Already have an account? Sign in instead.
You stay signed in for 30 days on this browser.
Continue with Google Continue with MicrosoftNo account yet? Create a free one.
We sent a six-digit code.
It expires in ten minutes, works once, and only in this browser. Five wrong tries void it. Send another code.
Your account is live and the Cloudflare checks are off for this browser.
4 canonical passages across 3 cases, quoted by 12 opinions in total. These passages cluster together because the same opinions keep quoting them side by side: they state parts of one doctrine. The anchor passage is from United States v. Nikolaos B. Baker.
| # | Case | Flag | Canonical passage | Citers |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | United States v. Nikolaos B. Baker Anchor | green | “legitimately ask a driver to step out of his car, even without any particularized suspicion,” | 3 |
| 2 | United States v. Oscar O. Muriel | green | “may ask questions that do not concern the purpose of the stop and that are not supported by any other suspicion.” | 3 |
| 3 | United States v. Oscar O. Muriel | green | “probable cause exists when 'the circumstances confronting a police officer support the reasonable belief that a driver has committed even a minor traffic offense.” | 3 |
| 4 | United States v. Adrian Ruiz | green | “specific and articulable facts which, taken together with rational inferences from those facts,' suggest criminal activity.” | 3 |
A red or yellow flag on a member means the underlying case has negative treatment: for those, check the case page before relying on the passage.