 , 935 S.W.2d 250 (1996); Kemp v. State, 324 Ark. 178 , 919 S.W.2d 943 , cert. denied, 519 U.S. 982 (1996); Hill v. State, 318 Ark. 408 , 887 S.W.2d 275 (1994); Moore v. State, 317 Ark. 630 , 882 S.W.2d 667 (1994); Campbell v. State, 294 Ark. 639 , 746 S.W.2d 37 (1988) (collectively holding that the trial court should not give a non-modei instruction unless it finds or concludes that the model in	1	3
Williams v. Stategreen ark · 1997 · cited in 3 Arkansas opinions naming this issue, 1998–1999 2 sentences 1999See Williams v. State, 329 Ark. 8 , 946 S.W.2d 678 (1997). 1999See Williams v. State, 329 Ark. 8 , 946 S.W.2d 678 (1997).	1	3
Barnes v. Everettgreen ark · 2003 · cited in 2 Arkansas opinions naming this issue, 2009–2017 2 sentences 2017The Barnes court specifically held that, as a rule, model jury instructions are to be used, and non model instructions should be used only when the model instruction cannot be modified, id. 2009Barnes v. Everett, 351 Ark. 479, 492 , 95 S.W.3d 740, 748 (2003).	1	2
Smith v. Stategreen ark · 1998 · cited in 2 Arkansas opinions naming this issue, 1999–2002 2 sentences 2002See also Jones v. State, 336 Ark. 191 , 984 S.W02d 432 (1999); Smith v. State, 334 Ark. 190 , 974 S.W.2d 427 (1998); Calloway v. State, 330 Ark. 143 , 953 S.W.2d 571 (1997); Webb v. State, 326 Ark. 878 , 935 S.W.2d 250 (1996); Kemp v. State, 324 Ark. 178 , 919 S.W.2d 943 , cert. denied, 519 U.S. 982 (1996); Hill v. State, 318 Ark. 408 , 887 S.W.2d 275 (1994); Moore v. State, 317 Ark. 630 , 882 S.W.2d 667 (1994); Campbell v. State, 294 Ark. 639 , 746 S.W.2d 37 (1988) (collectively holding that the trial court should not give a non-modei instruction unless it finds or concludes that the model in 2002See also Jones v. State, 336 Ark. 191 , 984 S.W02d 432 (1999); Smith v. State, 334 Ark. 190 , 974 S.W.2d 427 (1998); Calloway v. State, 330 Ark. 143 , 953 S.W.2d 571 (1997); Webb v. State, 326 Ark. 878 , 935 S.W.2d 250 (1996); Kemp v. State, 324 Ark. 178 , 919 S.W.2d 943 , cert. denied, 519 U.S. 982 (1996); Hill v. State, 318 Ark. 408 , 887 S.W.2d 275 (1994); Moore v. State, 317 Ark. 630 , 882 S.W.2d 667 (1994); Campbell v. State, 294 Ark. 639 , 746 S.W.2d 37 (1988) (collectively holding that the trial court should not give a non-modei instruction unless it finds or concludes that the model in	1	2
Apprendi v. New Jerseygreen scotus · 2000 · cited in 1 Arkansas opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016 2 sentences 2016See Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 , 120 S.Ct. 2348 , 147 L.Ed.2d 435 (2000). 2016See Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 , 120 S.Ct. 2348 , 147 L.Ed.2d 435 (2000).	1	1
Cluck v. Stategreen ark · 2006 · cited in 1 Arkansas opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016 2 sentences 2016Here, in reviewing Kinsey’s argument, in Cluck v. State, 365 Ark. 166, 179 , 226 S.W.3d 780, 789 (2006) (internal citations omitted), we addressed proffered instructions and explained that “‘it is not error for a court to refuse to give a non-model instruction when a model instruction accurately reflects the law.” “Non-model jury instructions are to be given only when the circuit court finds that the model instructions do not accurately state the law or do not contain a necessary instruction on the subject at hand. 2016Here, in reviewing Kinsey’s argument, in Cluck v. State, 365 Ark. 166, 179 , 226 S.W.3d 780, 789 (2006) (internal citations omitted), we addressed proffered instructions and explained that “‘it is not error for a court to refuse to give a non-model instruction when a model instruction accurately reflects the law.” “Non-model jury instructions are to be given only when the circuit court finds that the model instructions do not accurately state the law or do not contain a necessary instruction on the subject at hand.	1	1
Jester v. Stategreen ark · 2006 · cited in 1 Arkansas opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014 2 sentences 2014See, e.g., Jester v. State, 367 Ark. 249 , 239 S.W.3d 484 (2006). 2014See, e.g., Jester v. State, 367 Ark. 249 , 239 S.W.3d 484 (2006).	1	1
Thessing v. Stategreen ark · 2006 · cited in 1 Arkansas opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007	1	1
Mayo v. Stategreen ark · 1999 · cited in 1 Arkansas opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006	1	1
Vickers v. Stategreen ark · 1993 · cited in 1 Arkansas opinions naming this issue, 1997–1997	1	1

