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5 canonical passages across 3 cases, quoted by 23 opinions in total. These passages cluster together because the same opinions keep quoting them side by side: they state parts of one doctrine. The anchor passage is from United States v. Fordice.
| # | Case | Flag | Canonical passage | Citers |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | United States v. Fordice Anchor | green | “a state does not discharge its constitutional obligations until it eradicates policies and practices traceable to its prior de jure dual system that continue to foster segregation.” | 8 |
| 2 | United States v. City of Yonkers | green | “burden of showing that these achievement disparities result from vestiges of segregation is not a heavy one.” | 4 |
| 3 | United States v. City of Yonkers | green | “little or no correlation between the adequacy of a particular school facility and its prior racial identification.” | 4 |
| 4 | United States v. City of Yonkers | green | “suffered from a lack of adequate base data” | 4 |
| 5 | Wessmann v. Gittens | green | “anecdotal evidence alone can establish institutional discrimination only in the most exceptional circumstances.” | 3 |
A red or yellow flag on a member means the underlying case has negative treatment: for those, check the case page before relying on the passage.