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7 canonical passages across 4 cases, quoted by 21 opinions in total. These passages cluster together because the same opinions keep quoting them side by side: they state parts of one doctrine. The anchor passage is from United States v. Gregory Sanford.
| # | Case | Flag | Canonical passage | Citers |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | United States v. Gregory Sanford Anchor | green | “the trooper checked the occu- pants' criminal histories on the computer in his car-a proce- dure permissible even without reasonable suspicion ... .” | 3 |
| 2 | United States v. Jose G. Herrera-Valdez | green | “a reasonable, disinterested observer could as- sume bias from the fact that the judge presiding over the de- fendant's prosecution for illegal reentry was the same person who ran the office that pursued, and succeeded in obtaining, the removal order that is the source of his cur…” | 3 |
| 3 | United States v. Jose G. Herrera-Valdez | green | “disqualify himself in any proceeding in which his impartiality might reasonably be questioned.” | 3 |
| 4 | United States v. Jose G. Herrera-Valdez | green | “entertain a significant doubt that jus- tice would be done in the case.” | 3 |
| 5 | United States v. Mario Rodriguez-Escalera | green | “we employ a mixed standard of review on motions to suppress, reviewing the district court's factual determinations for clear error and de novo its ultimate determination about whether the police had sufficient grounds to stop or search the individual.” | 3 |
| 6 | United States v. Lewis | green | “an officer may conduct certain unrelated checks-including a dog sniff- during a lawful traffic stop, but he may not do so in a way that prolongs the stop, absent the reasonable suspicion ordinarily demanded to justify detaining an individual.” | 3 |
| 7 | United States v. Lewis | green | “calling a k-9 unit does not unlawfully extend a traffic stop as long as the normal process for pursuing a traffic ticket is on- going.” | 3 |
A red or yellow flag on a member means the underlying case has negative treatment: for those, check the case page before relying on the passage.