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

Case	Negative	Cited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Arkansas. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (33)

Case	Cited	Years
Pokatilov v. State green ark · 2017 2 sentences 2020Pokatilov v. State, 2017 Ark. 264 , at 8, 526 S.W.3d 849 , 856. 2019In Pokatilov v. State, 2017 Ark. 264 , at 7–8, 526 S.W.3d 849 , 857, for example, the Arkansas Supreme Court held that “a non-model instruction is only to be given when the model instruction does not correctly state the law or where there is no model rule on the subject.” Our case law demonstrates that a circuit court is obligated to give the model instruction if it is an accurate statement of law.	3	2019–2020
Pokatilov v. State green ark · 2017 2 sentences 2020Pokatilov v. State, 2017 Ark. 264 , at 8, 526 S.W.3d 849 , 856. 2019In Pokatilov v. State, 2017 Ark. 264 , at 7–8, 526 S.W.3d 849 , 857, for example, the Arkansas Supreme Court held that “a non-model instruction is only to be given when the model instruction does not correctly state the law or where there is no model rule on the subject.” Our case law demonstrates that a circuit court is obligated to give the model instruction if it is an accurate statement of law.	3	2019–2020
Walley v. State green ark · 2003 2 sentences 2018Id. 2017Id.	2	2017–2018
Henderson v. State green ark · 1985 2 sentences 2016Henderson v. State, 284 Ark. 493 , 684 S.W.2d 231 (1985). 2016Henderson v. State, 284 Ark. 493 , 684 S.W.2d 231 (1985).	2	2015–2016
Williams v. Gates neutral ark · 1982 2 sentences 1990Consistent with the model instruction, we have mentioned the showing of a “degree of medical certainty” as evidence bolstering recovery of “future medication,” Williams v. Gates, 275 Ark. 381 , 630 S.W.2d 34 (1982). 1990Consistent with the model instruction, we have mentioned the showing of a “degree of medical certainty” as evidence bolstering recovery of “future medication,” Williams v. Gates, 275 Ark. 381 , 630 S.W.2d 34 (1982).	2	1990–2003
Webb v. State green ark · 1996 2 sentences 2002See also Jones v. State, 336 Ark. 191 , 984 S.W02d 432 (1999); Smith v. State, 334 Ark. 190 , 974 S.W.2d 427 (1998); Calloway v. State, 330 Ark. 143 , 953 S.W.2d 571 (1997); Webb v. State, 326 Ark. 878 , 935 S.W.2d 250 (1996); Kemp v. State, 324 Ark. 178 , 919 S.W.2d 943 , cert. denied, 519 U.S. 982 (1996); Hill v. State, 318 Ark. 408 , 887 S.W.2d 275 (1994); Moore v. State, 317 Ark. 630 , 882 S.W.2d 667 (1994); Campbell v. State, 294 Ark. 639 , 746 S.W.2d 37 (1988) (collectively holding that the trial court should not give a non-modei instruction unless it finds or concludes that the model in 2002See also Jones v. State, 336 Ark. 191 , 984 S.W02d 432 (1999); Smith v. State, 334 Ark. 190 , 974 S.W.2d 427 (1998); Calloway v. State, 330 Ark. 143 , 953 S.W.2d 571 (1997); Webb v. State, 326 Ark. 878 , 935 S.W.2d 250 (1996); Kemp v. State, 324 Ark. 178 , 919 S.W.2d 943 , cert. denied, 519 U.S. 982 (1996); Hill v. State, 318 Ark. 408 , 887 S.W.2d 275 (1994); Moore v. State, 317 Ark. 630 , 882 S.W.2d 667 (1994); Campbell v. State, 294 Ark. 639 , 746 S.W.2d 37 (1988) (collectively holding that the trial court should not give a non-modei instruction unless it finds or concludes that the model in	2	1999–2002
Hill v. State green ark · 1994 2 sentences 2002See also Jones v. State, 336 Ark. 191 , 984 S.W02d 432 (1999); Smith v. State, 334 Ark. 190 , 974 S.W.2d 427 (1998); Calloway v. State, 330 Ark. 143 , 953 S.W.2d 571 (1997); Webb v. State, 326 Ark. 878 , 935 S.W.2d 250 (1996); Kemp v. State, 324 Ark. 178 , 919 S.W.2d 943 , cert. denied, 519 U.S. 982 (1996); Hill v. State, 318 Ark. 408 , 887 S.W.2d 275 (1994); Moore v. State, 317 Ark. 630 , 882 S.W.2d 667 (1994); Campbell v. State, 294 Ark. 639 , 746 S.W.2d 37 (1988) (collectively holding that the trial court should not give a non-modei instruction unless it finds or concludes that the model in 2002See also Jones v. State, 336 Ark. 191 , 984 S.W02d 432 (1999); Smith v. State, 334 Ark. 190 , 974 S.W.2d 427 (1998); Calloway v. State, 330 Ark. 143 , 953 S.W.2d 571 (1997); Webb v. State, 326 Ark. 878 , 935 S.W.2d 250 (1996); Kemp v. State, 324 Ark. 178 , 919 S.W.2d 943 , cert. denied, 519 U.S. 982 (1996); Hill v. State, 318 Ark. 408 , 887 S.W.2d 275 (1994); Moore v. State, 317 Ark. 630 , 882 S.W.2d 667 (1994); Campbell v. State, 294 Ark. 639 , 746 S.W.2d 37 (1988) (collectively holding that the trial court should not give a non-modei instruction unless it finds or concludes that the model in	2	1998–2002
