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4 canonical passages across 4 cases, quoted by 204 opinions in total. These passages cluster together because the same opinions keep quoting them side by side: they state parts of one doctrine. The anchor passage is from City of Canton v. Harris.
| # | Case | Flag | Canonical passage | Citers |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | City of Canton v. Harris Anchor | green | “direct causal link between a municipal policy or custom and the alleged constitutional deprivation.” | 88 |
| 2 | City of St. Louis v. Praprotnik | green | “governments should be held responsible when, and only when, their official policies cause their employees to violate another person's constitutional rights.” | 48 |
| 3 | Brogdon v. City of New Rochelle | green | “a single incident by itself is generally insufficient to establish the affirmative link between the municipal policy or custom and the alleged unconstitutional violation.” | 35 |
| 4 | Davis v. City of New York | green | “in determining municipal liability, it is necessary to conduct a separate inquiry into whether there exists a 'policy' or 'custom.” | 33 |
A red or yellow flag on a member means the underlying case has negative treatment: for those, check the case page before relying on the passage.