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8 canonical passages across 6 cases, quoted by 147 opinions in total. These passages cluster together because the same opinions keep quoting them side by side: they state parts of one doctrine. The anchor passage is from Cannon v. University of Chicago.
| # | Case | Flag | Canonical passage | Citers |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Cannon v. University of Chicago Anchor | green | “the fact that a federal statute has been violated and some person harmed does not automatically give rise to a private cause of action in favor of that person.” | 58 |
| 2 | Touche Ross & Co. v. Redington | green | “implying a private right of action on the basis of congressional silence is a hazardous enterprise, at best.” | 33 |
| 3 | Touche Ross & Co. v. Redington | green | “the central inquiry remains whether congress intended to create, either expressly or by implication, a private cause of action.” | 32 |
| 4 | Brown v. De La Cruz | green | “fails to adequately protect intended beneficiaries.” | 6 |
| 5 | Clear Sky Car Wash LLC v. City of Chesapeake, Virginia | green | “speak with a clear voice' and the statute must 'unambiguously' express the intent 'to create not just a private right but also a private remedy.” | 6 |
| 6 | Planned Parenthood v. Joshua Baker | green | “congress is silent or ambiguous, courts may not find a cause of action 'no matter how desirable that might be as a policy matter.” | 6 |
| 7 | Old American County Mutual Fire Insurance Co. v. Sanchez | green | “because we presume every word of a statute has been included or excluded for a reason, we will not insert requirements that are not provided by law” | 3 |
| 8 | Clear Sky Car Wash LLC v. City of Chesapeake, Virginia | green | “to create a private right of action, congress must 'speak with a clear voice' and the statute must 'unambiguously' express the intent 'to create not just a private right but also a private remedy.” | 3 |
A red or yellow flag on a member means the underlying case has negative treatment: for those, check the case page before relying on the passage.