Rowland v. State green arkctapp · 2017 1 sentence 2020A sixth adverse ruling involved the inclusion of a non-model jury instruction requested by the State to define “temporary caretaker.” Relying upon Rowland, supra, counsel contends that this ruling cannot provide a meritorious basis for reversal because the instruction, even though not a model instruction, accurately defined “temporary caretaker.” We agree.	1	2020–2020
RODNEY HARMON v. STATE OF ARKANSAS green ark · 2020 1 sentence 2020The supreme court has held that “a trial court should not give a nonmodel instruction unless the court concludes that the model instruction does not accurately state the law.” Harmon v. State, 2020 Ark. 217 , at 13, 600 S.W.3d 586, 594 ; Fincham v. State, 2013 Ark. 204, at 5 , 427 S.W.3d 643, 647 .	1	2020–2020
Rodney Harmon v. State of Arkansas neutral ark · 2020 1 sentence 2020The supreme court has held that “a trial court should not give a nonmodel instruction unless the court concludes that the model instruction does not accurately state the law.” Harmon v. State, 2020 Ark. 217 , at 13, 600 S.W.3d 586, 594 ; Fincham v. State, 2013 Ark. 204, at 5 , 427 S.W.3d 643, 647 .	1	2020–2020
Hutcheson v. State green arkctapp · 2005 1 sentence 2018He nonetheless cites Hutcheson v. State , 92 Ark.	1	2018–2018
Strain v. State green ark · 2012 2 sentences 2016Strain v. State, 2012 Ark. 184 , 10 Cite as 2016 Ark. 393 at 5 , 423 S.W.3d 1 .” Fincham v. State, 2013 Ark. 204, at 12 , 427 S.W.3d 643, 651 ; Cavin v. State, 313 Ark. 238 , 855 S.W.2d 285 (1993). 2016Strain v. State, 2012 Ark. 184 , 10 Cite as 2016 Ark. 393 at 5 , 423 S.W.3d 1 .” Fincham v. State, 2013 Ark. 204, at 12 , 427 S.W.3d 643, 651 ; Cavin v. State, 313 Ark. 238 , 855 S.W.2d 285 (1993).	1	2016–2016
Cavin v. State green ark · 1993 2 sentences 2016Strain v. State, 2012 Ark. 184 , 10 Cite as 2016 Ark. 393 at 5 , 423 S.W.3d 1 .” Fincham v. State, 2013 Ark. 204, at 12 , 427 S.W.3d 643, 651 ; Cavin v. State, 313 Ark. 238 , 855 S.W.2d 285 (1993). 2016Strain v. State, 2012 Ark. 184 , 10 Cite as 2016 Ark. 393 at 5 , 423 S.W.3d 1 .” Fincham v. State, 2013 Ark. 204, at 12 , 427 S.W.3d 643, 651 ; Cavin v. State, 313 Ark. 238 , 855 S.W.2d 285 (1993).	1	2016–2016
Kinsey v. State green ark · 2016 1 sentence 2016Strain v. State, 2012 Ark. 184 , 10 Cite as 2016 Ark. 393 at 5 , 423 S.W.3d 1 .” Fincham v. State, 2013 Ark. 204, at 12 , 427 S.W.3d 643, 651 ; Cavin v. State, 313 Ark. 238 , 855 S.W.2d 285 (1993).	1	2016–2016
Whitey's Truck Ctr. Inc. v. Robinson ‎(002)‎ neutral arkctapp · 2015 1 sentence 2015We conclude that Whitey’s did not properly preserve at trial the arguments it now wishes to assert on appeal. 6 Cite as 2015 Ark.	1	2015–2015
Harmon v. State green ark · 2000	1	2013–2013
Price v. State green ark · 2008	1	2013–2013
Wilson v. State green ark · 2006	1	2013–2013
Clark v. State green ark · 2008	1	2012–2012
Sheridan v. State green ark · 1993	1	2010–2010
Dansby v. State green ark · 1995	1	2010–2010
West Union v. Vostatek green ark · 1990	1	2003–2003
Campbell v. State green ark · 1988	1	2002–2002
Russell v. Mississippi green scotus · 1996	1	2002–2002
Helton v. Kmart Corp. green scotus · 1996	1	2002–2002
Kemp v. State green ark · 1996	1	2002–2002
Ford v. State green ark · 1988	1	1997–1997
Spears v. State green ark · 1983	1	1997–1997
Boyd v. Reddick green ark · 1978	1	1995–1995
Conley v. State green ark · 1980	1	1994–1994
Meador v. State green arkctapp · 1984	1	1994–1994
Cy Carney Appliance Co. v. True green ark · 1956	1	1991–1991
Morgan v. State green ark · 1981	1	1984–1984

