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9 canonical passages across 5 cases, quoted by 148 opinions in total. These passages cluster together because the same opinions keep quoting them side by side: they state parts of one doctrine. The anchor passage is from Air Line Pilots Ass'n v. O'Neill.
| # | Case | Flag | Canonical passage | Citers |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Air Line Pilots Ass'n v. O'Neill Anchor | green | “arbitrary, discriminatory, or in bad faith.” | 31 |
| 2 | Air Line Pilots Ass'n v. O'Neill | green | “a union's actions are arbitrary only if, in light of the factual and legal landscape at the time of the union's actions, the union's behavior is so far outside a wide range of reasonableness as to be irrational.” | 22 |
| 3 | Air Line Pilots Ass'n v. O'Neill | green | “so far outside a wide range of reasonableness as to be irrational.” | 21 |
| 4 | Amalgamated Ass'n of Street, Electric Railway & Motor Coach Employees of America v. Lockridge | green | “intentional, severe, and unrelated to legitimate union objectives.” | 20 |
| 5 | Amalgamated Ass'n of Street, Electric Railway & Motor Coach Employees of America v. Lockridge | green | “substantial evidence of fraud, deceitful action or dishonest conduct.” | 20 |
| 6 | Marquez v. Screen Actors Guild, Inc. | green | “this 'wide range of reasonableness' gives the union room to make discretionary decisions and choices, even if those judgments are ultimately wrong.” | 12 |
| 7 | Marquez v. Screen Actors Guild, Inc. | green | “a union's conduct can be classified as arbitrary only when it is irrational, when it is without a rational basis or explanation.” | 11 |
| 8 | Don Addington v. US Airline Pilots Assn | green | “a plaintiff must adduce substantial evidence of discrimination that is intentional, severe, and unrelated to legitimate union objectives.” | 8 |
| 9 | Cole v. Pathmark of Fairlawn | green | “duty of fair representation occurs only when the union's conduct toward a member of the collective bargaining agreement is arbitrary, discriminatory or in bad faith.” | 3 |
A red or yellow flag on a member means the underlying case has negative treatment: for those, check the case page before relying on the passage.