Statutes the citing opinions construe

AR § Ark. Code Ann. § 5-1-102 (5) AR § Ark. Code Ann. § 5-10-101 (5) AR § Ark. Code Ann. § 5-2-403 (5) AR § Ark. Code Ann. § 10 (4) AR § Ark. Code Ann. § 16-63-402 (3) AR § Ark. Code Ann. § 16-91-113 (3) AR § Ark. Code Ann. § 5-10-102 (3) AR § Ark. Code Ann. § 5-2-202 (3) AR § Ark. Code Ann. § 5-2-406 (3) AR § Ark. Code Ann. § 5-4-603 (3) AR § Ark. Code Ann. § 5-64-420 (3) AR § Ark. Code Ann. § 5-64-440 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

MA 67 (1980–2026) AR 45 (1984–2020) CA 27 (1979–2025) CO 24 (1980–2026) IA 21 (1938–2025) VA 20 (1920–2025) MI 18 (1968–2022) OH 15 (1981–2025) WA 11 (1970–2015) DC 11 (1973–2025) MS 10 (1978–2016) UT 10 (2009–2026) MO 10 (1959–2023) NJ 10 (1979–2025) CT 8 (1978–2025) MD 8 (1993–2024) IN 7 (1973–2018) KY 6 (1989–2016) IL 6 (1978–2022) OK 6 (1942–2008) TX 5 (1979–2026) DE 5 (2010–2017) MN 5 (1982–2024) FL 5 (1963–1999) OR 4 (2010–2026) AZ 4 (1968–2021) NH 4 (1981–2012) SC 4 (1975–2015) NV 4 (1991–2020) NM 3 (2000–2022) GA 3 (1965–2010) NY 3 (1940–2008) NC 3 (1975–2005) ID 3 (2003–2013) WI 2 (1966–2020) HI 2 (2012–2019) RI 2 (1987–2016) MT 2 (1979–2015) SD 2 (1975–1995) PA 2 (1894–1999) WV 2 (1979–1982) NE 2 (1934–1934) AK 2 (2008–2023) ND 2 (2013–2013)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

← Caselaw search · G Cite Topics · Brief Check